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Romanian Sign Language (LSR) interpretation is underrepresented in Romanian research, significantly affecting the accessibility of TV and online commercials destined for deaf people. This paper investigates the theoretical aspects of the relationship between Romanian advertising and the deaf community, highlighting the shortcomings of providing accessible advertising content. In both television and online environments, Romania faces challenges compared to other European countries when it comes to including sign language interpretation in advertisements. The absence of an adequate regulatory framework and mandatory legislation for advertising agencies limits the integration of deaf people in the media environment. This research analyzes these issues, contributing to a deeper understanding of the impact on the deaf community and the need to improve information accessibility in Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Romanian sign language interpretation services are intended for people who suffer from hearing loss or who were born without this ability. This paper examines how Romanian television provides access to information to the hearing impaired community, with reference to technical and content aspects. Sign language interpretation is a growing practice in the Romanian media, too little regulated, which has a fundamental role in social inclusion. This paper also examines how TV information is transmitted to this minority and the conditions under which it is perceived. The too small screen of the performer, the speed of the interpretation, the lack of diversity of accessible shows, even the time slot in which the shows with interpretation in LSR are broadcast, are just a few problems that deaf people may have while watching TV in Romania. The research fills a gap in the field of interpretation in Romanian Sign Language (LSR), being a pilot study that offers directions for the implementation of different methods through which the accessibility of information for deaf people can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the principles of writing the Romanian language in relation with the new orthographic dictionary. Phonetic, morphological, syntactical and etymological aspects led to the establishment of a system of rules in the Romanian writing language that can be easily learned and applied. Last year appeared the third edition of the orthographic dictionary regulating current writing. The Orthographic, Orthoepic and Morphological Dictionary of the Romanian Language (DOOM) adapts the writing of Romanian to current requirements, even if some double variants and also linguistic uncertainties are still present. The frequency of errors in today‘s press shows that publishers and journalists show a lack of professionalism, promoting media products of questionable quality, as well as the lack of trust in such valid tools that can improve correct writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, the author aims to continue the detailed analysis of the inherited Latin adjectives used adverbially in Romanian in order to highlight the lexical-semantic and functional features of the word adevăr 'really' in the ancient period, when it had different uses. The starting point for the analysis was some previous contributions, in whose pages aspects concerning adjectives with similar morphosyntactic behavior have been described, some of them, at that time, being presented sequentially, revealing the typological characteristics of the class and less the morphological or the phraseological (implicitly prepositional) variation of each lexical unit. The choice of this adverbial adjective as the main topic of the current analysis is also explained by the fact that, in ancient texts, its number of occurrences was relatively significant because it was often found in the structure of adverbial phraseological units. For a proper interpretation, the author uses a corpus of ancient language (SOR Corpus), which facilitates an objective analysis of language facts. It also refers to similar studies and dictionaries of Romance languages to show the similarities between them, more exactly similar uses, confirming the unity of the Neolatin idioms regarding the adverbials. In this paper, the author will prioritise several perspectives: the etymological, the Romance, the morphological, the structural and the syntactic. The main aim is to illustrate the dynamics of this adverb in the ancient language, which was, naturally, much more striking than nowadays. This analysis will undoubtedly make it possible to identify certain constants and relate them to other adverbial adjectives in order to confirm or refute some trends in the language or to seek the fixing of some structures or the generalization of some particular phraseological variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

My study aims to address the phenomenon of literary multilingualism in the nineteenth-century Romanian novel. Based on Johan Heilbron’s approach on “translations as a cultural world-system” and his classification into hyper-central, central, semi-peripheral and peripheral languages, my analysis discusses the nineteenth-century Romanian language at an early stage of its consolidation and thus in self-colonial and anti-colonial relations to the “hegemony” of the French language. Taking advantage of this framework, I consider that the majority of literary code-switching examples faithfully render these linguistic relations, so my study proposes a classification of literary multilingualism into the following possible categories: a livresque multilingualism, which satisfies the self-colonial tendencies of the nineteenth-century language, a latent multilingualism, which can also be associated with an attempt