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Objective: This study analyzes the main dimensions of Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) - propensity inseridofor innovation, risk propensity, and proactivity - that contributed to the growth of Micro, Small and Mediumsized Enterprises (MSMEs) during the crisis caused by Covid-19. Method: A quantitative analysis was carried out using the t test paired with 102 MSMEs managers to understand which main aspects of EO contributed to the performance of their companies. Results: The results show that the presence of a proactive element in MSMEs influences the increase in their revenues in a crisis period. Nevertheless, the significance of characteristics prone to innovation and risks in MSMEs for their growth in a period of crisis is not confirmed. Limitations: the sample used in this research could be larger and the concept of EO is based only on its three main dimensions. As there is no consensus in the literature on the dimensionality of the EO construct, other applications using different concepts are suggested. Theoretical and practical implications: The research shows how the EO drives MSMEs in a crisis context, notably through its proactivity dimension. In a practical way, the paper reveals that EO in MSMEs is strongly present in the leader's figure, as well as it is related to its personality, playing an important role to boost the business in a period of crisis. Originality: This study allows to know which aspects of EO are more decisive in the growth of MSMEs in periods of widespread recession. Thus, entrepreneurs will be able to assess how much they consider EO dominant perspectives for the growth of their businesses. It also contributes both to the discussion on the recovery of the economy and the literature on EO, which does not yet show how this construct operates in the context of crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women entrepreneurship development is an important part of human resource development. This paper focuses on exploring the barriers and motivations of women entrepreneurs. The study is based on both primary and secondary data. The primary data was collected through the well-structured questionnaire and distributed among the 100 women entrepreneurs. Surveys were carried in the area of New Delhi (India). The research found women entrepreneurs having primary responsibility for children, home and older dependent family members, poverty and illiteracy, borrowing loan, lack of finance, business size, age, lack of knowledge and experienced in marketing of products, poor managerial and technical skills, discriminations, multiple responsibilities, demographic factors, social, cultural and religious obstacles etc. The research has also identified that many women-owned enterprises were formed in the informal or unorganized sector. These new firms were concentrated in industries where women entrepreneurs have been active by tradition and the opening was mostly started among household-based enterprises. It is also described that there are various factors for success of women entrepreneurship like-education, hard work, skilled women, sincerity and honesty, best quality of product, and dedication have been recognized as the most significant factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to present a bibliometric analysis of the literature on an entrepreneurial intention that considers different topics to enhance starting a business. Using the Core collection of the Web of Science, 1,549 papers are found from 1900 to December 2020 to be analyzed. The analysis is focused on documents, authors, journals, countries, and keywords to detect areas and trends in this field of study. Likewise, bibliographic couplings, co-citation, and co-occurrences are analyzed. Findings show that the field has started to grow since 2010; the most influential authors and universities are in Spain and Taiwan, such as the case of Liñan, Liang, Ip, and Moriano. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the entrepreneurship research activity that uses the institutional approach as a conceptual framework in the specific context of Latin America. To do so, a semi-systematic literature review is conducted using 24 articles published between 2009 and 2021 in major entrepreneurship journals. The results show that institutional conditions significantly shape entrepreneurial dynamics. The review highlights a two-way relationship between formal and informal institutions that can either drive or hinder ventures. Policymakers should thus prioritize a comprehensive institutional approach to enhance entrepreneurial growth and boost regional prosperity. This is the first review of entrepreneurship research from the institutional approach in the Latin American context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main limitations of entrepreneurship is access to finance, especially in the early stages. Over the years, new sources of finance have evolved to respond to this need and provide new options for entrepreneurs. Using a bibliometric analysis, this paper examines the evolution of the academic literature and analyses the relationship between entrepreneurship and alternative financing over three periods of time (1975-1999, 2000-2010, and 2011-2020). This work aims to provide a clearer view of the evolution of this relationship and identifies current trends and future lines of research. The data were obtained from the Web of Science (WOS) database and systematized using SciMAT software. Results show that venture capital and business angels have become the main financing sources for entrepreneurs, being the most studied from different approaches, especially since 2000. Incubators in universities and research centers, corporate governance, and development of this type of financing in emerging countries are emerging as potential areas for further research in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the beginning of the xxi century, research on organizational legitimacy has been frequently used to explain the survival of new companies. The need of being considered legitimated for new companies to improve their access to necessary resources to survive has called the researchers attention. This situation has favored the increase in the research about organizational legitimacy in the entrepreneurship field, which has augmented the complexity of obtaining a global understanding of the field´s current context. The aim of this research is to identify and visualize the intellectual structure of the research and the emerging trends regarding organizational legitimacy in the entrepreneurship field. The database is made up of the sources of knowledge and references on which the scientific articles published in the data base of the Web of Science (WOS) were based. Through a bibliometric methodology based on co-citation, we identify the main research areas, the most active ones, the main contributors, dissemination paths and emerging trends in the research field. This research paper contributes to the development of organizational legitimacy in the entrepreneurship field offering a comprehensive view of the situation of this domain, a starting point as well as a theoretical base for the researchers to build new developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis of the reasons and motivations behind several educational figures in the constructing of hybrid methodologies through combinations