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Relying on aggregate-level or cross-sectional survey data, extant research suggests that economic inequality erodes social trust. In this article we distinguish between cross-sectional and longitudinal components of inequality, using a sample of approximately 140,000 individuals in 19 countries over a thirty year period (1990- 2020). Accounting for individual-level predictors as well as the direct and conditional effect of income, findings suggest a strong negative association between inequality and trust among countries. Individuals from countries with higher levels of inequality systematically report lower levels of trust, but evidence is less clear to substantiate that individuals are less trusting of one another during times of higher inequality. In the second part of the paper, we reassess these findings using subnational data for Spain between 2008 and 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La Ilustración Española y Americana (1869-1921) was the main illustrated weekly newspaper of the last quarter of the nineteenth century in Spain. Its pages, as well as those of its equals in Europe, were filled with engravings and, later, with photomechanical prints of pictures of contemporary events, discoveries, and national and foreign works of art and architecture. Compositions of various images in a plate were one of the main strategies adopted by this newspaper to inform graphically and were also used in the representation of architecture and cities. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate, through the visual analysis of some of these compositions, that they were a relevant tool in the presentation of architecture to the great public, incorporating some of the characteristics of the 'sequential image', allowing the reader to embark on an architectural journey and globally understand complex spaces just by browsing the page. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the production companies in Spanish commercial television for the channels Antena 3 (Atresmedia Televisión) and TeleCinco (Mediaset España), which are the two private television networks with the greatest audience share in Spain. Methods. A quantitative method was used to analyze the programming grid of an 8-day sample based on a content analysis. Results and discussion. The paper shows that the production companies that appeared in both channels are linked in most times with international conglomerates and that, on the contrary, small production companies have scare presence. Conclusion. The tendency of outsourcing contents fosters a high penetration of transnational groups and international capital sources in the production of Spanish TV programs, which impedes formats created in Spain, and consequentially, the presence of national production companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to explore the role that the Spanish central government seems to have historically played on the conformation of national stereotypes and clichés through the campaigns launched to promote the country as a holiday destination abroad. With this objective in mind, a qualitative analysis on the use of images associating the country and its people (s) with different forms of exoticism has been carried out. Special attention has been paid to representations of the country through soft power factors such as sun, beaches, arts or gastronomy and Spaniards through traditionalism and, more recently, through celebrities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the 36 TV crime shows of the Spanish generalist channels (1990-2010) through a narrative analysis based on the hypothesis that the observed changes are related to foreign influences and will be decisive for contemporary serial narrative. It intends to determine if and how the procedural format has evolved into melancholic cop-opera and the interrelation with the modernization of TV stories. The results show that the structure of procedural drama no longer hinders serialization, that analepsis as a way of solving cases brings together procedural drama and series, and that cop-opera remains a genre on the rise in contemporary TV fiction, providing numerous titles to new and old platforms. These findings confirm the hypothesis suggested. The serialization of police drama, the sophistication in the use of narrative and visual resources, and the apparent influence of foreign productions determine the evolution of the analyzed period, as corroborated by generic and format hybridization, the forensic subgenre, and narrative resources. Serialization coincides with the establishment of the genre in Spain during the second decade analyzed (2000-2010). The visual fragmentation of the plot accentuates a postmodern narrative. Police drama reflects an increasingly homogeneous narrative between Spanish and American fiction, such as La casa de papel (Netflix, 2017-). Temporary alterations and story fragmentation produce mosaic-like fictions, and narrative transformations increase the engagement of a more active viewer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new trend of politically polarized media in Spain has led the authors of this paper to rethink the relationship between media and citizens within selective exposure, perception and retention theory and its influence on electoral behavior. The selection of political information contents by citizens during electoral campaigns forms a diet that influences their votes. Therefore, this research article attempts to clarify the relationship between the consumption of political information from mass media and the voters' electoral behavior amid the new media reality of the country. For this, and per the post-electoral surveys of the Center for Sociological Research (CIS, for its acronym in Spanish), it studies the effects of citizens' media exposure during the 2015 and 2016 general elections on voting. In these years, there was a crisis in the party system in Spain after several decades of bipartisanship and institutional