Search

The demand for eco-friendly packaging materials has urged researchers to look for alternatives to petroleum-based polymers. In this regard, paper-based products have turned out to be a promising choice; however, their weak resistance to water has limited their application. The use of various additives to enhance paper's moisture resistance is a common practice. However, considering the growing global agenda for sustainable development, the search for new bio-based paper additives has become increasingly important. This study investigated the potential synergistic impact of the addition of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) and chitosan additives (CHIT) to different fiber combinations to improve paper's properties, in particular, their wet strength. The efficacy of the additive application order was examined and was found to be crucial in achieving the desired outcomes. The results showed that incorporating CHIT after NFC enhanced the paper's tensile and burst indicators, as well as the paper stretch in the dry state, by 35–70%, 35–55%, and 20–35%, respectively. In addition, the tensile index and stretch in the wet state improved 9–13 times and 2.5–5.5 times over, respectively. The air permeability decreased 2.5–12 times over. These findings demonstrate that the sequential addition of the NFC and CHIT additives yield a greater enhancement of paper's properties than using each additive separately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • PCB was co-pyrolyzed in fixed and fluidized bed (FB) pyrolyzers with Ca-based additives. • Catalytic and dehalogenation capacities of CaO, Ca(OH)2, and CaO + Ca(OH)2 were compared. • CaO reduced the halogen content of bio-oil up to 80 and 92% in fixed bed and FB. • Halide fixation in the solid phase by additives was more effective in FB than fixed bed. • Up to 40.6% liquid recovery was achieved in a FB containing CaO + Ca(OH) 2. This study compares the impact of the calcium-based additives and the pyrolyzer on the recovery and the halide content of the oil produced from the pyrolysis of paper-laminated phenolic resin printed circuit boards (FR2-PCB). The preliminary experiments showed that the maximum liquid recovery (40.6%) was achieved in a fluidized bed pyrolyzer containing a 50:50 mixture of CaO and Ca(OH) 2 operating at T = 620 °C and PCB-to-additive ratio (FR2/A) = 5.4 g/g for 22 min. Extra tests were then carried out under these conditions in fixed and fluidized bed pyrolyzers to separately explore the impact of CaO, Ca(OH) 2 , and CaO + Ca(OH) 2 on the liquid recovery (L R) and the halogen content of the non-solid products. In the fluidized bed, L R in the presence of CaO, Ca(OH) 2 , and CaO + Ca(OH) 2 was 34.5%, 41.2%, and 38.9 wt%, respectively. The fraction of phenolic compounds in the pyrolysis oil ranged from 86% to 93%, about 1–3% higher than the corresponding values in the fixed bed. Using additives led to lower halide content in the pyrolysis oil of the fluidized bed than that of the fixed bed. However, the opposite trend was observed in the absence of additives. Regardless of the type of pyrolyzer, Ca(OH) 2 was more successful than CaO in increasing L R , whereas CaO was more effective than Ca(OH) 2 in pyrolysis oil dechlorination. Co-pyrolysis of FR2-PCB and CaO + Ca(OH) 2 in a fluidized bed reactor was identified as a practical approach to enhance the recovery of pyrolysis oil comprising only 5% of the original halogen content of the feedstock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of paper dry strength additives is one of the methods for producing packaging boards with a lower grammage while maintaining mechanical properties. In the present work, papers were formed using dissolving grade kraft fibres, kraft fibres and carboxymethylated cellulose (CMC) modified kraft fibres (C-kraft fibres), with either cationic starch (CS), anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) or anionic polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs). Fibres and sheets were characterized to evaluate how the saturation adsorption of the different strength additives influences the properties of the treated fibres and the final handsheets. The tensile index of papers made from C-kraft fibres was the highest due to the highest adsorption capacity of strength additives. Moreover, the strength additives increased the tensile index by 33–84 %, while z-directional tensile strength was increased dramatically by 46–139 %. Bending stiffness was improved by 2.6–25 %, and the combination of CS and APAM or PECs resulted in a significant improvement in bending stiffness compared to the addition of CS alone. Importantly, the strength improvement did not sacrifice the density significantly. In summary, the knowledge gained from the current study expands the understanding of strength additives and their relationship with fibres of different surface charge and the overall paper properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, extractives from Pinus rigida heartwood (PRW), Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. obtusa aerial parts (ECL), and Eucalyptus flower buds (ECF) were used as additives in paper sheets produced from the pulp of linen fibers, and their effects on the mechanical and antifungal properties of the paper sheets were studied. The highest tensile and tear indices were 31.5 Nm/g, and 17.3 mNm2/g as pulp treated with PRW (4%), and ECL (1%), respectively. All the pulp additives yielded lower burst index values compared to the control (2.24 KPa.m2/g); the nearest value was 2.23 KPa.m2/g (ECL 4% pulp additive). The brightness percentages (ISO%) ranged from 65.7% to 70.2%, which were lower than the control treatment (70.3%). The paper sheets produced from pulp treated with 2% or 4% PRW, and with 4% ECL suppressed Aspergillus niger growth on the paper disc; pulp treated with 2% or 4% PRW, 4% ECL, and with 2% or 4% ECF completely suppressed A. terreus growth. However, all pulp extract additives did not inhibit the growth of Fusarium culmorum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exploitation of renewable and cheaper paper coating formulations especially for graphic paper products is gaining increasing importance due to concerns regarding the use of fossil based raw materials. For this reason, a novel process for enzymatic modification of lignosulfonates to substitute fossil based styrene-butadiene (SB) latex as binders in conventional paper coating formulations was developed. Laccase polymerization of ultrafiltrated lignosulfonates (LS) resulted in an increase of the molecular weight from an average of 26 kDa to 170 kDa as compared to non-ultrafiltrated LS which increased from 5.7 kDa to 76 kDa. When used in coating formulations, laccase polymerized LS resulted in coated paper with improved printing properties (reduced picking compared to non polymerized LS) provided that the LS was ultrafiltrated before polymerization. Abo Akademi gravimetric water retention properties of the paper coatings were comparable (395 g m − 2 ) to those