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Background: The first trainers and preparers of a wise and knowledgeable generation in a society for creating and preparing the contexts of advancement and development in a country and nation, are women. Therefore, this is enough to consider the development and advancement of women in a society, equal to advancement and development of that country. The review of previous studies showed that there is a research gap regarding the psychological meta-analysis of studies of femininity and social development in Iran. Aims: The present research was conducted with the aim of meta-analysis (combination) of studies conducted in the field of femininity and development. Methods: Method which is used in this paper, is Meta-analysis. Statistical population were consisted of related and available studies which were accessible in Iran using Persian language, in paper form, from 1385 to 1401. After investigating the criterion of inputs and outputs, 52 effect sizes from 17 studies which have Meta-analysis condition, were obtained. In order to analyze data from sensitivity data, funnel chart, stochastic models and heterogeneity analysis, CMA2 software was used. Results: Analysis of obtained information from research showed that the amount of combined effect in this stochastic model (chosen model for this Meta-analysis) was obtained equally to 0/497, which was significant. Size of obtained effect from studies(p<0/001) were calculated averagely according to interpretation of Cohen's scale and results illustrated that women and femininity have effect on development.Also by considering social development as moderator variable,this coefficient was calculated as social development 0/603 respectively.that in level of p<0/001 are significant. Conclusion: According to the results obtained in the present study, the largest size of the combined effect was related to social development and the smallest was related to economic development. Despite the fact that 50% of the potential forces in any society are women, but Iranian women have a moderate impact on development due to household responsibilities and existing restrictions in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Coronary artery disease today is a major contributor to mortality and morbidity from cardiovascular disease. The drug, interventional and surgical methods are used to treat coronary artery stenosis. Statins are the most commonly used drugs for stenosis and coronary artery disease. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of atorvastatin on LDL and C-reactive protein (CRP) reduction in patients. Methods: This study was a systematic review and meta-analysis. Articles were selected using the keywords of atorvastatin, LDL, C-reactive protein (CRP) and reduction, and searches in Scopus, Google Scholar and PubMed databases from March 2003 to February 2018. For this purpose, all analytical, clinical trials, cross-sectional, and casecontrol studies were searched and collected in association with the efficacy of atorvastatin on low density lipoprotein and CRP. Results: In the initial search, 90 papers were found and evaluated. Finally, 20 papers were analyzed. The studies were published. The total sample size was 21609 persons with an average sample size of 1080 in each study. Twenty studies were entered into the final analysis. The LDL-lowering rate was 51 mg/dl with atorvastatin (I2=98.48, P<0.001). Also, CRP reduction before and after administration of atorvastatin was 1.99 (0.96-3.03) and 0.76 (0.08-1.43), respectively. The results of meta-regression of age-related studies showed that LDL levels were low in studies with lower age, and LDL levels were low in studies with higher age. The results of a meta-regression study of atorvastatin in terms of body mass and the association of low-density lipoprotein with atorvastatin showed that in those with a higher body mass, low-density lipoprotein decreased. Conclusion: According to the results, the use of atorvastatin reduces the amount of Creactive protein (CRP). The rate of low density lipoprotein (LDL) reduction was better and faster in young and obese people. It is recommended that people have a proper diet and regular exercise in their daily schedule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Patient inappropriate and unnecessary stay in a hospital results in a reduction of hospital productivity and an increase in health system expenditures. The aim of this study was to evaluate unnecessary stay of patients in Iranian hospitals. Subjects and Methods: This study was conducted using a systematic review and meta-analysis approach. Seven electronic databases and two search engines were searched for original research papers published between March 2006 and April 2017 on patients’ unnecessary stay. Bibliography section of the retrieved papers and related journals were also searched for papers that were not yet indexed in these databases. All retrieved papers were assessed