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The current standard in China does not specify the standard test method for determining Poisson's ratio, and the Poisson's ratio used in pavement design is often roughly fixed, which can result in large errors in the calculations and analysis of road structure. In this paper, the research on different test methods for Poisson's ratio is carried out and the non-linear characteristics of tensile and compressive Poisson's ratio on pavement materials under different influencing factors are analyzed. The results indicate that the absolute value of the ratio between transverse rebound strain and longitudinal rebound strain under 50% of the maximum destructive load can objectively characterize the mechanical properties of Poisson's ratio, and it is the optimal measurement method for Poisson's ratio in asphalt pavement materials. The Poisson's ratio of two pavement materials both decreases with the increase of loading rate and gradually tends to a constant value. Cement dosage and temperature are the most significant factors affecting the tensile and compressive Poisson's ratio of cement stabilized crushed stone and asphalt mixture, respectively. Specifically, when cement dosage increases by 1%, the Poisson's ratio of cement stabilized crushed stone decreases by approximately 10%, and the temperature has a significant influence on the difference in tension and compression for Poisson's ratio of asphalt mixture (up to 40%). The asphalt content corresponding to the minimum Poisson's ratio is basically consistent with the optimal asphalt content obtained by the Marshall volume method. Based on these, a quantification value-taking model is established of the tensile and compressive Poisson's ratios of typical asphalt pavement materials varying with multiple factors. The research results can serve as a reference for the scientific value-taking of pavement structural design parameters considering the different mechanical characteristics of materials in tension and compression. • The scientific and reasonable measuring method of Poisson's ratio was established. • The quantitative model of Poisson's ratio affected by many factors was established. • The Poisson's ratio increases with loading speed and gradually tends to stabilize. • The optimum asphalt content mixture by Marshall method has minimum Poisson's ratio [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]