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Henan Province is the birthplace of Chinese civilization and one of the earliest human settlements, which means that the area has an important national cultural heritage. Traditional villages are an important facet of this cultural heritage, and studying their spatiotemporal characteristics in different periods has important theoretical and practical significance for the sustainable development and protection of cultural heritage in the region. This paper takes the traditional villages of the Yellow River basin in Henan Province that were formed before 1919 as the research object. Information on the ancient river was obtained through a literature search as well as via field research, and the important tributaries of the Yellow River in different periods were mapped using ArcGIS 10.0 software. The nearest neighbor index, kernel density estimation, standard deviation ellipse and other methods were adopted to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of the traditional villages. The factors that influenced the evolution of traditional villages were explored in depth by combining changes in the course of the river and water conservancy projects. The results show that the formation of traditional villages along the Yellow River in Henan Province has experienced a historical track of growth, contraction, growth and prosperity and stability. The traditional villages along the Yellow River in Henan Province generally show a clustered pattern, forming a dense concentration of traditional villages in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. The center of gravity shows a migration trend from southeast to northwest. In terms of influencing factors, the spatiotemporal evolution of the relationship between villages and their distance to water is closely related to climatic fluctuations, changes in channel, water conservancy projects and social and cultural factors. This paper deepens our understanding of the relationship between traditional village evolution and watersheds by improving the consistency between village spatial distribution and historical geography and provides a useful theoretical reference for the sustainable development of China's traditional villages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, three new species of the tribe Anthocoptini from China are described and illustrated. They are Aculops grewiaesp. nov. infesting Grewia biloba G.Don. (Malvaceae), Aculops koelreuteriaesp. nov. infesting Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. (Sapindaceae) and Tegolophus pogonatherisp. nov. infesting Pogonatherum crinitum (Thunb.) Kunth (Poaceae). All of them are vagrants on lower leaf surface and cause no apparent symptom to their host plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes the arguments within the scientific discussion on the investigation of human resource management of willingness and ability of long-term care insurance. The main purpose of the research is to investigate human resource management of willingness and ability of long-term care insurance considering the innovative international experience and the case of Henan province in China. Systematization literary sources and approaches for solving how the person could be motivated to use long-term care insurance indicate that this goal could be reached by issuing questionnaires. The relevance of the decision of this scientific problem is that the demand for long-term care insurance, domestic and foreign scholars mainly use questionnaire survey to conduct quantitative and qualitative research. Investigation of the proposed topic in the paper is carried out in the following logical sequence: the method of expert analysis allowed forming the survey of long-term care insurance. The research's theoretical and methodological basics are general scientific and special methods of certain economic phenomena and processes' cognition. The dialectical method was used to synthesize theoretical and methodological foundations of human resource management of willingness and ability of long-term care insurance foreign countries and China and formulate conclusions. Methodological tools of the research methods were respondents from January 20, 2020, until the end of March 31, 2020. The paper presents the results of the empirical analysis that the proportion of those willing to participate in the long-term care insurance system with an income of «less than 2,000 yuan» is 65.4%; the proportion of those willing to participate in the long-term care insurance system with an income of «2000-4000 yuan» is 69.0%, and the proportion of those willing to participate in the long-term care insurance system with an income of «4000-6000 yuan» is 74.1%. The regression analysis as the statistical method was used to determine whether and to what extent dependent and independent variables are significant. The research empirically confirms and theoretically proves that the factors of the insurance awareness model and the regression of Q24 «are you willing to participate in the long-term care insurance system» are not significant, indicating that the insurance awareness factor is not an influential factor for the old-age care insurance demand. Therefore, the original hypothesis was denied, and the insurance consciousness model factors became not significantly related to the willingness of demand for long-term care insurance. The research results could be useful for those who have a deal with responsible staff, but for this reason, some indicators could influence his behavior. Summing up the results of the held scientific research it could be done the following recommendations. First of all, strengthening publicity and standardize management of long-term care insurance system. Secondly, that should be accelerated