using a valid checklist before analysis. Data were analysed using Comprehensive Meta- Analysis software. Results: A total of 805 publications were reviewed, of which 13 met the study inclusion criteria. Overall, 4.2% of hospital days were rated as inappropriate and unnecessary (95% Cl: 1.8- 9.4%). The highest unnecessary stays was recorded in a public hospital in Tehran in 2013, 49% (95% Cl: 35.7-62.5%) and the lowest unnecessary stays was found in an educational hospital in Tehran in 2013, 0.2% (95% Cl: 0.1-0.5%). Significant statistical correlation was observed between average inappropriate length of stay, year of study and sample size (P<0.05). Conclusion: Hospital resources are wasted due to patients’ unnecessary stays. Thus, policymakers and managers should take serious measures to decrease patients’ unnecessary stays in hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: A lot of research has been done on the effectiveness of rehabilitation treatment in children with cerebral palsy. Functional mobility is one of the significant aspects in treatment of these children. This systematic meta-analysis aimed at reviewing the studies on the effectiveness of task oriented training on functional mobility in children with cerebral palsy. Materials and methods: All articles about the effectiveness of task oriented training for functional mobility in children with cerebral palsy in English or Persian, published until January 2020, were studied by a thorough search in electronic databases, including Medline, Embase, CINAHL, PubMed, PsychInfo, Web of Science, Magiran, ISC, and SID. After screening and assessing the quality of research papers and applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, data was analyzed by Comprehensive meta-analysis software (CMA). Results: Out of 345 articles, eight met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis showed that task oriented training had more significant effect on functional mobility than other conventional approaches in children with cerebral palsy (P=0.000). Conclusion: Task oriented approach could be used as a treatment method in improving functional mobility in children with cerebral palsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Medical errors are those errors or mistakes committed by healthcare professionals due to errors of omission, errors in planning, and errors of execution of a planned healthcare action whether or not it is harmful to the patient. Medical error in hospitals increases morbidity and mortality and decreases patient satisfaction and hospital productivity. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of medical errors in Iranian hospitals. Methods: This study was conducted using systematic review and meta-analysis approaches. All articles written in English and Persian on the prevalence of medical errors in Iranian hospitals up to March 2019 were searched in Web of Science, PubMed, Elsevier, Scopus, Magiran, IranMedex and Scientific Information Database (SID) databases, and Google and Google Scholar search engines. In addition, reference lists of the retrieved papers were hand-searched. A total of 9 studies matching the inclusion criteria were identified, reviewed, and analyzed using comprehensive metaanalysis software. Results: The prevalence of medical errors was reported in 9 studies and prevalence rate ranged from 0.06% to 42%. Most studies used reporting forms completed by hospital employees for determining the prevalence of medical errors (67%). Only three studies collected data by reviewing patients’ medical records. Accordingly, the overall prevalence of medical error in Iran's hospitals based on the nine published articles was 0.01% (95% Cl 0%-0.01%) during 2008 to 2017. The highest medical error was recorded in a hospital in Shiraz, 2.1% (95% Cl: 1.4%-2.7%) in 2012. A significant statistical correlation was observed between medical errors and sample size (P<0.05). Conclusion: The prevalence rate of medical error in Iran is low. It is strongly recommended to use more advanced and valid methods such as occurrence reporting, screening, and the global trigger tool for examining medical errors in Iranian hospitals. Proving adequate education and training to patients and employees, simplifying and standardizing hospital processes, enhancing hospital information systems, improving communication, promoting a safety culture, improving employees’ welfare and satisfaction, and implementing quality management strategies are useful for reducing medical errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Unnecessary patient admission to a hospital refers to the hospitalization of a patient without clinical indications and criteria. Various factors related to the patient (e.g., age, disease severity, payment method, and admission route and time), the physician and the hospital and its facilities and diagnostic technologies affect a patient unnecessary admission in a hospital. Unnecessary patient hospitalization increases nosocomial