obtained with reference latex (350 g m − 2 ). Similarly, cross sectional fluorescence microscopy images showed that ultrafiltration prior to laccase polymerization reduced penetration of the polymerized lignosulfonates into the base paper to 33% and additionally reduced polymerization time from 6 h to 2 h. These results demonstrate the possibility of substituting fossil based styrene-butadiene (SB) latex binders with on-site produced lignosulfonates which have traditionally been considered so far mainly as a by-product used for energy production in the pulp and paper industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A paper strength agent is an important type of chemical additive used in the papermaking industry. In this work some new paper strengthening agent samples were obtained by treating konjac glucomannan with hydrogen peroxide under acidic conditions, and their effects on paper properties were studied. Results showed that oxidized konjac glucomannan (OKG) can improve the paper properties effectively. When 1% oxidized glucomannan (oxidation 60 min, 35 ?C) was added, the burst index, tensile index, and folding endurance were increased by 7.0%, 16.9%, and 102.3%, respectively, compared to the control. With increasing of oxidation time, the paper strength increased first and then decreased, reaching the maximum in 60 min. In addition, OKG can improve the properties of recycled paper more significantly. When the pH of paper making system was 7, the tensile index, burst index, and folding endurance of the recycled paper were increased by 22.2%, 19.9%, 59.9%, respectively, compared to the control. SEM analysis showed that paper strengthening agent resulted in a more contiguous junction between the fibers in paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is to evaluate of the effect of incorporating nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) and chitosan (CH) in a dual system as dry additives during papermaking for unbleached bamboo alkaline sulfite anthraquinone methanol (ASAM) under different beating revolutions. Pulp beating at 4000 and 6000 revolutions has comparable properties with varying dosages of NFC (5% and 10%) and different chitosan concentrations (0.5%, 1, 1.5%, and 2%). Hand sheets of a basis weight (60 g/cm2) were produced and measured for thickness, tear, tensile, burst index, and resistance to folding under TAPPI standard methods. Results revealed that with an increase in the number of beating revolutions, there was a decrease in the value of freeness. All analyzed pulp had freeness values within the permissible amount of 300–500 mL in papermaking, except 10% NFC, which was 244–190 mL at 6000 revolutions. Furthermore, the addition of chitosan to 1.5% with 5% NFC at 6000 beating revolutions enhanced the tensile index (85.16 Nm/g) and burst index (7.69 kPa. m2/g) in comparison to the sample control. The incorporation of nanofibrillated cellulose and chitosan significantly altered the physical and mechanical strength. Optimal alkaline sulfite anthraquinone methanol ASAM-enhanced paper properties are displayed with 5% NFC and 1.5% chitosan at 6000 beating revolutions. [Display omitted] • Nanofibrillated cellulose/chitosan potential as a dry strength additive in pulp. • Nanofibrillated cellulose acted as an adhesion promoter by bridging adjacent fibers • Larger fibers contribute to boost the load-bearing capacity of the paper. • Chitosan is structurally like cellulose and contain active hydroxyl and amino group. • The incorporation of Nanofibrillated cellulose/Chitosan enhanced paper properties [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Taimurid (1370-1507 A.D.) and Safawid 1501-1736 A.D.) to Qajar periods (1785-1925 A.D.), Iranian masters introduced a number of paper dyes in order to prepare a suitable support for their calligraphies and paintings. This paper will discuss the different types of dyes and application techniques as described in Persian historical sources. Eighteen manuscripts from the thirteenth to the nineteenth century were selected and studied in detail; recipes were translated and categorized according to colour, materials and techniques in order to be able to draw comparisons. Studying these historical references not only adds a new dimension to the identification of materials used in manuscripts and miniature paintings of the period under study, but also can help to preserve the colours by providing a better understanding of their composition, manufacture and use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

White ledger is white-grade recycled pulp that replaces the bleached kraft pulp (BKP) that typically forms the top ply of duplex boards. However, sheets made from white ledger are inferior in strength compared with those made from virgin pulp. Therefore, it is necessary to select a proper additive in order to overcome the disadvantages of using white ledger. In this study, the physical properties of white ledger used at a mill that produced duplex boards were analyzed. The effect of cationic polyacrylamides (C-PAMs) with different charge densities and molecular weights on first-pass retention and paper strengths was simultaneously measured. White ledger contains fiber fines and filler fines, which reduced the strength of paper made from white ledger compared with paper made with BKP. This indicates that the improvement of first-pass retention and paper strength is important when the amount of white ledger increases in the top ply of a duplex board. The charge density of CPAM, which acts as a retention aid, is more important than its molecular weight in terms of improving the first-pass retention and paper strength of white ledger. The charge density of C-PAM must be high enough to catch anionic fine particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assembly of biofibers into paper-based products fits well into green chemistry principles. Biobased additives such as cationic starch and carboxymethyl cellulose are widely used in the paper industry. Edible additives, which often can be regarded as “safer” than regular biobased additives, may also play a role in tailorable design of paper-based products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of poly[vinylamine-co-(sodium acrylate)] [P(VAm-co-NaAA)] and its application as a paper strength additive have been investigated. P(VAm-co-NaAA) was synthesized by the alkaline hydrolysis of poly[Nvinylformamide- co-(acrylic acid)] (PNVFAA). The influence of polymer concentration, hydrolysis temperature, and NaOH concentrations on the extent of hydrolysis were examined experimentally. The hydrolysis was 100% completed under the following conditions: hydrolysis temperature 80 °C, hydrolysis time 8 h, polymer concentration 2%, and NaOH concentration 0.045 mol/g of PNVFAA. P(VAm-co-NaAA) obtained in this manner increased the tensile strength and folding endurance of paper by 44% and 48%, respectively, and the strength increase was greater than that obtained with the commercially available