at linguistic bovarisation, but also with the search for authenticity in novels through suggestion and “explicit attribution” (Meir Sternberg), a thesistic multilingualism, in such cases where the novel didactically presents foreign language insertions, and a functional multilingualism. Finally, my paper also launches a discussion of another type of multilingualism, that as a source for “defamiliarization”, which I expect to find in the Romanian novel of the twentieth century, when the Romanian language is no longer in danger of self-colonization and passes by the incipient stage, the phenomenon of code-switching serving Viktor Shklovsky’s technique of “defamiliarization”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Playfulness is seen as a harmony of two vectors: entertainment and seriousness; thus, it represents a didactic resource which deserves to be taken into consideration when teaching Romanian as a foreign language (RFL). Game component, pleasure and interactivity presupposed in didactic games, represent the premises of optimisation of educational process as long as they are attentively and efficiently exploited by the teacher, being an extremely useful didactic strategy in the framework of the lessons of Romanian as a foreign language. No matter if we see the key word of the present paper – “game” – from the literary, grammatical, semantic or pragmatic point of view, the element which links all these perspectives is the playful aspect implied by each of them. A unanimous recognition of the formative possibilities of games continues in the field of pedagogical theory, with the establishment of the optimal didactic ways of the realisation of its potential. Stemming from this observation, the present paper underlines the playful aspect of didactic activity appearing in the “didactic game”, which becomes an efficient method in teaching Romanian as a foreign language (through simulation and/or dramatisation). The role and the importance of didactic game consist in the fact that it facilitates the process of assimilation, fixation and consolidation of knowledge. At the same time, due to its formative character, it influences the development of our students. At the lessons of Romanian as a foreign language, a Russian-speaking foreign student finds a favourable environment for the development of language skills necessary to successfully integrate not only in the university circles to which he aspires, but also in the society which adopts him. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the general context of multilingualism and multiculturalism that characterize today's society, the analysis of the languages in contact is a topic of interest for the studies of contemporary contrastive linguistics. The present paper aims at describing the complex phenomenon concerning the present multiethnic and multicultural society, namely the linguistic consequences of immigration, with particular reference to Romanian immigration to Italy. Although limited to sketching some linguistic features of a small sociolinguistic segment, the proposed case study will emphasize the linguistic behaviour of the Romanian or Bessarabian students who attend the lectures of the Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures and Modern Cultures of the University of Turin. The present research proposes to observe how their mother tongue is preserved (taking into account that most of the time, these students belong to the second generation of Romanian immigrants who come to Italy) and in which cases the influence of the Italian language (second language for these subjects) over the Romanian language (L1) is manifested ) or vice versa. This paper aims, in particular, to observe the influences exerted by the Italian language (L2) on the mother tongue (LM) of the mentioned subjects, the main objective of the study being to highlight at what levels of the linguistic system the interference between the two languages is manifested, in order to highlight the dynamics of the Romanian language written and spoken by these Romanian native speakers students, members of the Romanian community in Turin, one of the most numerous communities of foreign residents in Italy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many terms created by modifying or transferring the underlying meaning in current specialized languages, metaphorization being a semantic process at which terminologies are used at all stages of their formation. In the present paper, the metaphorization process in the specialized languages is analyzed, the way in which the meanings of the words evolve in the process of terminology and reorganization of the sports language in Romanian, the conceptual source domains of Romanian sports terms formed by metaphorization were determined and illustrated with concrete examples. As a result of the analysis carried out in the paper, it was found that in the sports language, the terms formed by metaphorization were taken from both the common language (through a terminology process) and from other specialized languages (military, biological, geographic, etc.) , being subjected to the process of re-terminologization. Often, the latter also cross the stage of de-terminologization. Five of the six source domains of conceptual metaphors attested in contemporary Romanian are also found in the specialized sports language: Objects, Plants, Animals, Man, Natural phenomena. There is a trend of predominance of the object-oriented conceptual model and the anthropomorphic one, these categories are the most numerous in the examples chosen by us. The conceptual metaphors of the sports language are based especially on form similarities and those related to the character of movements. The phenomenon can be explained by the fact that most of the metaphor terms are