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Background Research theses can have a significant impact on the development of applied sciences, especially when their results are published. Objective This study aims to determine publication rate of papers extracted from the medical residency and master’s degree theses of Guilan University of Medical Sciences (GUMS) during 2008-2018. Methods This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. The data were collected from the medical residency and master’s degree theses of GUMS from 2008 to 2018. Then, they were searched in international and national databases according to the title, keywords, and names of supervisors, advisors, and students. Results Of 774 theses, 449 (58 %) papers had been extracted and published in journals indexed by ISI/ PubMed (41.2%), Scopus (11.8%), BIOSIS, Chemical Abstract, and Embase (0.44%) and others (46.56%). Most of them (98.66%) were original research. Moreover, in 383(85.3%) of the theses, there was no statistician or data advisor. The median time from defending theses to the publication of a paper from them was two years. Conclusion The publication of papers extracted from the theses of GUMS has increased, and more than 50% of them have been published in journals indexed by ISI, PubMed, and Scopus. However, the factors associated with the publication of papers need to be surveyed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Due to the increasing need for agricultural products, protection of products against pathogens and preventing them from being wasted is important. Studies on droplet charging systems result in the reduction of chemical usage and an increase in the deposition of droplets on the target. Conventional sprayers used in Iran have numerous disadvantages such as drift, environmental pollution, lack of complete and homogeneous coverage of the spraying surface, phytotoxicity, and crop losses. Therefore, evaluation of new spraying methods and using a variety of electrical sprayers as alternatives to conventional spraying is essential. This study aims to design, construct, and optimize the performance of the electrodynamic head of an atomizer motorized knapsack sprayer, and study the effects of the angle of the target position, spraying distance, and wind speed on the performance of the electrodynamic sprayer. Materials and Methods Experiments were performed in an agricultural machinery workshop at The Department of Biosystems Engineering, the University of Kurdistan, Iran, with an atomizer motorized knapsack sprayer equipped with an electrodynamic head. The effect of some factors including wind speed, spraying angle, and spraying distance on deposition, coverage percentage, and uniformity of spraying were investigated. These effects were investigated to determine the uniformity coefficient of total spraying. Design Expert 8.0.6 Trial software was used to design the experiments based on central composite design and to analyze the data. The investigated factors and levels were: the distance of nozzles from the target (at three levels of 2, 4, and 6 m), the angle of the target position (at three levels of 0, 45, and 90 degrees), and wind speed (at three levels of 2.5, 3, and 3.5 m s-1). Water-sensitive paper cards were used to evaluate the quality of the spraying. The cards were scanned and magnified with an Olympus SZX12 Stereo Microscope equipped with an objective lens of X1 and a total magnification of 7X. The characteristics of droplet size were determined using Mountains Map Trial and Deposit Scan software. Results and Discussion The maximum value of the total spraying uniformity coefficient was equal to 1.95 for the spraying angle of 0 degrees, the distance of 6 meters, and the speed of 3.5 meters per second. Meanwhile, the lowest value of the spray uniformity coefficient of 1.18 was obtained for the test conditions of 90 degrees, distance of 2 m, and speed of 2.5 m s-1, respectively. Based on analysis of variance for the two-factor interactions model (P-value less than 0.0001, explanation coefficient 0.9383, absolute explanation coefficient 0.910, standard deviation 0.0590, and coefficient of variation 3.790%). It can be stated that this model is highly accurate in predicting the uniformity of the total spraying, and the linear components of spraying angle and spraying distance, as well as the interaction of spraying angle x spraying distance and spraying distance x wind speed, significantly affect the uniformity of the total spraying (p<0.05). Nevertheless, the linear component of wind speed and the interaction between wind speed and spraying angle had no significant effect on the changes in the uniformity coefficient of the total spray. According to the variance analysis table (F-values), spraying distance has a far greater effect on the spraying uniformity coefficient than the spraying angle. It has been observed that the spraying uniformity coefficient will increase by increasing the spraying distance and decreasing the spraying angle. It can also be stated that the linear components of spraying angle and spraying distance, the interaction component of spraying angle x spraying distance, and the square power of the components of spraying distance and wind speed have a significant effect on surface coverage. The values of R², Adj-R², CV, and PRESS for the model adapted to the test data of leaf surface coverage percentage were obtained as 0.9929, 0.9865, 4.87%, and 188.61, respectively. Among the three input variables, the spraying distance has the greatest effect on the coverage of water-sensitive papers. At larger spraying angles, especially 90 degrees, the coverage decreased with the increasing distance. At spray angle of 90 degrees, by increasing the distance from 2 to 4 m, the spray uniformity coefficient increased from 1.18 at a wind speed of 2.5 m s-1 to 1.84 at a wind speed of 3.5 m s-1. However, at smaller spraying angles (for example zero-degree angle), at first, the spraying coverage increases with the increase of the spraying distance from 2 to 3 m and then sharply decreases afterward. According to the contours of spray coverage, in the spray distance range of 4 to 6 m and regardless of wind speed, the spray coverage does not vary with the increase of the spraying angle (p< 0.05). Meanwhile, in the spray distance range of 2 to 4 m, with the increase of the spraying angle, the spraying coverage increases significantly (p<0.05). Overall, increasing the distance between the sprayer and the target decreased the surface coverage on the target, and in electrodynamic spraying, the uniformity of particle deposition on the underside of the target was relatively the same as on the upper side. Conclusion To improve the performance of the atomizer motorized knapsack sprayer, an electrodynamic spraying head was designed and built, and its performance was optimized using the response surface method (RSM) with a central composite design. During the research process, the influence of the independent parameters such as the distance between the nozzle and the target, the angle of the target position, and the wind speed on the variables including spraying uniformity, the percentage of the spraying coverage, and the percentage of changes in the total spraying coefficient were discussed and investigated. The results of the research led to the determination of the 3.5 m s-1 wind speed, 2.5 m sprayer distance, and 90 degrees spraying angle with 0.792 desirability, which were considered as the optimal performance conditions of the electrodynamic spraying head. The results of laboratory validation for optimal conditions show that the uniformity of total spraying indicated by the total relative span factor (RSFT) and the percentage of spraying coverage (Cov) are equal to 1.65 and 28.27%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ingestion of dental appliances is a rare situation in dentistry, making up 6.6 percent of all ingested objects, but it can lead to severe complications, especially among adults, elderly patients, and people with mental disabilities. Devices such as flipper prostheses, prostheses, and restorations may become dislodged and result in foreign body impingement. Clinical examinations, including laryngo-pharyngoscopy, esophagoscopy, and radiography may be required in such cases. Swallowed prostheses may also be found using computed tomography. However, prosthetic elements may not be detected on CT scan. It is estimated that approximately 92% of these swallowed objects go through the gastrointestinal tract, and 60% of them reach the stomach. However, those that remain in the oropharynx can cause edema, esophageal erosions, perforation, airway obstruction, and even death. In addition, clips attached to the denture increase the risk of the perforation of the esophagus or intestine. Swallowing dentures may occur in adults as the sensitivity of the oral cavity and laryngopharynx decreases by using dentures for a long time. The current paper presents a case report about ingesting a removable flipper prosthesis in a 48- year-old woman without any severe problems. The woman with epigastric pain was referred to the emergency department due to swallowing her flipper prosthesis. She mentioned that she was eating dinner and after swallowing, she suddenly noticed that her flipper prosthesis was missing from her upper jaw. The arc was observed in her esophagus and removed using Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). This paper emphasizes designing a removable flipper prosthesis with enough retention and stability to prevent them from being swallowed. Furthermore, patients should be recommended not to use these objects while sleeping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The first trainers and preparers of a wise and knowledgeable generation in a society for creating and preparing the contexts of advancement and development in a country and nation, are women. Therefore, this is enough to consider the development and advancement of women in a society, equal to advancement and development of that country. The review of previous studies showed that there is a research gap regarding the psychological meta-analysis of studies of femininity and social development in Iran. Aims: The present research was conducted with the aim of meta-analysis (combination) of studies conducted in the field of femininity and development. Methods: Method which is used in this paper, is Meta-analysis. Statistical population were consisted of related and available studies which were accessible in Iran using Persian language, in paper form, from 1385 to 1401. After investigating the criterion of inputs and outputs, 52 effect sizes from 17 studies which have Meta-analysis condition, were obtained. In order to analyze data from sensitivity data, funnel chart, stochastic models and heterogeneity analysis, CMA2 software was used. Results: Analysis of obtained information from research showed that the amount of combined effect in this stochastic model (chosen model for this Meta-analysis) was obtained equally to 0/497, which was significant. Size of obtained effect from studies(p<0/001) were calculated averagely according to interpretation of Cohen's scale and results illustrated that women and femininity have effect on development.Also by considering social development as moderator variable,this coefficient was calculated as social development 0/603 respectively.that in level of p<0/001 are significant. Conclusion: According to the results obtained in the present study, the largest size of the combined effect was related to social development and the smallest was related to economic development. Despite the fact that 50% of the potential forces in any society are women, but Iranian women have a moderate impact on development due to household responsibilities and existing restrictions in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is to investigate the possibility of the lack of influence of philosophical research in the issuance of jurisprudence rulings (Ahkam alfiqhiyah) and its purpose is to prove this influence by studying cases of unity of existence (Wahdat al-wujud). Some jurists in their rulings related to unbelievers (Kuffar) as well as in the rulings of the heretical books (Kutub alzelal) dealt with the issue of the unity of existence and believing in it, and judged the legitimacy or illegitimacy of such a point of view, and according to that, have issued rulings about those who believe in it. As described in this paper in a descriptive-analytical way, the emergence of jurisprudence in this regard is a function of the encounters and understanding of jurists with philosophical opinions. Based on this, after assessing examples of jurisprudence of the last few centuries and clarifying the background philosophical or mystical presuppositions, the position