based on entrepreneurship education as a method. A qualitative exploratory study wa s carried out, and data was collected through 19 semi-structured interviews. Data was analyzed through a discourse analysi s technique which made it possible to appreciate that hybrid methodologies are built as part of a contextualization process that seek s to apply correctly the methodologies concerned to the educator's culture, context, and even personal style present at the time. The understanding of the role that an educator's context plays in his or her choice of contents and teaching approaches could help to avoid biases and create transformational education practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents evidence on the role of the endowment effect in shaping the risk-taking behavior of entrepreneurs, and how the potential of losing their firms lead them to take higher risks. This study uses an experimental design with 466 entrepreneurs in Cali, Colombia. Results show that entrepreneurs are more likely to accept riskier bets when those are related to the possession of their companies than in non-framed lotteries. The data shows that the existence o f the endowment effect increases the certainty equivalent o f a lottery, for the median entrepreneur, by 36.5%. This could explain why many entrepreneurs prefer to continue operating their underperforming firms, as well as why many entrepreneurs overvalue their firms during investment processes. This paper presents an alternate view on the drivers behind entrepreneurs' risk-taking behavior and opens a door for future research on the role o f biases on entrepreneurs ' decision-making processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aimed to analyze how higher education institutions contribute to the creation of technology-based firms. The research method was that of multiple cases, represented by two universities and five technology-based firms in Belo Horizonte. We selected businesses that had as founders students or former students of the researched universities. The results showed that the institutions have robust structures and programs, but still act in a little internally integrated way. In addition, the entrepreneurs do not identify the contribution of their university education in their entrepreneurial trajectory. The study contributes to the understanding of the role of the university in the entrepreneurial ecosystem. From a theoretical point of view, the study identified categories of analysis to evaluate entrepreneurial universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with three contemporary topics. The first one is the prominence of the entrepreneur in today's neoliberal culture. The second topic highlights the importance of success. Thirdly, the central role of data in the growing role of quantification plays in the neoliberal mode of being. By analysing two awards granted to the entrepreneurs in Brazil: Entrepreneur of the Year Award and Successful Entrepreneur Award, we argue that such awards can be seen as a means of summoning people to take up the "entrepreneur" mode of subjectivity. Taken as symbol of the current cultural trends, the successful entrepreneur is socially valued as an individual who fosters innovation, is willing to takes risks, able to overcome challenges, among other aspects. This individual is also valued in the way they manage their business to be profitable and grow, thus maintaining the current capitalist system in a backdrop of uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subprime crisis from 2007 and the availability of free news on the Internet led to a drastic decrease of investigative journalism in Portugal. Crowdfunding could be an alternative to traditional models of financing investigative journalism. The present paper aims to analyze the crowdfunding for financing investigative journalism in that country. The methodology used is exploratory. The main results highlight confirm the low entrepreneurial skills of journalists. We suggest the future inclusion of courses in economics and entrepreneurship in the academic degrees in Portugal to overcome this problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The long-run economic performance of Latin America has been unsatisfactory especially in comparison with other emerging economies, which have been able to "catch up" with developed countries. The historically low innovation and dynamic entrepreneurship rates have been identified as two of the main reasons for this situation. In this paper, we present a synthetic but comprehensive review of the empirical literature related to these topics in the region, as well as the results of the main impact evaluations performed to assess innovation and entrepreneurship policies implemented in Latin America. This review, together with the identification of unexplored or underexplored areas of research, is functional to introducing the investigations that are part o f this special issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the benefits of entrepreneurial activity on economic development, entrepreneurs do not have a good social status in all societies. While in some countries they are highly respected (Anglo-Saxon context), in others, their image is not so positive (European context). In this paper, we highlight these differences using a sample from the GEM project and explain the social status of entrepreneurs using the cultural profile of countries, which is measured with the Schwartz database. Our results show that some cultural profiles favor entrepreneurs’ social status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a characterization of the entrepreneurial intention of university students in the city of Medellin. It is based on a quantitative methodological design from a self-administered questionnaire that was applied and validated to 879 students. This questionnaire collected data about the main factors reported in the Systemic Entrepreneurship Intention Model. Factors or components that describe behavior patterns when undertaking a new company were identified through a principal component and cluster analysis. The results identify two factors that explain most of the data variance: the first one is the perceived viability by students to carry out processes of new companies, and the second one is the convenience factor that brings the creation a company. Furthermore, three groups or clusters of students with common characteristics in their entrepreneurial intention were identified. First, the "entrepreneurs" are characterized by having a positive attitude and aptitude regarding entrepreneurship. The second group is "neutral" and they are subjects partially affected or indifferent about wanting to start a new company. Finally, the group of "non-entrepreneurs" is composed of individuals who showed behavior of apathy towards entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to discuss and measure how entrepreneurship is implemented as transversal competence in the school system in Europe and in particular in Spain. In the field of economics of education, we contribute to the discussion about the impact of education on entrepreneurship intention as key element for Europe's socio-economic development. We focus on role of teacher as center of debate in European policies on entrepreneurship. Concept of "entrepreneurship" at school level is discussed. Research is based in data analysis collected by self-assessment questionnaire Measurement Tool for Enterprise Education. This tool has been developed and applied in Finland and adapted to the Spanish context. This method, validated by the EU to measure entrepreneurial education politics implementation, evaluates willingness of teachers to promote entrepreneurship- oriented instruction. The data consist in 173 teachers of different education levels categorized as "motivated" to promote entrepreneurial competence. The results show differences in teacher's attitude as condition for entrepreneurial competence implementation, as well as significant differences in entrepreneurship education development between private and public school. In conclusion, we emphasize a lack of implementation as a cross-curricular competence because it is highly conditioned by level and subject taught. