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This paper analyses some insurgent spatial practices from the indigenous movement in Brazil considering the contemporaneous conjuncture of juridical-legal offensive. Firstly, we have offered as a background a discussion about the problem of the colonial origin imposed by the modern State in what we call America, an element that is present until today in countless conflicts of territorialities in our continent and that have repercussions on current indigenous spatial practices. Afterward, we have contextualized the juridical-legal offensive in contemporary Brazil, highlighting the thesis of the marco temporal ("time frame”) still being judged in the Federal Supreme Court and the main Bills in progress in the National Congress that constitute an antiindigenous agenda. Next, we have focused on the insurgent spatial practices, notably the retomadas and self-demarcations, and, in addition, the constitution of networks and the politics of scale. In the following section, we have deepened the analysis of a territorial experience of self-demarcation related to the Munduruku Planalto people, in Santarém, western Pará. Finally, we have concluded by highlighting the limits of the logic of the modern State facing reconquest and defense of indigenous territories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this paper is to revitalize the legacy of historian Rafael Altamira, a survivor from Spanish Nationalist State who left the country to live in exile at the end of the civil war. Throughout his life, he also resisted Franco's regime. The historian was targeted by Franco's officers, moved to America and established himself in Mexico as an expatriate agent of the resistance in the intellectual field. Because of that he had his works continually submitted to new publishing requirements, such as having passages suppressed in book translations and having books banned or revalidated by the censorship judgment. The aims of the present research are to identify the rules imposed by censorship apparatus and the way it functioned to ban or to allow the partial or total publication of those works. Thereby, we demonstrate the lasting surveillance on those works and their respective authors, editors and readers, subjected to an atmosphere of suspicion and guilt. By means of this study, it will be delineated the vicissitudes of a dictatorial regime which deprived the freedom of expression of intellectuals and which limited them to silence and self-repression. Also, it condemned others to be in exile as a way of cultural survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to reflect on the political function of the arbítrios, through a memorial written by Luis de Ribera, which deals with a topic related to the ecclesiastical government of Peru. The arbítrios were proposals addressed to the king for the solution of problems in several spheres of the government, especially financial matters. They had their heyday in Spain from the middle of the 16th century, and from the first decades of the 17th century we can observe an arbitrism centered on American issues, although to a lesser extent than the Castilian arbitrism. Ecclesiastical issues were of great importance in the Spanish territories in America, due to the fact that sovereignty over the new lands was justified by the evangelization of the natives. Ribera's memorial offered a solution to one of these issues, the rivalry between the religious orders and the secular clergy; from this we will consider the influence of these writings on political issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African Diaspora Religions in Latin America exist from a historical context that began in Africa and reached this continent under a colonial structure that is still possible to perceive nowadays. Decolonial authors have analyzed epistemologies of power and their harmful effects. Studying these religions is possible to understand patterns not only of the religious universe, but social, cultural and moral ones, to which we are, as a society, submitted. For decolonial authors, such as Aníbal Quijano, that will be mentioned in this paper, it is possible to think of a new way of living. To change, it is necessary to deconstruct these ideas that we think of as natural. Religion here can be a path to a new, compassionate world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article propose to articulate the global movement of the colonization in the 18th century to the local development of the Santa Catarina island. Starting from an general picture, based in a consolidate historiography about Portuguese America, arriving in the specific, where cartographic documents and official correspondences has been incorporated to the specialized bibliography about the region. Nevertheless, this paper shows how the fortifications in the island and the Azorean immigration are spatialisations from the conflicts and broader processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper aims to offering an analysis of the process of Conquest of America, especially in Latin America, from the antagonism between the concepts of sacred and profane, as well as the opposition between the center and the periphery, taken in correlation with the Eurocentric perception over the New World. In order to fulfill our purpose, the works of Fustel de Coulanges will serve as a basis for the analysis of the bride's cult change in the ancient Greek marriage, as well as we will base ourselves in Mircea Eliade, who developed an approach about the rituals that seek to make sacred the formerly profane. America and its populations, seen as peripheral and profane, should be dominated, so needed to be sacralized, brought to the center. Thus, the idea of sacrifice, the "making sacred", here taken not only in the sense of a physical act, emerges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we focus on the external history of South of Bahia's general language, presenting the hypothesis on how its disappearance would have occurred: with the beginning of the prosperity of cocoa plantation - in the old Captainships of Ilheus and Porto Seguro -, there was a strong inlander immigration movement towards the region that we are treating about, causing the conflict between inlanders (mainly males, known as "jagunços") and natives (Indians, Mamelukes and impoverished Whites) who struggled for the cocoa lands' ownership, having as consequence the genocide of these last ones and the respective glotocide, determining the disappearance of South of Bahia's general language, while Portuguese language was introduced in the region, already re-structured in its Brazilian variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of a Free Trade Area of the Americas gathered momentum at the Summit of the Americas held in Quebec City in April 2001. Brazil's role is critical to the success of the negotiations which could lead to a free trade area extending from Alaska to Terra do Fogo. How do US businessmen and businesswomen see Brazil as a major trading partner and what options do observers in the Northern hemisphere consider to be open to Brazil? This paper gives the author's views and is a picture of the existing situation in mid-May 2001. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]