the development of the nursing industry with aging, chronic diseases, and other increasingly serious, China's medical resources are very scarce, especially in the nursing industry. Thirdly, it would be progressive if China absorbed the foreign long-term care insurance experience. Fourthly, it should be improved the design of long-term care insurance and increased the types of insurance products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Childbirth was a significant factor in ancient female mortality, but relatively few cases of death in childbirth have been reported in the bioarchaeological literature due to challenges of recovery and interpretation. Here, we report a possible case of dystocia from the late Neolithic (3500–2900 BCE) settlement of Shuanghuaishu site (Gongyi City, Henan Province, China). An adult female skeleton was discovered in an inhumation burial with the remains of a foetus in the pelvis. The top of the foetal skull has exited the pelvic outlet, but most of the head remains in the pelvic cavity. The face is oriented away from the mother's spine, indicating that the foetus was in persistent occipitoposterior position. In modern deliveries, this atypical positioning is associated with complications including prolonged labour and excessive maternal bleeding. Long bone measurements indicate that the foetus was large compared with full‐term modern infants. This may indicate foetal macrosomia, which is also associated with prolonged and difficult labour. These indicators suggest that this was a case of dystocia, with the large size and positioning of the foetus leading to obstructed labour and the death of both mother and infant. The presence of some cranial remains outside the pelvic outlet could represent either partial delivery of the head or partial post mortem delivery (coffin birth). This paper provides an example of the interpretive challenges facing researchers investigating reproductive mortality in ancient China and in other past societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) impose a significant constraint to livestock production world widely. In this paper, we presented a case of TBD in a cattle farm in Henan, China. 35 blood samples (7 samples sent by veterinarian, 28 samples gathered by our colleagues) were collected from ill, surviving and asymptomatic cattle and microscopic observation and PCR assays were conducted to characterize the pathogens. Genus Ixodes feeding on these cattle were collected and identified. Theileria annulata -like and Anaplasma marginale -like pathogens were observed in the blood smears stained with Giemsa staining under microscope. Furthermore, 5 out of 7 cattle blood samples were found to be positive for T. annulata by PCR. In the 28 blood specimens, three were positive for T. annulata , while A. marginale DNA was detected in nine blood DNA samples. Besides, 56 ticks feeding on cattle were collected from this farm and were all identified as Rhipisephalus microplus , meanwhile, 10 of them were found to be positive for A. marginale . In addition, phylogenetic analysis of the msp4 gene sequences of A. marginale obtained in this study showed that the isolate from cattle (KX840009) fell in the same clade with that of R . microplus (KX904527), sharing 100% similarity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of outbreak of theileriosis/anaplasmosis in cattle farms in Henan, China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses multidimensional inequalities in health care distribution for Henan Province in central China. The paper has two objectives: (1) examining the multi-scale health care inequality in Henan from two dimensions, urban-rural and core-periphery and (2) revealing the spatial effects of China's multiple transitions, provincial development strategies, and local economic development on health care distribution. The authors used geographic information systems-based spatial statistical methods to detect the spatial-temporal variation of health care distribution, and applied geographically weighted regression to reveal the effects of multiple transitions on the health care sector. The results illustrate that urban-rural and core-periphery gaps in Henan are still significant even though health care reforms and recent provincial policies have improved the access of rural and peripheral areas to health care. Health care inequality is sensitive to geographical scale and clustering, and spatial patterns of health care are shaped by the interwoven forces at national, provincial, and local scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluating the assessing results’ rationality for farmland quality (FQ) is usually qualitative and based on farmers and experts’ perceptions of soil quality and crop yield. Its quantitative checking still remains difficult and is likely ignored. In this paper, FQ in Xiuwu County, the Northwest Henan Province, China was evaluated by the gray relational analysis (GRA) method and the traditional analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method. The consistency rate of two results was analysed. Research focused on proposing one method of testing the evaluation results’ rationality for FQ based on the crop yield. Firstly generating a grade map of crop yield and overlying it with the FQ evaluation maps. Then analysing their consistency rate for each grade in the same spatial position. Finally examining the consistency effects and allowing for a decision on adopting the results. The results showed that the area rate consistency and matching evaluation unit numbers between the two methods were 84.68% and 87.29%, respectively, and the space distribution was approximately equal. The area consistency rates between crop yield level and FQ evaluation levels by GRA and AHP were 78.15% and 