created by association with man's own image and the objects of everyday life, most of which are visual images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals from a scientific perspective with the role played by the voivode of Wallachia, Constantin Brâncoveanu, in translating and printing books in Romanian. More than putting in the historical context the ruler's deeds, the paper addresses from an individual and group perspective what were the factors that led to the emergence of such a personality and why it was so motivated to support the evolution of the masses in the context of uncertain times. Another important aspect approached in this research is related to the evolution of the Romanian language and the analysis of the contribution of the Muntenian leader to its development and the highlighting of a "Brâncoveanu method" through which Wallachia benefited by a necessary evolution. The essential elements in Brâncoveanu's actions, captured in this article would be: translating and printing books, developing an elite school connected to Western values, drawn by first-rate intellectuals, supporting strategic thinking towards the development of the Romanian language using all possible resources, including marital alliances. All this made the quarter of a century in which Brâncoveanu led the destinies of the people from the lands of Muntenia to remain engraved in history as one of great significance, becoming a secular model. Constantin Basarab Brâncoveanu's legacy consists in printing houses, books, schools, clergy and laity more enlightened than they were until his accession to the throne, places of worship built or renovated and, most importantly, a Romanian leadership model, as authentic as it could be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mystirio sau, Sacrament, sau, Taine 2, de în ceale 7, Botezul și S[fân]t[ul] Mir (= MYS) is a liturgical handbook for priests printed in 1651 in Târgoviște (Wallachia) at the initiative of Metropolitan Stephen I. This book of small dimensions comprises an introductive guide of sacramental theology for two Sacraments of Christian initiation, namely the Holy Baptism and Holy Chrismation, together with the description of their ordo and other prebaptismal and postbaptismal rites, the Canons of the Apostles and Holy Fathers for the Sacrament of Baptism, the ordo when in extreme urgency occasion arises to give communion to a sick person, a prayer for one who has eaten something defiling and instructions for the confessor priest. Although the prayers, liturgical formulas and scripturistic lectures are printed in Slavonic, the teachings and the rubrics are translated into Romanian language. In this paper the author analyses the liturgical rites described in MYS and, comparing it with other contemporary liturgical documents, demonstrates that while some parts in MYS were taken from an Slavonic Euchologion printed at Câmpulung (Wallachia) in 1635, the primary source of this book is the Kievan Trebnik of Peter Mohyla (1646). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation is a key element in the life of any person: it defines his forms of activity, his success and failures, the directions of his personal and professional development etc. As for the system of education in particular, motivation is one of the most important factors determining the success of teaching process: it is a well-known fact that a motivated student will demonstrate better and longer-lasting results as compared to others. The present article is aimed at the analysis of some possible motivation strategies when teaching Romanian as a foreign language in the framework of the preparatory year practical course. We believe that in this context the issue of student motivation is especially important. On the one hand, some students develop a strong intrinsic motivation, realising the importance of studying the Romanian language for their academic and professional activity. On the other hand, however, in the case of other students, for various reasons, the teacher has to make additional effort in order to motivate them. In this paper we will present some possible strategies and techniques that can be used by the teacher of Romanian as a foreign language at the preparatory year practical course, dividing them into the following groups: motivational strategies from the perspective of teaching activities suggested by the teacher, motivational strategies from the perspective of assessment activities suggested by the teacher and realisation of the motivational profile of the student. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the author's experience of teaching Romanian language and culture to the A2 foreign students, who study Romanian on an optional basis in a technical university in Romania, this essay focuses on the advantages of using the communicative and the visual method of teaching, offering examples of course activities which motivate the students to learn Romanian and to understand a series of cultural aspects specific to the Romanian people and civilization. The essay evinces the significant role of the visual factor in motivating the foreign students of a Romanian technical university to learn Romanian, facilitating their understanding of the Romanian culture and civilization based on the optional courses of Romanian language. As the foreign engineering students would rather use an international language of communication such as English or French than Romanian for academic purposes and for a future career in a multinational, we argue that by focusing on images and symbols in teaching the Romanian language, culture and civilization, we activate the students' visual and cultural memory and we motivate and enable them to learn Romanian. The visual factor enables the students to learn the Romanian