polyvinylamine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulosic paper has combined characteristics of renewability, biodegradability, flexibility, and recyclability. Based on disassembly-initiated fiber processing, the conversion of regular paper into a multifunctional wet-strength product was explored. In this concept, disassembly generates cellulosic additives for surface engineering. Encouragingly, the use of the aqueous solvent system containing mixed metal salts allows controllable fiber disassembly and formation of room-temperature-stable cellulosic solutions, leading to wet and dry strengthening of paper following cellulose regeneration. In-situ generation of cellulosic film-forming additives led to the increase of dry and wet strengths by more than 8 and 35 times respectively, in the case of a typical grade of quantitative filter paper. The engineered paper shows flame-retardant, antibacterial, and liquid-barrier features. The combination of functional properties of cellulosic paper can shed light on diversified applications, e.g., replacement of difficult-to-degrade synthetic plastics. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper studies the chemical and phase composition of the product from heat-resistant nickel-based superalloy formed by wire-feed electron beam additive manufacturing (EBAM). Microsegregation on macro-(dendrites/interdendritic space) and microscale (γ/γˈ) was evaluated. It is shown that in additively formed material, there is a significant (by an order of magnitude) refinement of structural and phase elements. The degree of microsegregation remains unchanged after the additive process, despite the increase in the volume fraction of dendrites, and the complex thermal history does not lead to the formation of undesirable phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is current interest in using agro-based biopolymers in industrial applications. Because cottonseed protein is abundantly available, it would be useful to explore its feasibility as a polymeric additive and possible substitute for petroleum-based materials. In this work, we studied cottonseed protein isolate as a paper additive and observed its effects on the paper’s dry and wet strength. The tensile strength of paper was found to vary with the amount of the protein applied. By application of an 11% protein solution to the paper, the dry and wet strength increased by 33 and 16% compared with the paper by itself, respectively. The combined use of cottonseed protein and an acid (acetic, adipic, aspartic, and citric acids) to promote adhesion resulted in even greater dry paper strength but not in greater wet paper strength. Thermogravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopic studies suggested that the protein interacted with acid and that both components interacted with paper fibers to produce increased strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the effect of bentonite micro-particles on the performance of chitosan as a new additive system for improving the dry strengths of acidic papermaking was studied. Chitosan, an abundant carbohydrate biopolymer, in 4 dosages (0, 0.75, 1.25 and 2% based on dry weight of pulp) was applied with bentonite in 4 dosages (0, 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9% based on oven-dry weight of pulp). Although the addition of chitosan up to 0.75% (without bentonite) improved tensile index and burst index, but the addition of more chitosan decreased all mechanical properties in comparison with the control sample. The application of bentonite in combination with chitosan had a significant impact on chitosan performance in mechanical properties. The best results were obtained with 0.3% bentonite consumption. Visual formation ranking had a proper correlation with this obtained results. The micro-kjeldahl indirectly confirmed chitosan retention in the treated paper with chitosan/bentonite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Adding AL and SLS increased the HS content and degree of humification. • The faster evolution of quinone-like substances was the key to improve HS content. • This work provided a case for comprehensive utilization of papermaking wastes. Alkali lignin (AL) and sodium lignosulfonate (SLS) are by-products of the papermaking industry and could influence composting processes due to their rich aromatic structures. In this study, the roles of AL and SLS additives in the formation of humic substances (HS) during paper mill sludge composting were investigated. Results showed that HS content and degree of polymerization of the final products in AL (44.42 mg·g−1 and 0.70, respectively) and SLS (45.87 mg·g−1 and 1.14, respectively) treatments were appreciably higher than those of the control sample (34.36 mg·g−1 and 0.67). Excitation-emission matrix-parallel factor coupled with two-dimensional FT-IR correlation spectroscopy analysis suggested that AL and SLS additives could speed the transformation of quinone-like substances by increasing the amounts of low molecular weight lignin depolymerized products, which led to higher HS concentrations. This work provided a way of promoting HS formation and the comprehensive utilization of papermaking wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the effects of different additives (MgO, Al 2 O 3 and ZnO) on the pyrolysis characteristics and activation energy of municipal solid waste (MSW), paper sludge (PS) and their blends in N 2 atmosphere had been investigated in this study. The experiments resulted that these additives were effective in reducing the initial temperature and activation energy. However, not all the additives were beneficial to reduce the residue mass and enhance the index D . For the different ratios of MSW and PS, the same additive even had the different influences. The catalytic effects of additives were not obvious and the pyrolysis became difficult with the increase of the proportion of PS. Based on all the contrast of the pyrolysis characteristics, MgO was the best additive and 70M30P was the best ratio, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemicals are used in materials as additives in order to improve the performance of the material or the production process itself. The presence of these chemicals in recyclable waste materials may potentially affect the recyclability of the materials. The addition of chemicals may vary depending on the production technology or the potential end-use of the material. Paper has been previously shown to potentially contain a large variety of chemicals. Quantitative data on the presence of chemicals in paper are necessary for appropriate waste paper management, including the recycling and re-processing of paper. However, a lack of quantitative data on the presence of chemicals in paper is evident in the literature. The aim of the present work is to quantify the presence of selected chemicals in waste paper derived from households. Samples of paper and board were collected from Danish households, including both residual and source-segregated materials, which were disposed