of Sadr al-Mutalahin's interpretation of disagreements in comparison to other interpretations has been clarified and the result of its acceptance or non-acceptance in the judgment of jurists has been determined. As the result, at the first step, it is revealed that Sadr al-Maltahin's perception of the unity of existence is different from the mystic version, and in the other hand, the acceptance of this interpretation can resolve the duality and otherness between the monotheism of jurists and mystics. Lastly, with the help of this philosophical research, the ijtihad of the jurists should be freed from the unwarranted attribution of the of disbelief and misguidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Randomized factorial design was implemented in four replications to determine optimal methods of Ajwain (Carum capticum) standard seeds germination in SPCRI. Ajwain seeds were placed top and between paper and sand exposed to two potassium nitrate (two grams per 1000 ml distilled water) and pre-chilling (seven days under 7-10ºC) pre-treatments which were under six temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 20-30, and 35ºC) in germinator for 25 days so as to germination indices were assessed. Ajwain seeds viability was estimated 75% after tetrazolium test. The highest final and normal seedling percentages were found under 15 and 20ºC in pre-chilling treatment and also 20ºC in potassium nitrate and control. No germination was observed under 35ºC in potassium nitrate and control, however, pre-chilling led to >26% germination. The higher germination potential was shown in top and between papers compared with sand. The lowest germination rate was recorded in control and potassium nitrate and the highest one in pre-chilling. The maximum of seedling weight vigor was suggested in top and between paper when seeds were put under 10, 15, and 20ºC. In order to evaluate optimal standard germination of Ajwain seeds, it was resulted that applying of two potassium nitrate and pre-chilling treatments placed top and between papers under 15 and 20ºC caused maximum of germination potential and seedling weight vigor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lady Fatima al-Zahra’s Tasbihat have always been of great interest and importance to Muslims, enjoying an exceptionally high status and prestige. These invaluable Tasbihat were certainly granted to Lady Fatima by the Messenger of God and there is no doubt regarding their issuance and the famous details of their composition (34 times God is Great, 33 times Thanks be to God, 33 times Glory be to God). While emphasizing the authenticity and certainty of the noble issuance of Lady Zahra’s Tasbihat, the present paper takes a descriptive-analytical approach to analyze and critique a report considered in Sunni hadith and jurisprudential sources as the context of issuance of these Tasbihat. Along this course, after critiquing the chain of narrators and implications of this report, the perspectives of scholars of both sects towards it are compared and analyzed, concluding in results. The results of this research are that firstly, the report regarded in Sunni sources as the context of issuance of Lady Fatima’s Tasbihat, due to numerous evidential chains of narration, textual, and extra-textual reasons, lacks credibility and its text has been distorted and forged in various Sunni sources and books. Secondly, the goal behind these distortions has been to justify the confiscation of certain rights such as Fadak, Lady Fatima’s inheritance from the Prophet’s financial legacy, and especially the usurpation of the Ahl al-Bayt’s lawful Khums share by the caliphs. As a number of Sunni theologians have tried to justify the behavior of the first two caliphs regarding confiscation of the Ahl al-Bayt’s Khums share by referring to this report. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

tract Background and purpose: Yarrow is a member of the Asteraceae family, utilized extensively in the field of medical sciences. Among the medicinal plants, one may encounter few specimens like the aforementioned plant, which enjoys widespread distribution across various regions of the globe and boasts a diverse array of uses that contribute to its renown. The aim of the present study was the synthesis of Yarrow extract evaluation of its antibacterial effects on a group of intestinal bacteria and comparing its antibacterial properties with phenol. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, Yarrow plant extract was extracted with the hydroalcoholic method. The aerial parts of Achillea ageratum plant with herbarium number 1753 were prepared from the slopes of Ardabil mountains and after determining the identity, the extract of this plant was extracted by hydroalcoholic method. In this method, after preparing the plant and drying the aerial parts of the plant, 10 g of it was crushed in a sterile mortar, then it was poured into an Erlenmeyer flask, and 50 mL of 100% ethanol was added to it. After 24 hours of mixing in a magnetic stirrer using a Buchner funnel with Whatman filter paper and a vacuum pump, the remaining components of the plant were separated. Then, a certain amount of distilled water (20 ml) was added to the desired solution and placed again in the magnetic stirrer whose temperature was set at 80 degrees Celsius, so that the alcohol was completely removed from the reactor. The Antibacterial effect of yarrow extract was performed by disc diffusion method and micro broth dilution on standard species of Enterobacteriaceae families including the standard bacterial strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC:10031), Escherichia coli (ATCC:23591), Shigella dysentery (ATCC:25922) and Enterobacter aerogenes (ATCC:13048). All experiments were performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Results: In the present study, the growth rate of bacteria decreased by increasing the concentration of yarrow extract .The MIC of Yarrow plant extract for Klebsiella pneumonia and Enterobacter aerogenes was obtained in %6.25 and for Shigella dysentery and Escherichia coli was obtained in %12.5 and %25, respectively. Also, the MBC of extract for Shigella dysentery, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Enterobacter aerogenes bacteria was obtained in 25%, and for Escherichia coli it was obtained in 50%. The results of MIC and MBC show that the most sensitive bacteria to yarrow