stability. The results allow concluding that the political discussion in the country builds on two lines of confrontation: ideological (left-right) and territorial, which politically polarizes those citizens from territories with their own identity (mainly Catalonia). Media positively influence the political narrative since voters consume political information from related media as a symbol of electoral reaffirmation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to Instagram's growing popularity in Spain, politicians have also begun to turn to this social network increasingly more. Accordingly, this paper analyses the visual and textual discourse of 259 posts published throughout 2018 on the personal Instagram profile of Santiago Abascal, the leader of the party Vox. Insofar as he is the Spanish politician with the highest number of followers on Instagram, the aim here is to analyse how he uses this social network in order to identify possible strategies that justify his growing number of followers. In the analysis, special attention was paid to aspects that might have contributed to the (self)presentation of Abascal and the promotion of his party, such as posting personal information and the direct involvement with his followers. The results show that consistent with the use to which Spanish politicians put Instagram, Abascal's profile highlights his 'political' dimension and, specifically, his agenda. Personal content (such as references to leisure or sports) are used strategically to highlight certain features of his persona and ideology. The predominance of unedited images, the framing of the photos and appeals to his followers are some of the clues that reveal that, rather than providing access to his personal life, Abascal's use of Instagram is the result of a carefully planned promotional strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work presented below is part of the results of a research project at "Universidad Politécnica de Madrid". In this paper we analyze the project of the sport facilities at Brown University, which was done by Felix Candela after forming a partnership with Cutting- Praeger, during the years 1965-1972. The original plans made by Félix Candela are included in the research paper. They are stored at Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library. We have also added computer generated images and drawings, which allowed us to analyze the geometry of the spherical dome. It is subdivided into hyperbolic paraboloid vaults in order to generate the enclosure. The reconstruction of the project allow us to visualize a project which was never built. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent history has shown the inherent instability of the Spanish Regional Financing System. This system is key to the design of a fiscal framework aimed at ensuring budgetary stability, debt sustainability and transparency. In this paper we examine issues related to moral hazard and deficit bias from a game theory perspective. We combine classical concepts from game theory (Nash equilibrium, subgame perfection) with concepts derived from refinements (theory of moves) aimed at introducing dynamic elements in the normal-form game, rendering it more suitable for the study of repeated, recurrent interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the selective exposure theory, individuals are exposed to the media based on their ideological orientations, and they seek messages that match their convictions. This paper proposes to expand the study of selective exposure beyond the left-right cleavage. It does so by exploring the importance of positions on the centre-periphery axis as predictors of media preferences through a logistic regression using data from the latest post-election survey conducted in Catalonia by the Spanish Centre for Sociological Research (CIS). The results underscore that there was a clear segmentation of audiences according to national identities: whereas citizens with nationalist inclinations preferred to consume Catalan media, non-nationalists preferred Spanish media. In addition, national identity was the most important explanatory factor for radio and television preferences, as opposed to the written press. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been stated that informal care is the 'preferred' option in Spain because this is the form of support used by the majority of the population. However, is this the ideal choice? This paper uses three surveys from the Spanish Centre for Sociological Research (1997, 2001 and 2009) to analyse the preferences of the Spanish population for three types of support in recent years: informal family-based caregiving; formal public and private services; or combined care, which is a combination of the two previous ones. The socio-demographic characteristics of the people who would opt for each one of them is also discussed. The results suggest that, whereas the preference for family caregivers remains the choice of the majority, the preference for formal forms of care has grown substantially in recent decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to reflect on the usefulness of metaphors for the social sciences. In view of the scant interest taken in their study from within these disciplines, some insights are proposed to further the socio-metaphorical approach, by applying it to the case of the Falangist political culture of the Spanish Civil War years and the immediate postwar period. Specifically, this article seeks to investigate the meaning of the recurrent metaphorical expressions relating to Spanish straightness, firmness and linearity. It concludes that their study can lead to a broader understanding of Spanish fascism in relation to the construction of its nationalist discourse and its conception of the masculine and feminine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an innovative study about the territorial organisation of the Spanish State (TOSS) and how it is anchored and fits within definitions of nationhood. This is