infections, morbidity and mortality, and decreases patient satisfaction and hospital productivity. This study aimed to measure unnecessary patient admissions in hospitals in Iran. Methods: This study was conducted using a systematic review and meta-analysis at Tehran University of Medical Science in August 2019. Seven electronic databases were searched and evaluated for original research papers published between March 2006 and 2018 on patients’ unnecessary admission to a hospital. Finally, 12 articles were selected and analyzed using comprehensive meta-analysis software. Results: All studies used the appropriateness evaluation protocol (AEP) for assessing patients’ unnecessary hospitalization in the hospitals. Overall, 2.7% of hospital admissions were rated as inappropriate and unnecessary (CI 95%: 1.5-4.9%). The highest unnecessary patients’ admissions were 11.8% in a teaching hospital in Meshginshahr city in 2016, (CI 95%: 8.8-15.8%) and the lowest unnecessary patients’ admissions was 0.3% in a teaching hospital in Yasuj city in 2016 (CI 95%: 0-3.6%). Unnecessary patient admission in public hospitals was higher than private hospitals. A significant statistical correlation was observed between unnecessary patient admission, and sample size (P<0.05). Conclusion: The rate of unnecessary hospital admission in Iran is low. However, hospital resources are wasted due to unnecessary admissions. Expanding the primary health care network, reducing hospital beds, introducing an effective and efficient patient referral system, using a fixed provider payment method, and promoting residential and social services care at macro level, and establishing utilization management committee, using the appropriateness evaluation protocol, establishing short-stay units, and implementing quality management strategies at the hospital level are useful strategies for reducing avoidable hospital admissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Cleft lip and cleft palate are the most common congenital defects in the jaw and face. These defects can make serious problems, such as facial deformity, nutritional problems, respiratory problems, and difficulties with social interaction. Awareness of the incidence of these defects in the community is important. In a systematic review and meta-analysis we aimed at investigating the prevalence of cleft lip and cleft palate in Iran. Materials and methods: An advanced search was conducted in all credible databases to access relevant articles using related keywords until February 1, 2018. After removing the duplicate, irrelevant, and poor quality papers, 17 articles were included. Data were analyzed applying random effects model in RevMan5.3 software. Results: Total number of samples in selected articles was 1,077,537 neonates. Prevalence of oral cleft, both cleft lip and cleft palate, cleft lip, and cleft palate was 1.24 (CI 95%; 1.10-1.38), 0.88 (CI 95%; 0.70-1.06), 0.34 (CI 95%; 0.28-0.40), and 0.35 (CI 95%; 0.27-0.43) in 1000 live births. The prevalence of this disorder was found to be higher in males (1.82 vs. 1.09). Conclusion: The overall prevalence of cleft lip and cleft palate in this study was lower than that in other countries in the Middle East and Asia. But its prevalence varies in different parts of Iran, therefore, it is necessary to investigate the risk factors in high risk areas and making appropriate plans to reduce the rate of cleft lip and cleft palate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Septicemia is one of the most common diseases of infancy associated with high morbidity and mortality. In various papers, the incidence of Septicemia varies in neonates reported with suspected sepsis. The aim of this study was to estimate the overall prevalence of Neonatal Septicemia in Iran and investigate its general trend in the country by systematic review. Methods: The studies were carried out using the valid keywords in domestic and foreign databases including Sid, Magiran, Irandoc, Medlib, Iranmedex, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, Pubmed, Springer, Science direct, search-engines and Googlescholar. The results were combined using random effects of meta-analysis model. The variance of each study was calculated using the binomial distribution of the heterogeneity of studies, and I2 Index. Stata software was used for data analysis. Results: The sample size was 13889 in 26 studies. The overall incidence of Neonatal Sepsis was estimated 14.3% in Iran (CI 95: 12%-16.7%). The incidence rate of sepsis in boys and girls was estimated in seven studies with a sample of 2268 people 26.7% (CI 95%: 13.3%-40.2%), and 23.3% (CI 95: 12.4%-34.2%). Graph of meta-regression showed that the incidence of Septicemia has declined over the years 1996-2010, but this reduction was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Neonatal septicemia is highly prevalent in our country. Since nosocomial infection factors play a significant role in the neonatal infection with sepsis, with