of (e.g., through incineration) and recycled, respectively. The concentration of selected chemicals was quantified for all of the samples. The quantified chemicals included mineral oil hydrocarbons, phthalates, phenols, polychlorinated biphenyls, and selected toxic metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb). The results suggest large variations in the concentration of chemicals depending on the waste paper fraction analysed. Research on the fate of chemicals in waste recycling and potential problem mitigation measures should be focused on in further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, 11 4,4′-diaminostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid based fluorescent whitening agents with different numbers of sulfonic acid groups were separated by using an ionic liquid as a mobile phase additive in high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The effects of ionic liquid concentration, pH of mobile phase B, and composition of mobile phase A on the separation of fluorescent whitening agents were systematically investigated. The ionic liquid tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate is superior to tetrabutylammomnium bromide for the separation of the fluorescent whitening agents. The optimal separation conditions were an ionic liquid concentration at 8 mM and the pH of mobile phase B at 8.5 with methanol as mobile phase A. The established method exhibited low limits of detection (0.04-0.07 ng/mL) and wide linearity ranges (0.30-20 ng/mL) with high linear correlation coefficients from 0.9994 to 0.9998. The optimized procedure was applied to analyze target analytes in paper samples with satisfactory results. Eleven target analytes were quantified, and the recoveries of spiked paper samples were in the range of 85-105% with the relative standard deviations from 2.1 to 5.1%. The obtained results indicated that the method was efficient for detection of 11 fluorescent whitening agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sintering temperature of an oxide/oxide composite, comprising a barium aluminosilicate (BaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 or BAS) matrix reinforced with alumina fibers, is constrained to avoid a decrease in the mechanical properties of the fibers. This paper highlights the potential of sintering additives in lowering the sintering temperature of the hexagonal BAS (hexacelsian), thereby safeguarding the integrity of the fibers. Consequently, the role of sintering additives, MgO, TiO 2 , and B 2 O 3 , is investigated to determine their impact on the BAS matrix sintering. The addition of 1 wt% of these additives successfully achieved this objective, as confirmed through thermal and microstructural analyses. MgO and TiO 2 facilitated sintering kinetics through a solid-phase mechanism. Concerning the addition of B 2 O 3 , its effect on BAS sintering accelerated densification through a transient liquid-phase mechanism. Another consequence of incorporating these sintering additives is the destabilization of the hexagonal BAS. To limit this phenomenon, the addition of 1 wt% Rb 2 CO 3 served as a stabilizer through steric hindrance, partially substituting the Ba element in the BAS matrix with Rb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we give a local estimate for the Kobayashi distance on a bounded convex domain of finite type, which relates to a local pseudodistance near the boundary. The estimate is precise up to a bounded additive term. Also, we conclude that the domain equipped with the Kobayashi distance is Gromov hyperbolic that gives another proof of the result of Zimmer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clique-width is a well-studied graph parameter owing to its use in understanding algorithmic traceability, and in this paper, we study the class of bounded clique-width graphs through the lens of succinct data structures. A data structure is said to be succinct if the amount of space used by the data structure is information-theoretically optimal up to lower-order additive terms. More specifically, we design a succinct data structure for graphs on n vertices whose clique-width is at most k ≤ ϵ log n for some constant 0 < ϵ < 1 / 6 , that supports degree, adjacency, and neighborhood queries efficiently. This resolves an open problem of Kamali (Algorithmica-2018). As an application of our main technique, we also propose succinct data structures for distance-hereditary and Ptolemaic graphs, which are subclasses of the class of graphs with clique-width at most 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additives, such as antioxidants (AOs), carbon black (CB) and compatibilizers (COs), are used in recycled polymer blends for different reasons. AOs slow thermal degradation, CB gives blends a black color and protect them against ultraviolet (UV) light, and compatibilizers improve compatibility between the different phases of the mixture and consequently enhance the mechanical properties of the final blend. In this paper, the three additives were added to recycled polyethylene (PE) blends to study their effect on the final properties and to determine the best formulations that help improve the mechanical properties of recycled PE blends. Stress Crack Resistance (SCR) was accessed by performing Notched Crack Ligament Stress (NCLS) and Un-notched Crack Ligament Stress (UCLS). On the other hand, Oxidative Induction Time (OIT) was used to determine the oxidation time of the blends and the effect of each additive on this property. Based on the results of this study, it was proven that adding carbon black and antioxidants delay the thermal degradation of recycled PE blends and consequently improve the OIT. Otherwise, resistance to stress cracking is improved only by adding a compatibilizer to the reference blend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we provide improvements in the additive constant of the current best asymptotic upper bound for the maximum number of halving lines for planar sets of n points, where n is an even number. We also improve this current best upper bound for small values of n, namely, 106 ≤ n ≤ 336 . To obtain this enhancements, we provide lower bounds for the sum of the squares of the degrees of the vertices of a graph related to the halving lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let be an ∗-algebra and k ∈ ℤ + . For A , B ∈ , the product defined by ∗ [ A , δ A (B) λ ∗ ] k = ∗ [ A , ∗ [ A , δ A (B) λ ∗ ] k − 1 ] 1 , where ∗ [ A , δ A (B) λ ∗ ] 0 = δ A (B) λ ∗ and ∗ [ A , δ A (B) λ ∗ ] 1 = A δ A (B) λ ∗ − δ A (B) λ ∗ A ∗ , is called λ - k -skew Lie product of A and B , where δ A (B) λ ∗ = A B − λ B A ∗ . This paper discusses some useful characteristics of λ - k -skew Lie products on prime ∗-algebras. Moreover, we investigate the effects of an additive map ϕ on with a λ - k -skew Lie product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a new class of systemic risk measures, which we refer to as strong comonotonic additive systemic risk measures. First, we introduce the