74.29%, respectively. Therefore, the verifying effects of GRA and AHP were near, good and acceptable, and the FQ results from both could reflect the crop yield levels. The evaluation results by GCA, as a whole, were slightly more rational than that by AHP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: China’s rapid growth over the last three decades has attracted much academic attention. In the post-reform era, economic growth has been paralleled by rapid urbanization. China’s urbanization experience has been shaped heavily by the state through national urban policies as well as through local administrative means. Much has been written about large Chinese cities in the more developed coastal regions, such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, but little is known about the process of city-making in medium-sized and small Chinese cities, especially those in the less developed central and western regions of the country. This paper sheds light on the processes of urban transformation in Hebi, a medium-sized inland city in Henan Province, emphasizing the critical role that the local state has played in city-making, the mechanisms and processes of change, and the resultant impacts on the city. As a mining city, Hebi has been threatened by depleting natural resources. To invigorate the city, a new city center has been built to attract new enterprises. Through intensive interviews and fieldwork conducted in 2007 and 2008, we examine what the city government of Hebi has done to turn the newly constructed urban space into a new administrative and economic center of the city. With the establishment of new enterprises, the local economy has been diversified, although coal continues to be a major component of Hebi’s economy. The role of the local state in the production and development of the new urban space is direct and forceful. As local state policies on urban development have been implemented by strong administrative means, we conceptualize the contemporary Chinese model of urbanization as “administrative urbanization”. One problem with this kind of state-dominated urbanization and city-making is that the needs of the people are not fully considered, and it is unclear who the major beneficiaries are. More case studies are needed to determine how economic and political forces are driving China’s land-based urban development, the extent to which local states are understood as entrepreneurial, profit-seeking and pro-growth, the relationship between the local state and other stake-holders in local urban development, and who has benefited from administrative urbanization. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The local singularity model involved in the context of multifractal theory calculates an index which indicates the local elemental enrichment or depletion and can be used to delineate the weak anomalies. The index, called singularity exponent can be calculated using the total amount model and density model, respectively. The former is based on the power–law relationship between the cumulative concentrations of the neighboring samples in variable cell sizes and cell size, while the latter is between the average concentration and cell size. The influence of the two models on the calculation of the local singularity was estimated in this paper. The total amount model was thought to be preferable in calculating the singularity exponent, which was applied to stream sediment data from the Xiong''ershan gold and molybdenum ore district, Western Henan province, China, and an algorithm based on the window-based method was advanced to map the local singularity distributions of Au and Mo. The thresholds of Au and Mo calculated on the singularity map were used to delineate anomalies which were associated not only with known gold and molybdenum ore deposits in the northern part of EW-trending Machaoying fault, but also with the areas south of Machaoying fault where no gold deposits have yet been discovered. Neither were they clearly identified by the Concentration–Area model and mean+standard deviation of Au concentrations. The results show that weak anomalies hidden within the strong variance of background can be well identified by the local singularity model, and the delineated anomalies should be considered as favorable target areas. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

China has made remarkable progress in poverty alleviation. However, the key to consolidating the existing poverty alleviation achievements is how to prevent rural households out of poverty from regressing back poverty; in other words, how they can maintain livelihood sustainability? According to a theoretical analysis of livelihood sustainability, based on the "whole process" of the livelihood development of rural households out of poverty in China, this article puts forward three determinants of livelihood sustainability – livelihood basis, livelihood acceleration and livelihood environment, establishes the dynamic mechanism framework from the perspective of the "acting force" and a corresponding evaluation indicator system. Taking Hua County of Henan Province, one of the first poverty alleviation counties in China, as an example, according to the questionnaire of rural households out of poverty, this paper analyzes the current static livelihood characteristics of rural households out of poverty and the dynamic mechanisms of livelihood sustainability in the process of poverty alleviation on the basis of the quantitative measurement of livelihood sustainability. The main conclusions are as follows: (i) Livelihood basis, livelihood acceleration, livelihood environment and livelihood sustainability of rural households out of poverty in Hua County are at the medium level as a whole. (ii) Livelihood resources, especially labor resources, and the