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Balearic Islands are a European-leading destination but the economic specialization in tourism activities produce dysfunctionalities in the labour market such as seasonality, a high demand of human resources in a short period, low level of educational attainment and underemployment. As counterpart, Active Labour Market Policies (ALMPs) are a set of interventions aimed to enhance human capital and to smooth career transitions. The aim of this paper is to shed light on these issues. Results suggest that Balearic Islands Employment Service (SOIB) is focused on counselling and training while other policies are not properly developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the consolidation of entrepreneurial education as a field of research, a number of challenges must be met, among them, a better connection between pedagogical objectives and the design of programmes, as well as greater methodological rigour in the evaluation of their impact. With this in mind, this paper analyses the results of an entrepreneurial education programme carried out with a group of students from a Spanish university, contrasting the results with a control group. The results indicate that, after this process, the participating students displayed greater entrepreneurial potential than the group of students that had not participated. However, this difference is due more to a loss of entrepreneurial intention in the group not participating in the programme than to an improvement in the participating students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurship is considered to be an important mechanism for economic development through employment, innovation and welfare effects. The papers in this special issue are from the 3rd Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Research Conference held in Washington D.C. in 2007. The introduction has three objectives. First, to discuss the importance of the three stages of economic development, the factor-driven stage, the efficiency-driven stage and the innovation-driven stage. Second, to example the empirical evidence on the relationship between stages of economic development and entrepreneurship. Third, to present a summary of the papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the state of formal and informal equity sources currently available for financing entrepreneurial activity in Chile. By integrating theoretical perspectives regarding formal and informal equity funding and information gathered from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) surveys, the paper argues that despite the favorable environment existing in Chile for equity investment, these markets are still incipient and strongly dependent on public policies. In this respect it is proposed that public intervention to address equity gaps in Chile should also adopt a demand-side perspective, aimed at improving the quality of investment opportunities, and should incorporate a geographical dimension, considering the particularities and financial needs of non-metropolitan regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper is to analyze the scientific production concerning Business Incubators. For which, 50 business incubation articles published between 1985 and 2012 in the journals of the field of entrepreneurship and technology management and innovation that are most important in the Journal Citations Report (JCR) were examined. In terms of results, there is a predominance of qualitative studies focused mainly on the analysis of the creation of business incubators and their effects. In addition, the Social Capital Theory, Institutionalist Theory, the Theory of the firm based on resources, Coevolution Theory, and Agency Theory, are the most widely used frameworks [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the scripts (cognitive abilities) of successful entrepreneurs and compares them with the scripts of less successful entrepreneurs in order to increase understanding of the factors underlying the entrepreneurial experience. We propose that success (real or perceived) depend on the level of expertise in entrepreneurial scripts. We used a sample of 104 business owners. We adapted a scale for measuring in entrepreneurial scripts. The results confirm that entrepreneurs with high script expertise showed greater levels of perceived success than entrepreneurs with lower levels of expertise. However, there were no differences in venture growth. Our study increases the applications of cognitive abilities as a key factor for entrepreneurial success and opens the door for a Cognitive Training Program for entrepreneurial success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1937 Ronald Coase posed several killer questions about the nature of the firm; why (a) do they exist, (b) are their boundaries where they are, (c) are their internal arrangements as they are, and (d) is their performance so varied. These questions precipitated new 'theories of the firm' - principal-agent theory, transaction cost analysis, and so on. In this paper I turn these questions around and into a critique of 'rational man' theorizing. I argue the fundamental nature of the firm is as a 'managed' context for the exercise of imagination and judgment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper begins by briefly presenting the "eclectic" perspective on the multinational enterprise (MNE), then shows how the addition of the concepts of entrepreneurship, knowledge management, and dynamic capabilities provides a more useful set of variables for theorizing about the MNE. The normative conclusion advanced is that entrepreneurial management, knowledge awareness, and strong dynamic capabilities are necessary to sustain superior MNE performance in fast-moving global environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between independence, risk taking, creativity, and entrepreneurial activity at the country level, in the light of institutional economics, concretely using the cultural-cognitive dimension. The main findings demonstrate through a regression model that risk taking and creativity have a positive and significant influence on entrepreneurship. Data were obtained from the World Values Survey, for the period 2005-2008, from a sample size of 42 countries. The study advances the literature by providing new information on the effect of environmental factors on entrepreneurial activity. Also, the research contributes to the definition of educational policies that promote favorable attitudes to risk taking and creativity, thereby increasing the number of potential entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]