notion of strong comonotonic additive systemic risk measures by proposing new axioms. Second, we establish a structural decomposition for strong comonotonic additive systemic risk measures. Third, when both the single-firm risk measure and the aggregation function in the structural decomposition are convex, we also provide a dual representation for it. Last, examples are given to illustrate the proposed systemic risk measures. Comparisons with existing systemic risk measures are also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerically predicting the mechanical behavior of additively manufactured sandwich structures, particularly those produced through filament extrusion, poses a significant challenge. Existing collapse mechanisms, including interlayer debonding, lack comprehensive numerical formulation. This paper presents an improved finite element (FE) modeling approach for filament‐based additive processes. Utilizing the cohesive zone model (CZM), it incorporates a cohesive‐type contact to simulate critical layer interactions, such as the core‐face sheet interface. Validation against a literature‐referenced composite sandwich structure with designed for additive manufacturing honeycomb core demonstrates good agreement between the proposed numerical approach and experimental test data in compression and bending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of nanotechnology has shown promise in addressing major problems and improving drilling effectiveness. An overview of the difficulties encountered during oil and gas well drilling operations and the demand for creative solutions opens the debate. This review explores how nanotechnology is transforming the oil industry and enhancing performance as a whole. The evaluation of the uses of nanotechnology for better oil recovery, real-time monitoring, innovative materials, drilling fluids, and reservoir characterization are extensively discussed in this review. The primary function of additives is to improve the fundamental characteristics of drilling fluids. The variety of fluid additives available is a reflection of the complex drilling–fluid systems that are currently being used to enable drilling in increasingly difficult subsurface conditions. Common additives used in water- and oil-based drilling fluids include lubrication, shale stability, filtration control, rheology control, viscosification, and pH regulation. Drilling fluids frequently contain filtration control additives such as starch, polyanionic cellulose (PAC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and nanoparticles (NP). Commonly used rheology-modifier additives are xanthan gum, carboxymethyl cellulose, guar gum powder, and, more recently, salt-responsive zwitterionic polymers that were used as viscosifiers to water-based drilling fluids. The three main additives that regulate pH are citric acid monohydrate, potassium hydroxide, and sodium hydroxide. Additives that stabilize shale, such as potassium and sodium salts and asphaltenes, are often used. A wide range of materials are included in the category of lubricating additives, including polymers, asphaltenes, glass beads, oils of various grades, and oil-surfactants. Various fibrous materials, including wood, cotton, fibrous minerals, shredded tires from vehicles, and paper pulp, are used as additives to control circulation. Furthermore, shredded cellophane, bits of plastic laminate, plate-like minerals like mica flakes, granulated inert materials such as nut shells, and nano-polymers are used in wellbores to reduce fluid loss. The incorporation of nanoparticles into drilling fluids has produced upgraded fluids with better features, including improved lubricity, thermal stability, and filtering capacities. These developments aid in lowering friction, enhancing wellbore stability, and enhancing drilling efficiency. This paper also emphasizes how nanotechnology has made enhanced drilling equipment and materials possible. Drilling equipment's longevity and performance are increased by nanocomposite materials that have been reinforced with nanoparticles due to their improved mechanical strength, wear resistance, and thermal stability. Advanced reservoir characterisation tools, including nanoparticle tracers and nanoscale imaging methods, can help locate the best drilling sites and increase production effectiveness. On the other hand, nanofluids and nanoemulsions can potentially increase oil recovery because they enhance fluid mobility, lower interfacial tension, and alter rock wettability. Although nanotechnology has many advantages, there are also issues that need to be resolved. For an implementation to be effective, factors including nanoparticle stability, dispersion, and potential environmental effects must be carefully taken into account. This review highlights the need for future research to create scalable manufacturing procedures, improve nanoparticle behaviour, and determine nanomaterials' long-term environmental effects. In conclusion, this in-depth analysis illustrates the use of nanotechnology in transforming the process of drilling oil and gas wells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let R be a ring and let n ≥ 1 be a fixed integer. An additive mapping h of a ring R into itself is called an n-Jordan homoderivation if h ⁢ (x n) = (h ⁢ (x) + x) n - x n holds for all x ∈ R . In this paper, we initiate the study of n-Jordan homoderivations on rings. Precisely, we characterize n-Jordan homoderivations in terms of homoderivations and anti-homomorphisms under certain conditions. Finally, we conclude our paper with a direction for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers a solution to a scenario found in Tom Regan's Case for Animal Rights, offered by Daniel Kary. Regan considers a case where either one human or any number of dog's must be sacrificed. He chooses the human because they would be harmed more than any dog would be. This is initially puzzling since Regan claims that humans and dogs have equal inherent value (the objective value as an end that entities have). Kary's solution argues the human should be saved since their possible experiences have greater intrinsic value (the objective value as an end that experiences have) than those of any number of dogs'. The rationale is that dog experiences are too similar to be additive. The paper acknowledges that Kary's alternative solution is more plausible than Regan's, but it ultimately fails to be convincing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A natural polymeric material, cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), that can replace structural additives made of synthetic polymers was studied and characterized. The use of CNFs as a structural additive and the effect of adding them on the basic mechanical parameters of laboratory samples of packaging materials (corrugated sheet, i.e., the intermediate layer of corrugated cardboard) were studied. Addition of a structural additive made of natural renewable raw material to the recycled paper composite for