training the personnel present at the Neonatal Units and NICUs, it can be prevented from Neonatal Sepsis. Some of the trainings include practice of health recommendations such as hands washing. Using disposable tools, strong and standard disinfectants and proper cares of the umbilical cord can be pointed out in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Anemia in pregnant women is a common disease in developing countries, the prevalence ranging between 35% and 100%. Based on a systematic review in 2005 anemia prevalence among Iranian pregnant women was estimated to be 12.4%. The objective of the present systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine anemia prevalence among Iranian pregnant women between 2005 and 2016. Materials and Methods: This systematic review, using standard key words, included databases Magiran, Iranmedex, IranDoc, SID, Medlib, Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochran, Embase, Springer, Web of Science, and Online Library Wiley, as well as the Google Scholar search engine of for the period 2005-2016. All the reviewed papers meeting the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Data were analyzed using the random effect model based on meta-analyses, the software being Stata Ver.11.1. Result: Twenty-five studies with a total sample of 56610 pregnant women met the inclusion criteria. The prevalence of anemia was estimated to be 17% (95% CI: 14-20). The highest (23%) and lowest (12%) prevalence rates were observed in the center and west of the country, respectively. The prevalence was estimated to be 21% in urban areas and 8% in the rural areas. Conclusion: The prevalence of anemia in Iranian pregnant women has increased over the last 11 years. Therefore, appropriate intervention programs must be implemented in premarital counseling and pregnancy clinics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peptic ulcer was a common disease with the symptoms of epigastria pain and heartburn. Since, literature regarding peptic ulcer was questionable and different, the aim of present study was to evaluate the prevalence of peptic ulcers using the systematic review and meta-analysis methods. Materials and Methods: In this study 6 Iranian papers in the range of 2002 to 2012 were selected and used valid keywords in the SID, Goggle scholar and Elsevier databases and heterogeneously of the sample were obtained used the I2 index. Results: In this research, 751 people were studied with an average of 125 persons per each study while 6 articles used in the meta-analysis. The prevalence of peptic ulcers in women was 30% with 95% confidence intervals (41% -19%),p=0.000 (significant level) and 12 index of 89.6%. Moreover, the prevalence of peptic ulcers in men was 60% with 95% confidence intervals (67% -53%), p = 0.051 and 12 index of 54.7%. The overall incidence of peptic ulcers was 41 % with 95% confidence intervals (47% -36%), p =0.222 and 12 index of 28.4%. Conclusion: The prevalence of peptic ulcers was 41 % and 6-15% in Iran and the rest of the world, respectively. Although, the rate of prevalence was increased annually; this prevalence was 60% and 30% for men and women, respectively indicating that men were more vulnerable to peptic ulcers than women. A major reason for this result could be attributed to this fact that men smoke and smoke quitting was suggested for men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency and type 2 diabetes are both common diseases. Numerous studies have examined the relationship between the two. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic status, lipid profile and inflammatory markers in patients with diabetes. Method: Type of systematic review and meta-analysis, which is actually a review on the studies available. Beginning a search extensively on electronic resources English, including EMBASE, Web of science, Medline Scopus and Who and electronic resources Persian including SID and Google scholar for diabetes-related research papers do. Result: The test of heterogeneity, studies with significant heterogeneity in vitamin D, HOMA-IR and insulin sensitivity were the random effects model was used and the mean difference and 95% confidence intervals between the two groups in the vitamin D , 1.87 and (-5.49,9.23), HOMA-IR 0.09 and (-.023,0.05) and insulin sensitivity, 0.24 and (-0.75,0.26), respectively. Discussion: The overall results of this study showed that the meta-analysis, vitamin D and insulin sensitivity in diabetic patients is effective and HOMA-IR is not effective on patients with diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Various studies on prevalence of celiac disease in patients with irritable bowel syndrome in Iran is available that Chiefly, the prevalence of this disease and its association with several factors have been investigated. In order to gain a better perspective of Iran and spread across the heterogeneity, all studies included in the systematic review, the findings were analyzed and