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The author analyses in this paper the regulation of the environmental impact assessment exemptions of projects foreseen in the LEA. In addition, this paper focuses on the CJUE, Spanish Constitutional Court and Spanish Supreme Court judgments that have been passed in the recent years on this subject matter. Finally, the consequences of not carrying out the EIA, as well as the incorrect use of the exemptions of EIA, are analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. One of the limitations of chemical absorbents as a simple and effective method for removal the contamination due to surface absorption mechanism was their exorbitant costs. Therefore, the study of the potential of cheap and accessible natural adsorbents in the removal of heavy metals from industrial waste can be interesting. Materials and Methods. For the study of absorbent quantity, pH and temperature effectiveness on absorption capacity of cherry core, first the artificial solution was supplied in 1000 mg/lit concentration and was mixed by certain amount of absorbent at certain temperature and pH for 60 minutes. The solutions filtered by filter paper and the contents of each ion in initial and filtered solution were determinate by atomic absorption spectrometry. Effect of absorbent quantity (0.2–2 g/100 ml), pH (3–7) and temperature (30–70 °C) on absorption rate of Lead and Cadmium investigated in Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Results and Discussion. Increasing temperature improved the absorption rate of cadmium due to decrease of viscosity and accelerate mass transfer. Increasing of temperature limits the formation of boundary layer around the absorbent due to reduce of solution viscosity. So, ion absorption is intensified. Also, Increasing of absorbent quantity raises the surface contact and as results the chance of collision ions is improved with absorbent particles. In the other words, high quantity of absorbent increases the required cites to attach ions. Cadmium elimination at high value of pH was decreased due to conversion of ionic structure to molecular structure. Cadmium absorption rate was also increased by enlarging of absorbent; because of exist the more cites for absorption. Increasing the pH to 5 led to increase the Lead ions absorption, but rise of pH to 7 reduced absorption of Lead. The reason of this pneumonia is due to change of Lead ion structure to molecular state in alkaline pH. While in lower pH, competition hydrogen ions with cations decrease the absorption of metal ions. Conclusion. The best experimental parameters for maximum absorption ions were determined at the following conditions: temperature 70 °C, pH 5 and concentration of absorbent 2 g/100ml. By applying these conditions, Lead and Cadmium ions were decreased 79.18 and 76.56% respectively from artificial solutions. Also, optimal conditions were tested on sugar industry wastewater, which results indicated the rate of absorption for Lead and Cadmium was obtained 98.98 and 76.1% respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, due to the advent of resource-constrained trends, such as smartphones and smart devices, the computing environment is changing. Because our daily life is deeply intertwined with ubiquitous networks, the importance of security is growing. A lightweight encryption algorithm is essential for secure communication between these kinds of resource-constrained devices, and many researchers have been investigating this field. Recently, a lightweight block cipher called LEA was proposed. LEA was originally targeted for efficient implementation on microprocessors, as it is fast when implemented in software and furthermore, it has a small memory footprint. To reflect on recent technology, all required calculations utilize 32-bit wide operations. In addition, the algorithm is comprised of not complex S-Box-like structures but simple Addition, Rotation, and XOR operations. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first report on a comprehensive hardware implementation of LEA. We present various hardware structures and their implementation results according to key sizes. Even though LEA was originally targeted at software efficiency, it also shows high efficiency when implemented as hardware. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of information and communication technology, various types of Internet of Things (IoT) devices have widely been used for convenient services. Many users with their IoT devices request various services to servers. Thus, the amount of users' personal information that servers need to protect has dramatically increased. To quickly and safely protect users' personal information, it is necessary to optimize the speed of the encryption process. Since it is difficult to provide the basic services of the server while encrypting a large amount of data in the existing CPU, several parallel optimization methods using Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) have been considered. In this paper, we propose several optimization techniques using GPU for efficient implementation of lightweight block cipher algorithms on the server-side. As the target algorithm, we select high security and light weight (HIGHT), Lightweight Encryption Algorithm (LEA), and revised CHAM, which are Add-Rotate-Xor (ARX)-based block ciphers, because they are used widely on IoT devices. We utilize the features of the counter (CTR) operation mode to reduce unnecessary memory copying and operations in the GPU environment. Besides, we optimize the memory usage by making full use of GPU's on-chip memory such as registers and shared memory and implement the core function of each target algorithm with inline PTX assembly codes for maximizing the performance. With the application of our optimization methods and handcrafted PTX codes, we achieve excellent encryption throughput of 468, 2593, and 3063 Gbps for HIGHT, LEA, and revised CHAM on RTX 2070 NVIDIA GPU, respectively. In addition, we present optimized implementations of Counter Mode Based Deterministic Random Bit Generator (CTR_DRBG), which is one of the widely used deterministic random bit generators to provide a large amount of random data to the connected IoT devices. We apply several optimization techniques for maximizing the performance of CTR_DRBG, and we achieve 52.2, 24.8, and 34.2 times of performance improvement compared with CTR_DRBG implementation on CPU-side when HIGHT-64/128, LEA-128/128, and CHAM-128/128 are used as underlying block cipher algorithm of CTR_DRBG, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]