extract among the studied bacteria is Enterobacter aerogenes and the most resistant is Escherichia coli. The diameter of the inhibition zone for Shigella dysentery, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterobacter aerogenes bacteria was obtained at 19, 18, 20, and 23 mm, respectively. In this experiment, Enterobacter aerogenes bacteria were the most sensitive and Escherichia coli was the most resistant among the investigated bacteria. Comparative investigation of the antibacterial properties of yarrow extract with phenol, showed that yarrow extract had a lower killing effect than phenol at 5, 10, and 15-minute contact time. In this test, the most resistant bacteria are Shigella dysentery and the most sensitive bacteria are Escherichia coli and Enterobacter aerogenes. The reason that the type of resistant and sensitive bacteria was slightly different in the method of comparing the antibacterial effect of yarrow extract with phenol with the results of MIC, MBC, and non-growth halo diameter is related to the reduction of contact time of the extract with bacteria. Conclusion: The results of the present research show that the hydroalcoholic extract of the yarrow plant is very effective in the removal of gram-negative intestinal bacteria. Also, the hydroalcoholic extract of the yarrow plant is more effective in removing gram-negative bacteria than phenol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jalaloddin Davani who has written many books, treatises, and letters, is one of the great scholars of the Shiraz school of thought during the Timurid period. Considering his influential attitude in the dynamics and excellence of Persian mystical literature, it is important to know about his Persian works which often include mysticism, philosophy, and theology. Obviously, before judging his opinions and beliefs, one should investigate the authenticity of his works. Therefore, the present research aims at the critical codicology of Persian works attributed to Davani to determine their authenticity. Reviewing the catalogue of manuscripts in the libraries shows that, in most catalogues, there are many mistakes in the title of Davani's Persian works. These bibliographic mistakes have been repeated in the works of many subsequent authors. To write the paper First, based on the Union Catalogue of Iran Manuscripts (Fankha), the titles of all Persian works attributed to Davani were identified. Then, using his Persian manuscripts and other sources, the authenticity of his Persian works in the catalogue of manuscripts was examined. In this study, through the comparative investigation of Davani's Persian manuscripts in Iran, some of our codicological and bibliographic information about Davani's Persian works have been corrected, especially the title and number of his authentic and non-authentic works. The result of the current critical codicology showed that Davani has written at least twenty original Persian works. In addition, according to the entries of Davani's Persian works in Fankha, at least nine nonoriginal Persian works have been attributed to him. Thus, at least nine entries of Davani's Persian works in Iran seem incorrect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simultaneous use of an efficient routing protocol and mobile sink not only prevents rapid sensor energy depletion but also effectively improves the energy balance in wireless sensor networks. In this paper, a new data aggregation method is proposed called "Ant colony-based Routing and Petal-shaped Data Aggregation (ARPDA)", which includes clustering, Cluster Head (CH) selection, intra-cluster routing, determining polling points, and designing the sink node trajectory. In the proposed method, the network is divided by several virtual concentric circles that are equidistant from each other. The intersection point of these circles with the virtual lines passing through the origin of the network determines the probable polling points for the sink node. First, by efficiently clustering the sensor nodes and forming an intra-cluster routing tree based on the ant colony optimization algorithm, the sensor data is aggregated in CHs; then, by selecting the appropriate polling points and designing a petal-shaped path, the sink node periodically collects the aggregated data in CHs based on two linear and circular movements. Considering the sink movement in the CH selection process is another advantage of the proposed algorithm. Numerical results confirm the better performance of the proposed algorithm compared to the EDT algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, using a deep learning technique, the sensing characteristic of a refractive index (RI) sensor based on a multimode optical fiber speckle-gram has been extracted. The investigated sensor structure consists of a tapered optical fiber or microfiber (MF) induced on a standard multimode optical fiber (MMF). Due to the presence of evanescent waves around the MF, the guiding status of the end MMF is dependent on the external RI around the taper. Thereby, the propagating modes and resulting interference pattern or speckle-gram become sensitive to the changes in the taper environment. Herein, by analyzing and quantifying the speckle-gram modulation, the RI changes around the taper are characterized. To extract the sensing characteristic and improve its measurement accuracy, deep learning algorithms and specifically the ResNet deep neural network are used in the processing of the output speckle-grams. Using this algorithm, while the tapered fiber is immersed in different refractive index solutions in the range of 1.33 to 1.368, a set of output speckle images is captured for learning and then a number of them are used for measurement, and finally the accuracy of detecting the refractive index of the solutions RI has been achieved up to 95%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Bacterial nanocellulose is known as a potential carrier for a widespread spectrum of biological compounds, including antibacterial and antifungal compounds. The present study was conducted to determine the impact of bacterial nanocellulose containing Natamycin and Amphotericin B on Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium citrinum in an in vitro environment. Methods: In this descriptive-analytical research, Aspergillus flavus-PTCC: 5006 and Penicillium citrinum-PTCC: 5304 fungi were prepared from the Fungal Collection