corrugation was shown to increase the key paper quality indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we revisit some fundamental properties of linear canonical transform (abbreviated as LCT). In particular, we prove the additive property rigorously for LCT in the higher dimensional case (abbreviated as MLCT). We also consider the Lp-theory of MLCT with 1 ≤ p ≤ 2. Specifically, the inversion theorem of MLCT by the related Gauss and Abel means is studied, and the pointwise convergence of approximate identities with respect to convolution for MLCT is also obtained. As applications, we study the Lp-type Heisenberg-Pauli-Weyl uncertainty principles and the Lp-type Donoho-Stark uncertainty principles for MLCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirical studies have emphasized that the equity implied volatility is characterized by a negative skew inversely proportional to the square root of the time-to-maturity. We examine the short-time-to-maturity behavior of the implied volatility smile for pure jump exponential additive processes. An excellent calibration of the equity volatility surfaces has been achieved by a class of these additive processes with power-law scaling. The two power-law scaling parameters are β , related to the variance of jumps, and δ , related to the smile asymmetry. It has been observed, in option market data, that β = 1 and δ = - 1 / 2 . In this paper, we prove that the implied volatility of these additive processes is consistent, in the short-time, with the equity market empirical characteristics if and only if β = 1 and δ = - 1 / 2 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given graphs F and G, a perfect F-tiling in G is a collection of vertex-disjoint copies of F in G that together cover all the vertices in G. The study of the minimum degree threshold forcing a perfect F-tiling in a graph G has a long history, culminating in the Kühn--Osthus theorem [D. Kühn and D. Osthus, Combinatorica, 29 (2009), pp. 65-107] which resolves this problem, up to an additive constant, for all graphs F. In this paper we initiate the study of the analogous question for edge-ordered graphs. In particular, we characterize for which edge-ordered graphs F this problem is well-defined. We also apply the absorbing method to asymptotically determine the minimum degree threshold for forcing a perfect P-tiling in an edge-ordered graph, where P is any fixed monotone path. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is often necessary to use stabilising additives during construction to improve the resulting soil properties to ensure the good quality of civil engineering structures. These additives are often produced at high temperatures and with a high carbon footprint. This paper focuses on soil stabilization with waste concrete slurry, which is produced during the production of fresh concrete. The selected clay soil was stabilized with cement and CSW at 2, 4, and 6% by weight of soil. Compressive strength, the resistance to freezing and thawing, Initial bearing index (IBI), and California bearing capacity (CBR) were monitored. The research did not confirm better performance of CSW binder even at higher dosage compared to cement, which was due to the high water content of the mixtures. Positive results were achieved especially in Freez-Thaw resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a promising technology for renewable energy production from organic waste. In order to maximize the produced biogas quantity and quality, this paper deals with the optimization of the AD process in a CSTR bioreactor of a full-scale biogas plant. For this purpose, a novel approach was adopted coupling, a highly complex BioModel for AD simulation, and a gradient-based optimization method. In order to improve AD performance, the dosages of various types of biological additives, the dosages of inorganic additives, and the temperature in the bioreactor were optimized in three different scenarios. The best biogas quality was obtained using multi-objective optimization, where the objective function involves the following two conflicting objectives: the maximization of biogas production and minimization of the needed heating energy. The obtained results show that, potentially, the content of C H 4 can be increased by 11%, while the contents of H 2 , H 2 S , and N H 3 can be reduced by 30%, 20%, and 81% when comparing the simulation results with the experimental data. The obtained results confirm the usefulness of the proposed approach, which can easily be adapted or upgraded for other bioreactor types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To realize the high‐efficiency utilization of iron‐rich coal, it is necessary to conduct in‐depth research on the ash fusion characteristics and regulation mechanism. In this paper, the ash fusion temperature test of iron‐rich coal in Xinjiang (ZC) under different atmospheres was first carried out. Then, red mud (HJ) from Huajin Aluminum Industry and black water pipe scale (GDG) were selected as the additives. After the same ashing procedure, the two additives were mixed with iron‐rich coal ash in different proportions to realize the regulation of the chemical composition of the coal ash to improve the ash fusion characteristic. The ash fusion temperature (AFT) experiment was carried out in the automatic ash melting point analyzer, and high‐temperature ash melting slags at different temperatures were prepared. The mineral phases of coal ash and slag were characterized by XRD and compared with the Factsage simulation calculation results to reveal the influence mechanism of coal ash fusion temperature. The result shows that the fusion temperature of ZC iron‐rich coal ash is significantly different between oxidizing atmosphere and weak reducing atmosphere. Compared with the oxidizing atmosphere, the four characteristic temperatures of ZC iron‐rich coal ash are significantly lower under weak reducing conditions, and the difference is about 150°C. The addition of red mud and pipeline scale increased the fusion temperature of ZC coal ash to varying degrees. The addition of HJ ash has little effect on the deformation temperature of ZC coal ash, while the addition of different proportions of HJ ash significantly increases the flow temperature of ZC coal ash. When the addition ratio of HJ ash is 40%, the flow temperature FT of ZC coal ash increases most obviously, which is about 50°C. The addition of HJ ash and GDG ash will lead to an increase in the content of iron‐containing spinel, thereby increasing the ash flow temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper firstly reports the size effect of typical micro‐ and nano‐ calcium carbonate additives on the friction properties of calcium sulfonate grease. The rheological and tribological performance of calcium sulfonate grease with typical micro‐ and nano‐ calcium carbonate additives were investigated at 30 or 80°C by Rheometer and Optimol SRV‐V tester. To its surprise, calcium sulfonate grease with 5% calcium carbonate microparticles behave remarkable lubrication performance than calcium sulfonate grease with 5% calcium carbonate nanoparticles under boundary lubrication condition according to the rheological analysis and tribological evaluation. The enhancement in excellence tribological performance can be attributed to the synergistic effect between calcium carbonate microparticles and calcium carbonate in thickener of calcium sulfonate grease. The thin film composed of CaCO3 and CaO on the worn surface generated by solid particles is conducive to reducing friction and wear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study several topics on additive decompositions of primitive elements in finite fields. Also we refine some bounds obtained by Dartyge and Sárközy as well as Shparlinski. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the preparation of the slurry in the slurry shield (SSS) and subsequent reduction of the waste slurry produced by the slurry shield (WSSS), the additives in SSS improve the quality of filtration cake on the excavation surface, but they may also remain in WSSS, which have a negative impact on the reduction efficiency of WSSS. Therefore, it is valuable to establish the relationship between SSS and WSSS with additives as a link. Given this, this paper prepared WSSS with different dosages of additives and studied the influence of residual additives on the reduction. The residual additives made the reduction efficiency of WSSS worse, and the specific resistance to filtration increased by one to two orders of magnitude. The residual additives change the content of bound water or reduce the available sites of the soil particles that can be adsorbed by flocculants, leading to worse reduction results. To reduce the difficulty of reduction, combining polymer and bentonite as additives are recommended to prepare SSS. Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) acts by reducing bound water content through the interaction with residual bentonite, simultaneously augmenting PAM flocculation, which is recommended for reducing WSSS. This paper provides a reference for selecting materials used to prepare SSS and the subsequent reduction of WSSS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the preparation of the slurry in the slurry shield (SSS) and subsequent reduction of the waste slurry produced by the slurry shield (WSSS), the additives in SSS improve the quality of filtration cake on the excavation surface, but they may also remain in WSSS, which have a negative impact on the reduction efficiency of WSSS. Therefore, it is valuable to establish the relationship between SSS and WSSS with additives as a link. Given this, this paper prepared WSSS with different dosages of additives and studied the influence of residual additives on the reduction. The residual additives made the reduction efficiency of WSSS worse, and the specific resistance to filtration increased by one to two orders of magnitude. The residual additives change the content of bound water or reduce the available sites of the soil particles that can be adsorbed by flocculants, leading to worse reduction results. To reduce the difficulty of reduction, combining polymer and bentonite as additives are recommended to prepare SSS. Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) acts by reducing bound water content through the interaction with residual bentonite, simultaneously augmenting PAM flocculation, which is recommended for reducing WSSS. This paper provides a reference for selecting materials used to prepare SSS and the subsequent reduction of WSSS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tissue paper production frequently combines two main types of raw materials: cellulose fibers from renewable sources and polymer-based additives. The development of premium products with improved properties and functionalities depends on the optimization of both. This work focused on the combination of innovative experimental and computational strategies to optimize furnish. The main goal was to improve the functional properties of the most suitable raw materials for tissue materials and develop new differentiating products with innovative features. The experimental plan included as inputs different fiber mixtures, micro/nano fibrillated cellulose, and biopolymer additives, and enzymatic and mechanical process operations. We present an innovative tissue paper simulator, the SimTissue, that we have developed, to establish the correlations between the tissue paper process inputs and the end-use paper properties. Case studies with industrial interest are presented in which the tissue simulator was used to design tissue paper materials with different fiber mixtures, fiber modification treatments, micro/nano fibrillated cellulose, and biopolymer formulations, and to estimate tissue softness, strength, and absorption properties. The SimTissue was able to predict and optimize a broader range of formulations containing micro/nanocellulose fibers, biopolymer additives, and treated-fiber mixtures, saving laboratory and industrial resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide, hundreds of potato dishes exist, originally composed by cooks in traditional kitchens. Gradually cooks more and more applied processed products as ingredients to save time and to widen their range of dishes. The products are classified according to their features, ranging from thickeners in soups to ready-to-eat snacks. Besides cooks, also the food industry makes ample use of (modified) potato starches, flakes, flour and granulates. Before users prepare meals from purchased ingredients, they only have had visual perceptions of the products as displayed on shelves and in freezers of shops and presentations at the internet. The organoleptic properties, taste, smell and structure of tubers and products are perceived in the kitchen only. Sensory appreciation, likewise, is a function of the types of ingredients in dipping and batter during processing and their role to improve products and flavouring. The nutritional value of tubers, other staples and potato products and dishes is analysed and their enhancement and losses in the production of the raw material and processing are discussed. This paper reviews existing dishes worldwide and how the processing industry derived thereof products for kitchens and the food industry. The nutritive value of tubers and their products is explored. In general, the density of nutritive components of the products is correlated with their water content that decreases from blanched or baked, to fried French fries, chips and the flour. Starch, minerals, some vitamins and antioxidants become less diluted and appear in higher concentrations in products than in the raw material they are derived from. The energy content increases more than proportional in fried products because of adhering oil that per unit weight almost has more than double the energy content of starch. Additives such as sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP), batter and dextrin improve the flesh colour of