initiative of rural households to develop their livelihood, have important influences on sustainability; rural households that lifted themselves out of poverty earlier, are located in characteristic industrial zones or modern industrial zones, or adopt diversified or non-agricultural production modes, have a higher level of livelihood sustainability. (iii) The sustainable livelihood development of rural households out of poverty needs to stimulate the endogenous power of rural households to generate positive livelihood acceleration on the premise of securing a livelihood basis, supplemented by suitable livelihood environment support. In the process of poverty alleviation, the livelihood basis, livelihood acceleration and livelihood environment play the roles of the "starting force", "driving force" and "supporting force" respectively in order to jointly affect the livelihood behavior of rural households, form different levels of livelihood performance, and present different dynamic processes of livelihood sustainability. These findings are of great value for other developing countries' improving livelihood sustainability of rural households. • We put forward three determinants that promote sustainable livelihood development by adopting the metaphor of acceleration in kinematics and establish a dynamic mechanism framework from the perspective of the "acting force". • The sustainable livelihood development of rural households out of poverty needs to stimulate the endogenous power of rural households to generate positive livelihood acceleration on the premise of securing a livelihood basis, supplemented by suitable livelihood environment support. • Livelihood resources, livelihood structures, industry types and the initiative of rural households to develop their livelihood, have important influences on sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seed-bearing structure Umaltolepis is considered to be produced by the same plants of Pseudotorellia leaves based on their close association in the same fossil bearing horizon and similarities in their cuticles, especially in stomatal structures. In this paper we describe new material of Umaltolepis and Pseudotorellia from the Middle Jurassic Yima Formation in Yima, Henan Province, Central China. Umaltolepis yimaensis sp. nov. is an umbrella-like, ovate to elliptical, four-lobed cupule. The cupule lobes are resinous with thick outer cuticle, and scattered, more or less longitudinally oriented stomata. Leaves of Pseudotorellia yimaensis sp. nov. are narrowly oblanceolate, with two veins entering leaf base and dichotomizing once or twice to produce 4–6 parallel veins that converge and join together near leaf apex. The leaves have fusiform resin bodies between neighboring veins, and thick cuticles with scattered, longitudinally oriented stomata on the abaxial side. The stomata of U. yimaensis and P. yimaensis are very similar, both consisting of sunken guard cells surrounding by specialized lateral subsidiary cells and unspecialized polar cells, and both have two bow-shaped cuticular ridges flanking the stomatal pit and a butter-fly like flange between guard and subsidiary cells. The co-occurrence of U. yimaensis and P. yimaensis in the Yima Formation and their similarities in cuticular structures and in the presence of resin bodies further confirm that Umaltolepis and Pseudotorellia are produced by the same group of plants. These fossils also provide new evidence for a high diversity of ginkgophyte reproductive organs in the Middle Jurassic of Central China. • Umaltolepis and Pseudotorellia described from Middle Jurassic of Central China. • New material confirms a close association of Umaltolepis and Pseudotorellia. • Fossils indicate a heyday of ginkgophytes in Middle Jurassic of Central China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child trafficking remains a serious public concern in China, which is related to several forms of exploitation on children as well as threatens public security and endangers the stability of the country. This paper used the latest judgment documents from the court as a new data source, and identified the key nodes and trafficking paths by using a series of network indicators to enhance the public's understanding of the crime mechanism of child trafficking. By contrast with the results of the previous literature, some new trends of child trafficking crime in China were discovered: (i) Child trafficking is developing towards the direction of trans-provincial and trans-regional crime. (ii) There is a growing tendency for the trafficked children to migrate from the southwest to the east coastal area. (iii) Non-capital cities were playing an increasingly important role in the national trafficking network. Moreover, the obvious gender difference of child trafficking was observed: (i) Buyers from South China show a clear preference for boys, while buyers from Hebei, Henan and Zhejiang tend to buy girls rather than boys. (ii) Boys have a higher probability to be trafficked within-province rather than girls. Based on these findings, the possible causes of these phenomena were discussed; and corresponding countermeasures were proposed to help the government further combat child trafficking crime for illegal adoption more effectively. Verification of these findings and further study on this problem can be launched based on more actual trafficking cases in the future. • Three levels and five child trafficking migration networks are built. • The hottest source or inflow districts/counties are identified. • The migrations of male/female victims present quite different characteristics. • Cross-regional trafficking cases are increasing. • Suggestions are put forward to help the government combat child trafficking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]