of the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of Natamycin and Amphotericin B against Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium citrinum were evaluated by the microdilution method. Bacterial nanocellulose was prepared using Komagata xylinum bacterium, and Natamycin and Amphotericin B were added in three concentrations of 0.01%, 0.05%, and 0.1% to wet and lyophilized nanocellulose films by the immersion method. Then, the antifungal effects of the film containing the above compounds against the investigated fungi were investigated by the agar diffusion method. Parchment paper was used as a control for comparison. Spectral properties of nanocellulose film containing antifungal compounds were evaluated by the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) method. Results: MIC and MFC of Natamycin for Aspergillus flavus were determined as 3.9 μg/mL and 7.81 μg/mL, and for Penicillium citrinum as 7.81 μg/mL and 15.62 μg/mL, respectively. MIC and MFC of Amphotericin B for Aspergillus flavus were determined as 7.81 μg/mL and 15.62 μg/mL, and for Penicillium citrinum as 15.62 μg/mL and 31.25 μg/mL, respectively. The increased concentration had a statistically significant impact on the antifungal properties of all films (P<0.05). The best antifungal effects of the film were related to the film containing Natamycin. Conclusion: Bacterial nanocellulose containing Natamycin showed stronger antifungal effects in an in vitro environment compared to Amphotericin B against Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium citrinum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The book "'Irshᾱd al-Quloub ilᾱ al-Sawᾱb," by the great Shiite scholar Hassan bin Abi alHassan Muhammad Daylamῑ on ethics, contains sermons and advices from the Qur'an, Hadith and early scholars, which has been praised and concerned by Shiite scholars. Since the most important feature of the book is its warm, eloquent and effective expression in preaching and teaching, it seems that it can be a valuable source in the field of education. Accordingly, this paper mainly aims to evaluate its validity, based on the question: "What is the level of validity of its hadiths?" This research analyzes the book 'Irshᾱd al-Quloub based on the descriptive-analytical method. Findings reveal that, in addition to the author's pleasant talking method, hadiths of the book have been collected through the criterion of narrative fame. Also, due to some narrative weaknesses within the book, it ranks in the third place among Shiite books. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article addresses the question of what are the foundations of the formation of interpretive anthropology and what role each of these foundations has played in the formation and development of interpretive anthropology. It also provides an explanation of the nature of interpretive anthropology while considering the history of anthropology. The method of this paper is based on a descriptive-analytical approach and in some cases content analysis. Interpretive or symbolic anthropology is a branch of American cultural anthropology that emerged in the 20th century in America and is completely distinct in method from the anthropology of the 18th and 19th centuries, with a special emphasis and attention on the category of culture. In this approach, it is explained that culture in any society is a collection of meanings that can be understood by examining the symbols that dominate the society. The present article, referencing the opinions and works of two prominent figures in this field, Clifford Geertz and Victor Turner, explores the desired contexts and in a detailed section demonstrates that the main foundations of the formation of this approach are: 1. Critique and moving beyond evolutionary and historical perspectives, 2. Moving beyond functionalism, 3. Moving beyond structuralism, 4. The crystallization and emphasis on a specific concept of culture in human studies, 5. The crystallization and emphasis on the field research and the use of participant observation method, and 6. The emergence of the culture and personality approach in anthropological and religious studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main issue of this research is the adaptation of New Religious Movements' (NRMs) features with Cosmic Mysticism (Ring) and also evaluation of its leader’s claim about reviving of true Islamic mysticism. The present paper is also done by means of descriptive– analytic method and critical approach. The research findings indicate that Cosmic Mysticism (Ring) is easily compatible with NRMs’ characteristics, such as a charismatic leader claiming to have spiritual experiences, eclecticism, de-authorizing formal religion and emphasis on spirituality and humanism, the efflorescence of spiritual and mental talents, secularization of religious and mystical experience affected by quasi-science and so-called psychology, generality and its easily achievability regardless to beliefs and rituals. But reaching to the goal of reviving authentic mysticism entails fundamental changes in its structure, its way of expressing and gaining. These transformations lead to destroying the religious and mystical language and utilizing science, psychology, and language of other schools, which cause losing mysticism's deep mystical meaning in a way that focuses on today's human concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main intellectual concerns in Shari'ah, ethics, and mysticism has been the fighting against the concupiscent soul, and mystical wayfarers have been advised to engage in this spiritual Battle (Jihad) by following certain suggested methods. By a special and comparatively unique approach in Mirsad al-Ibad, Najm Razi discusses about interaction with the soul and its qualities. The author of present paper has tried by qualitative analysis and description of content, to elucidate Razi's thought-lines in the struggle against the concupiscent soul. The research findings demonstrate that Razi believe in moderate treatment and cautious dealing with the concupiscent soul and he think that any extreme or careless behaviors in confront with the concupiscent soul would be a loss for the mystic followers. He believes that the concupiscent soul is not naturally the main cause of evils and sins, and that the reprehensible traits in the soul have been implanted there in accordance with the dictates of both divine wisdom and human expediency. Furthermore, Razi thinks that the essence of the human soul is capable of transformation; in a way that it's straying from God makes the soul command to the evils, and turning to God put the soul in the path of assurance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morteza Hajhosseini introduced two truth-functional and non-truth-functional systems in the second edition of his book Two Non-Classical Logic Systems, A New Outlook on Elements of Logic. In other articles, I have reviewed the natural deduction and the semantics of the truth-functional system. In this paper, I will address the semantics of the non-truth-functional system and the meta-theorems of soundness and completeness that he claimed to have proven. I demonstrate that: 1. This semantics is based on a new set theory that has not yet been formulated. 