French fries, their crispiness, and staying hot time, and give the golden hue. Flavouring creates a wide range of tastes of French fries and chips. Blanched and chilled products either mixed with vegetables or not are often supplied with sachets of seasoning to be spread on the product while preparing a dish in the kitchen as the seasoning effect would partly disappear when mixed with the chilled product. Different consumer desires from, among others, health and environment perspectives are articulated and it is assessed how easy or difficult it is for processors to manufacture suitable products. The paper concludes with future perspectives of consumers among other aspects regarding health and convenience and how the industry reacts with innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a comprehensive review of the recent literature on various natural fiber and inorganic filler-based polymer composites used in rotational molding (RM). The RM has grown in prominence in various essential applications in recent years. Different industries are working to create lighter components, especially in the automobile and aerospace industries, to improve fuel efficiency and reduce costs. Polymer matrix composites are lightweight, recyclable, corrosion-resistant, and cost-effective. Nonetheless, they are likewise limited in terms of strength, to overcome the polymer's obvious limitations natural fibers and inorganic particle fillers are often added to polymer composites in RM to improve their stiffness and strength and expand their uses. This necessitates a comprehensive study of the various materials available for rotational molding and their influence on the mechanical properties of composites. The variety of materials used in rotational molding is examined and recent advancements are highlighted in the first section. The second section of the discussion focuses on various materials used in rotational molding, their properties, and their advantages and disadvantages. The third section of the paper is dedicated to examining the relationship between the molecular weight of the material and the resulting crystallinity and mechanical properties of blended composites. The fourth section, which comes next, is about mixing natural fibers and inorganic filler with the base resin and their effect on the mechanical properties of a roto-molded product and also discusses the effect of fillers on the flow, void, and viscosity. The final section of the paper discusses several factors that can affect the properties of composites, including the particle size of natural and inorganic fillers, the heating and cooling of the mold, aging and degradation, and the rheology of the composite material. Past literature depicts that the mechanical properties of composite increase when the particle size gets smaller for both natural filler and inorganic particulate filler. This literature review has led to the following conclusion: to develop highly efficient particulate composites that can be greatly aided by careful selection of the base resin, additives, and parameter characterization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we solve the system of functional equations { f (x + y) + g (y − x) = 2 f (x) , g (x + y) − f (y − x) = 2 g (y) and we investigate the stability of g-derivations in Banach algebras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To realize the high‐efficiency utilization of iron‐rich coal (ZC), it is necessary to conduct in‐depth research on its ash fusion characteristics and regulation mechanism. In this paper, the fusion temperature test of ZC coal ash was first carried out in a weak reducing atmosphere, and diatomite (GZT) and Naomaohu high‐calcium coal (NMH) were selected as additives. The results show that the four characteristic temperatures of ZC coal ash are all low under weak reducing conditions. The addition of NMH ash lowered the fusion temperature of ZC coal ash, while the GZT ash increased the fusion temperature to varying degrees. When the addition ratio of NMH ash is less than 40 %, the effect of increasing the difference between the deformation temperature and flow temperature of ZC coal ash is still positive. The addition of NMH ash made the slag system generate a high content of calcium‐magnesium feldspar and calcium‐iron feldspar, decreasing the fusion temperature of the blended coal ash. The addition of GZT ash increased the content of SiO2 in the slag system and promoted the increase of the iron‐pyroxene content, and the formation of the iron‐aluminum pyroxene and cordierite mineral phases, thereby increasing the coal ash fusion temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing interest in modern polymer materials has targeted research on complex plastic coatings and the possibilities of modifying their features and properties during manufacturing. Today's modern coatings, including polyurea and polyurethane, are among the most modern developed resins. Compared to other polymer coatings, they are distinguished by their versatility, strength, and durability. They undoubtedly represent the next step in the evolution of coatings. Advances in coating technology have also led to the development of spray, injection, and roto-cast application equipment, improving polyurea-based elastomers' performance. For many years, there has been much interest in increasing the flame resistance of polymers. This is dictated by safety considerations and the increasing requirements for the flammability of plastics, the area of application of which is growing every year. This text attempts to provide an overview of current research on flame retardant composites. Particular attention was paid to polyurea (PU) and polyurea-based hybrids and the application areas of polyurea coatings. The paper defines flame retardants, discusses how they work, and presents the types of flame retardants and the current trends of their usage in the production of plastics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to investigate a systematic approach to the production and use of additively manufactured injection mould inserts in product development (PD) processes. For this purpose, an evaluation of the additive tooling design method (ATDM) is performed. Design/methodology/approach: The evaluation of the ATDM is conducted within student workshops, where students develop products and validate them using AT-prototypes. The evaluation process includes the analysis of work results as well as the use of questionnaires and participant observation. Findings: This study shows that the ATDM can be successfully used to assist in producing and using AT mould inserts to produce valid AT prototypes. As a reference for the implementation of AT in industrial PD, extracts from the work of the student project groups and suitable process parameters for prototype production are presented. Originality/value: This paper presents the application and evaluation of a method to support AT in PD that has not yet been scientifically evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]