a technical contribution in the form of a codification protocol designed to measure changes in preferences regarding the TOSS and feelings of belonging to Spain and a given region in political discourse. Both social phenomena have experienced major changes in recent years; but in order to understand how these changes have occurred and how they have been legitimised by political elites, an instrument is needed to measure these changes systematically over time. A methodological framework is presented here that has been applied to a comparative study of five different Statutes of Autonomy and the reforms that they have undergone, together with a preliminary overview of the results produced by the protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades quantitative studies have documented an increase in paternal involvement. These changes have led to hypotheses of a new model of fatherhood. The aim of this paper is to explore the discourses of Spanish fathers regarding paternal involvement, identifying its structure and changing tendencies. The analysis is based on eight focus groups conducted in Madrid and Barcelona. Among the main findings we emphasize that the transition of fatherhood, not without contradictions, is causing the traditional homogeneous fatherhood to evolve toward a more complex and multidimensional conceptualization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on tensions between the governments of Catalonia and Spain, using as a proxy the number of instances of litigations per year between these two bodies brought before the Constitutional Court between 1984 and 2014. On the one hand, descriptive statistics demonstrate that Catalonia is the most conflictive region in Spain. On the other hand, inferential statistics indicate that periods of absolute majority in the Spanish Parliament, the presence of a nationalist government in Catalonia, and funding problems of the Catalan Government tend to increase the number of inter-governmental conflicts with the Spanish Government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to explore the use of geometric structures to arrange the designs by Spanish artist Pablo Palazuelo. Since drawing and architecture covered parallel paths in his work, this article intends to trace the different methodological phases applied on a regulatory basis; mainly in the drawings for Signos (1949-1952) and the design of the gateway for Colegio de los Basilios in Alcalá de Henares (1991), where he implemented a tessellation as structure. For this purpose, unpublished sketches belonging to the Fundación Pablo Palazuelo are analysed as operating systems and organizers of his graphic proposals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study of the history of representation of architecture in Spain has yet to be written. This paper provides an initial approach to the drawing of architecture in the 1940s, using architectural journals as a source for the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1957, the governments of Spain and USA, through the Metropolitan Museum of Art and Museo del Prado, produced the exchange between a group of paintings from San Baudelio de Berlanga and the apse of San Martín de Fuentidueña. The apse was carefully drawn, all stones were numbered before dismounting and transfered them to its new location in The Cloisters museum. That work, demonstrated the high degree of professionalism and knowledge by Alejandro Ferrant Vázquez. As the dismantling workers were not the same than in the rebuilding, the architect shaped with sharpness many drawings, complemented by an extensive photo album, from the constructive disposal to the irregular bed rows of each stone. This methodology, used in other transfers, provides a useful technical paper on such controversial matters as the transfer of monuments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reason most frequently adduced by SMEs to avoid the implementation of CSR programs is their shortage of material resources. In this paper we propose the possibility that biotech SMEs supply the RSC with something they've got in abundance, that is, knowledge. Popular science thus becomes the focus of these programs, an affordable resource that can benefit them, and not only in reputation. Our study focuses on 32 SMEs settled in four Technology Parks in Andalusia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to achieve a better understanding of the deprivation inequalities existing between immigrants from poor countries and natives. We assume that this risk is mainly explained by social class, but it is also necessary to consider immigrant-specific factors that may increase it. The analysis consisted of a combination of factorial and cluster analyses in order to obtain a typology of material deprivation, as well as several multinomial logistic regressions to determine which socio-demographic factors are more closely associated with each profile of material deprivation. The results indicate that social class is a powerful factor in explaining the material deprivation of immigrants from poor countries, but that it is not the only one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides three interrelated reasons not to confound perceptions of economic group-threat with hostility toward people of foreign origin. Firstly, I argue that expansive notions of prejudice impede analyzing attitudes toward immigration and immigrants with sufficient precision. Secondly, the recent evolution in the Southern Spanish region of Andalusia illustrates divergent trajectories: anti-immigrant sentiment remained subdued despite surging unemployment and perceived conflict-of-interest. Thirdly, various factors are found to contain antiimmigrant sentiment amidst inauspicious economic circumstances and regardless of perceived group-competition. The study shows that attitudes towards immigrants hinge on a complex array of predispositions and perceptions, rather than economic facts and interests per se. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]