2. The definition of ‘model’ in this book defines ‘complete models,’ while all introduced models are ‘incomplete models’. 3. The truth conditions of non-truth-functional formulas are reminiscent of the truth conditions of similar formulas in C.I. Lewis’ logic of strict implication, but in the Leibnizian modal semantics. 4. This semantics is not consistent with the proof theory of the book. 5. Therefore, the soundness and the completeness metatheorems are actually incorrect and have counterexamples. 6. Negation operators in this non-truth-functional system have been considered truthfunctional, while they should be non-truth-functional. 7. A finite number of relationships (exactly five) have been introduced in this semantics, while this number is infinite. 8. Therefore, non-truth-functional logic must be undecidable, while the non-truth-functional system has been declared decidable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Recently, studies on the factors involved in stemness of stem cells have received a lot of attention due to its importance of stem cell-based treatments. One of the important stimuli in the fate of stem cells is the amount of oxygen in the environment. The results of various studies showed that a low concentration of oxygen in the niche of stem cells, preserves the reserves of the stem cells. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of hypoxia on the hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and the involved mechanisms. Materials and Methods In this review article, more than 100 papers in the pubmed database were reviewed. In this study, hypoxia induction methods, the effect of hypoxia on HSC and the effect of hypoxia on HSCs in Co-culture with other cells, hypoxia relationship with HIF1a factor and hypoxia relationship with stem cell stemness were discussed. Results The results of this review showed that low oxygen concentration can affect the stemness of stem cells. The difference in the results observed in different studies was due to different hypoxia induction methods, oxygen percentage, type of stem cells and time exposed to hypoxia, which necessitated optimization of the protocols for hypoxia induction. Conclusions Compared to the oxygen concentration of the environment, very low concentrations of oxygen (anoxia: 1%) take the stem cells mainly in the dormant phase and maintain a high stemness state, while at higher concentrations (5%) along with maintaining the proliferative potential of cells, stemness is also maintained. Of course, designing optimal culture conditions with specific oxygen concentration and understanding the mechanisms involved can help in the development of new target molecules and treatments based on stem cell in various diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Phytases are classified as 3-phytases (E.C.3.1.3.8), 5-phytases (E.C. 3.1.3.72) and 6-phytases (E.C. 3.1.3.26) based on the position of the first phosphate residue removed from the myo-inositol ring of phytate. P. pastoris has been of interest in the last few years as an industrial expression system. Among the advantages of this expression system, can mention strong and adjustable progress, high density of cells in culture medium and convenient genetic manipulation. The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris requires a simpler environment (only one carbon source and one nitrogen source) than other yeasts to produce recombinant products at high cell density. The coexpression of digestive enzymes in a single recombinant cell system would thus be advantageous. The objective of this study is to determine whether combining fungal phytases (3- phytase) with bacterial phytase (6-phytase) was more effective than each phytase alone in degrading of plant phytate. In the paper, we tested the new vector, aimed to clone and coexpress the phytase genes (appA and phyA) isolated from E. coli and aspergillus niger, respectively, and transformed into Pichia pastoris. Evaluations were made for the biochemical properties of the active expressed phytase. Materials and methods The nucleotide sequence of phyA and appA2, 2a peptide and alpha factor were obtained from NCBI database. A coexpression system for the extracellular production of phytase of Aspergillus Niger (3-phytase) and phytase of E. coli (6-phytase) will be established in Pichia pastoris yeast. Plasmid that used in this study was pPIC9k. The genes for each enzyme are fused in-frame with the “a-factor” secretion signal and linked by the 2A-peptide-encoding sequence. After receiving the synthetic plasmid with fragments, plasmid that contained phyA and appA2 was cloned in DH5@ and after that digested by SacI and transfered by electroporation into Pichia pastoris. Positive cells are resuspended at 5 mL of BMMY containing 0.5 percent methanol as an inducer. To follow the induction, methanol was injected into the culture every 24 hours in order to reach a definitive concentration of 0.5 percent. The recombinant protein was analyzed using sds-page. Results The results of present study showed that the recombinant phytase gene was transferred to Pichia pastoris and the results of PCR confirmed that. The molecular weight of the produced recombinant phytases was estimated to be around 45 and 80 kDa for appA and phyA, respectively by SDS-PAGE. The recombinant protein has phytase activity equal to 160.97 U/ml. Conclusions In general, this study has shown successful results in the production and expression of two phytases in Pichia pastoris yeast and can be used to increase phytate decomposition in poultry. Recombinant yeast will be used for further experiments (farm experiments). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Irrigation is necessary for watermelon cultivation due to its high growth rate, short growth period and high fruit water content (90-92%). In addition high evaporation during growth and development stages and low rainfall in arid and semi-arid area caused that cultivation of watermelon need a lot of water. To minimize drought stress effect on yield of agricultural crop in arid and semi-arid areas, cultivation of drought tolerant cultivars, deficit irrigation practice and grafting of high yielding cultivars onto tolerant rootstocks are recommended. No paper has been published about grafting and deficit irrigation for watermelon cultivation in Khuzestan province yet, therefore present research was conducted to study the effects of these factors on yield, yield components and water use efficiency of grafted watermelon (B32 cultivar) onto pumpkin ‘Cubalt and Ferro’ (Cucurbita maxima × Cucurbita moschata.) and deficit irrigation in nongrafted watermelon. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out at Behbehan Agriculture Research Station from 2020 to 2021. The experiment was done as strip plot in randomized complete block design with nine treatments and three replications. Three irrigation regimes, full irrigation, 80% and 60% of full irrigation were considered as vertical strips. Horizontal strips included B32 cultivar grafted onto pumpkin ‘Cobult and Ferro’ rootstocks (Cucurbita maxima × Cucurbita moschata.) and nongrafted B32. Watermelon and pumpkin seeds were planted in greenhouse in 5 and 10 January respectively and watermelon seedlings were grafted onto pumpk in 4 February. Seedlings were transplanted in 24 Feb. and fruits harvested from early to mid-June. Results were analyzed by MSTATC statistical software and comparison of meanes were done using Duncan, s Multiple Range Test at 1% probability level. Results: Yield, mean fruit weight and water use efficiency in grafted plants were significantly higher than nongrafted plants. Yield and mean fruit weight decreased significantly due to deficit irrigation. The most yield in grafted and nongrafted plants were obtained in full irrigation. The decrease of yield in nongrafted plants applied 80% of full irrigation as compared with full irrigation was not significant. In full irrigation regime the mean yield of grafted plants were significantly higher (50%) than nongrafted plants. The yield of grafted plants applied 80% of full irrigation were higher than nongrafted plants applied full irrigation, however this difference was not significant. Water use efficiency of grafted plants was significantly higher as compared with nongrafted plants. The differences of water use efficiency in grafted plants onto Cobult and Ferro rootstocks applied full irrigation, 80% and 60% of full irrigation were not significant. In nongrafted plants the most water use efficiency belong to applied 80% of full irrigation. The decrease of water use efficiency in plants applied full irrigation was not significant as compared with this treatment. However, the decrease of water use efficiency in plants applied 60% of full irrigation was significant in comparison to plants applied 80% of full irrigation. Conclusion: Grafting of B32 cultivar onto Cobult and Ferro rootstocks and applied full irrigation and 80% of full irrigation were recommended in no water restriction and water shortage conditions respectively for the maximum watermelon production in Khuzestan province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Agriculture is the largest consumer of fresh water in the whole world. Currently, almost 11% of the Earth’s total land surface is arable, which is expected to reach 13% by 2050. Roughly 17% of these lands are subject to modern form of irrigation management, which constitutes about 30-40% of the gross agricultural output. Reducing water consumption and increase water productivity in agriculture, requires a correct understanding of the biological response of crop to water. The ever-increasing growth of the population and the limitation of fresh water resources have led irrigation experts to new and efficient approaches in making decision to increase water productivity. The lack of scheduling in irrigation or their incompatibility with weather conditions, soil, irrigation system, agricultural restrictions and different phenological stages of crop, has caused severe losses in irrigated fields. Crop modeling and field data measurement can help irrigation experts improve irrigation scheduling in field and reduce water losses. Coupling in-situ measurement and crop modeling during the growing season is one of the useful solutions to improve irrigation scheduling in different farm conditions. In this paper, AquaCrop was calibrated for maize (Zea mays L.) in research farm of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad with comprehensive dataset. Variations of soil water content at different depths and also different growth indices was monitored during one growing season. The main novelty of this research is the targeted use of AquaCrop software to reduce water consumption by knowing the phenologically sensitive stages. Materials and Methods In-situ and in-lab measurements along with plant modeling, have been the two main parts of this research. First, the input files of the AquaCrop software were prepared and calibrated for maize during one growing season. The outputs of software including variations of moisture, biomass produced during the growing season and final yield were compared with the values measured in the field. After ensuring the accuracy of calibrated software, an improved irrigation scheduling was investigated. Subsequently, by means of crop modeling, the sensitive intervals of the crop to soil water stress as well as the thresholds of yield reduction in different stages of growing season were determined with the aim of improving irrigation scheduling in maize field. Biomass reduction, dry yield production, and the changes in water use efficiency during the growing season were investigated according to different amounts of moisture reduction in root zone, and irrigation scheduling was fulfilled by applying stress to less sensitive stages. The software was first run in Net Irrigation Requirement mode. Then, different amounts of drought