used a meta-analysis. Materials and Methods: All articles published in Iranian journals and international research project, related papers presented at the Congress, and the Student thesis, in this study used standard and sensitive keyword. All the articles published in this field in the country, where inclusion criteria for assess quality control using random effect, and the meta-analysis were entered. Results: In 7 studies, minimum and maximum prevalence of celiac disease in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, 2/59 % and 13/5 % was calculated, and total prevalence of this disease based on fix effect model 6/26 %, with the heterogeneity index equals Q =13/74 (t2=52/05 and P=56) and reliability 99% (x2= l6/8) was estimated and because of the high heterogeneity based on random effect model, total and final prevalence of the celiac disease in IBS patients 7/59%, with the heterogeneity index equals Q=2/05 (t2=0 and I2=19) and confidence 95% (Cl =8/07-7/23) were counted. Also by using method of meta-regression, main factors causing heterogeneity, variable location, time, and gender of patients were identified. (p<0/01). Conclusion: Considering that the prevalence of celiac disease in patients with irritable bowel syndrome in the country is high, with knowledge and research-centered measures, total level of health in the country should be raised and daily, in the direction to the horizon landscape of civil and global health charter progressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: The variation of reported nosocomial infection is very high respectively. It seems review systematic and Meta analysis of related documents gives precise estimate of this subject for correct politisize. So tha aim of this study the review systematic and meta analysis of prevalence and causes of nosocomial infection in iran. Materials and Methods: For this study all articles published in Iranian journals and international journals, Final Report of Research Projects, related papers presented at congresses and thesis were reviewed with using standard and sensitive keywords. Then, all articles published between 1997-2010 years that had eligibility Inclusion criteria after quality control, using random model, intered to process of meta-analysis. Results: The finding show that the best estimate of total prevalence of nosocomial infection in Iran is 30.43% and the most common infections of nosocomial infection are respiratory infection 39.4%%, urinary infection 23.88%, bacteremia 21.98% and the most common factors of nosocomial infection are Pseudomonas aeroginosa 26.78%, klebsiella 31.42%, Staphylococcus 23.6% and E.coli 30.93%. The research also found a substantial heterogeneity that using meta regression method the main cause of produce of this heterogeneity, participants people, sample size, average age of the samples, time of study and gender were introduced. Conclusions: The simple review of studied documents in this survey show that prevalence rate of different nosocomial infection in Iran is high relatively. Hence make appropriate and evidence-based educational and control programs to reduce nosocomial infections prevalence rate in Iran should be considered by policy makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fecal incontinence is defined as the involuntary loss of fecal material. Fecal incontinence is a particularly embarrassing and distressing condition with significant medical, social and economic implications. The purpose of this article is to review the relevant the role of pelvic floor muscle dysfunction in fecal incontinence. Materials and Methods: We performed a literature search in PubMed, Scopus, Elsevier, Ovid, CINAHL, Science Direct, ProQuest, Google Scholar, Thompson, EMBASE and Medline databases for the period of 1985-2013. The following keywords were used: puborectalis muscle, anal incontinence, fecal incontinence, pelvic floor muscles, biofeedback, pelvic floor exercise, electrical stimulation. Results: Out of 56 papers, 23 met the criteria for this study. We divided these studies into three categories: 1) the role of pelvic floor muscles in the maintenance of anal continence; 2) the role of pelvic floor muscle dysfunction in fecal incontinence; and 3) the role of pelvic floor muscle retraining in management of fecal incontinence. Conclusion: The results indicate there is adequate evidence to support the role of the pelvic floor muscles in the maintenance of anal continence and any damage or dysfunction to these muscles can affect proper disposal and may lead to incontinence. Prevention of incontinence should attempt at preserving the pelvic floor musculature, particularly in patients with impaired defecatory maneuver, which may play a pathophysiological role in the process. The pelvic floor muscles should be considered a goal of treatment in incontinence and improvement in their function should be included as a key outcome in the evaluation of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]