stress were applied to each of the growth stages of the crop, and the other stages were kept constant in non-stressed condition. Dry yield and biomass reduction as well as water productivity changes were obtained for each stage. According to the threshold values and the amount of yield reduction at each stage, it is possible to fine-tune the time and amount of applying stress to crop. Furthermore, according to the moisture profile of the root zone, the drained water was significantly reduced in field. In this research, in order to increase accuracy in moisture measurement and prevent errors, an equation was developed to convert the mV output of sensor to volumetric moisture. At each moisture measurement, the PR2 sensor reports a number in mV for each depth, which is converted to volumetric moisture using device's conversion equation. This equation can vary according to field and soil condition. To develop the conversion equation, six same pots with a height of 40 cm and diameter of 30 cm were filled with the desired field soil, and the access tubes were placed horizontally inside them. The soil inside these pots was completely saturated and exposed to air for drying. During the drying period of the pots, the soil moisture was measured regularly using PR2 sensor and at the same time by weight method. After these measurements, calibration curves for PR2 sensor were obtained using the alpha mixing method for different depths. Results and Discussion The Pearson correlation coefficient for measured and simulated moisture by software, was 0.84 and the root mean square error was 12 mm. Also, the value of Pearson correlation coefficient for measured and simulated values of biomass was equal to 0.99 and mean square root of error was 1.3 ton/ha. The results showed that the vegetative stage of crop was sensitive to drought stress and caused a significant yield reduction at the end of the growing season. The stage of germination and flowering were less sensitive, such that the decrease of moisture up to 12.3% compared to the Net Irrigation Requirement mode would not change the final yield of the crop. The improvement made in the field resulted in no change in the amount of biomass and dry yield (0.38% increase in biomass and 0.52% increase in dry yield), at the same time 26.6% decrease in depth of irrigation water, 85.6% decrease In drainage and increasing the efficiency of evapotranspirated water, it has increased from 4.66% to 4.67% kg/m3 compared to condition before modify. Before modify, the farm was managed in traditional way. Conclusion More research in the field of irrigation scheduling and providing comprehensive instructions to farmers in different weather conditions and different irrigation systems, taking into account different management approaches in allocating water to different parts of the farm along with investigating the effects of saline water irrigation, can be topics for the next research should be for experts in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new combination of contents and a teaching approach for the 'English for Electrical Engineering' undergraduate course. This proposition targets the current and future needs of an electrical engineer, focused on reading, comprehension, and writing, and slightly touches upon speaking and listening as well. The structure of the course is based on in-class delivery of the content in such a way that it maximally attracts the participation and contribution of students. For reading and comprehension, a wide variety of scientific and technical texts are used including textbooks, laboratory instruction manuals, user manuals, catalogues, brochures, and also datasheets. The texts are chosen to cover various subspecialties within the electrical engineering discipline. Captured from the texts discussed in the class, a rich vocabulary is gradually formed comprising numerous word clusters. Feedback of the students on the content and delivery of the course was collected through a questionnaire in three parts. According to the evaluation results, around 87% of the students participated in the class were satisfied with the fulfillment of their English language needs and expectations through the proposed course structure and content, as well as the teaching approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineering education, alongside various fields of engineering, requires research and importance. In engineering sciences, numerical simulation using computer software is one of the important research tools for engineers. MATLAB/Simulink software is one of the practical engineering software. Due to its wide range of applications, training in this software is of particular importance. In this paper, a training method based on a coherent set of blocks used for engineering systems is introduced. This method is based on images and the goal is to implement the blocks in the Simulink environment. Factors such as the name, appearance, and performance of block components are important. The proposed method is effective in improving the recognition and mental maintenance of these factors. Examples of implementing this idea at different levels are introduced as assignments or tests. The experience of implementing this method over several semester shows that it can be easily implemented on various engineering systems. The results from surveys on sustainability, recognition, and psychological aspects are analyzed. The effectiveness of the proposed package is investigated through pre- and post-test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the United States of America (USA), there are two types of educational accreditation, regional and specialized. The former is practiced through associations of colleges and universities within defined geographical areas of the country (South, North Central, Middle Atlantic, New England, West and Northwest). Specialized accreditation grew out of a desire on the part of professional bodies to ensure the quality of education given to practitioners. Today, more than seventy fields in postsecondary education such as law, medicine, and engineering are subject to specialized accreditation conducted through the direct or indirect involvement of several national organizations and thousands of individuals. This paper reviews the standards and process for accreditation of construction education programs in the USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]