vocabulary and grammar structures easier in an interactive manner. Presenting the foreign students the Romanian cultural material values by means of images depicting the Romanian houses specific to Transilvania, Moldova, Oltenia, Muntenia and Dobrogea, the churches, monuments and castles from these geographical areas, the specific landscape of these areas, and introducing the students to the specific Romanian customs and traditions and to some Romanian works of art, literary works and music, we will encourage them to learn Romanian, arousing their interest and curiosity. By improving the students' capacity to describe images using a varied vocabulary and accurate grammar structures, we will help them to develop their critical thinking and their ability to speak Romanian fluently, arousing their interest in reading fragments from famous Romanian literary works included in the course bibliography. This paper shows that by approaching themes such as the Romanian Village, the Romanian City, Romanian Customs, Traditions and Religious Holidays, and teaching grammar and vocabulary based on these themes using well-selected images and symbols, we awaken the foreign students' cultural conscience, helping them to learn Romanian in an interactive manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The knowledge of a new culture always starts with the process of learning the language spoken by its representatives. The pluriculturalism and plurilingualism spread in the European area cease to represent some forms of differentiation, delimitation of people and peoples, but on the contrary, it ensures cultural and political integrity, encourages empathy and understanding. The evolution of these phenomena lies in the urgent need to form connections, to identify the links necessary to facilitate the communication process. The Romanian language, a component integrated to the European pluricultural phenomenon, extends its area of use, which increases the interest for studying it as a foreign language. The primary purpose of promoting the Romanian language as a foreign language in the academic environment is the affirmation and perpetuation of the Romanian linguistic and cultural identity. Being one of the oldest languages in the European space, Romanian has always been the target of linguists and historians, and now it becomes a link that facilitates the connection with the surrounding world. This paper aims to present the Romanian language as an object of study and to point out goals and benefits (development of communication skills, access to knowledge, professional mobility) that make a foreigner to learn it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On several occasions we presented the close connection between man and the plant world and the facts that underlie the denomination and connotation in this plan. Ethnobotany is a fertile source of information for (anthropological) linguistic research. Phononymy reveals the concerns, representations and affective subconscious of the people. The plant names have been suggested to humans by the mysterious "codes" present in the morphology, chromatics, smell, taste, constitution of plant species. Other phytonyms have derived from the different properties of the plants, from their ecology, corology and phenology, from the relationships with other living beings. The fact that they were recorded in various writings is a win for both the Romanian ethnobotany, as well as for linguistics and history. Our work demonstrates the Latin origins of the Romanian language and the propagation of Latinity through botanical terminology, a phenomenon of considerable importance that has not yet been revealed. In this paper we analyze the phytonyms from Southern Transylvania and their implications in linguistic structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We presented on several occasions the close connection between man and the plant world and the facts that underlie the denomination and connotation in this plan. Ethnobotany is a fertile source of information for (anthropological) linguistic research. Phononymy reveals the concerns, representations and affective subconscious of the people. The plant names have been suggested to humans by the mysterious "codes" present in the morphology, chromatics, smell, taste, constitution of plant species. Other phytonyms have derived from the different properties of the plants, from their ecology, corology and phenology, from the relationships with other living beings. The fact that they were recorded in various writings is a win for both the Romanian ethnobotany, as well as for linguistics and history. Our work demonstrates the Latin origins of the Romanian language and the propagation of Latinity through botanical terminology, a phenomenon of considerable importance that has not yet been revealed. In this paper we analyze the phytonyms composed with the help of the Latin originated term „ochi” > oc(u)lus and its implications in the respective linguistic structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being an organ of the Transylvanian Association for Romanian Literature and the Culture of the Romanian People, the „Transilvania” Magazine conducted a campaign for the cultivation and promotion of the Romanian language. The editors and collaborators understood that the development of the consciousness of national unity must take place on the basis of spiritual-religious and the linguistic unity among the Romanians. Among the desires of the Transylvanian scholar were, besides the dissolution of serfdom and the equality of rights between the nationalities of Transylvania, also the national union of all Romanians. Our paper is an overview of the linguistic research hosted by „Transilvania” during the First World War until Romania's Great Union in 1918. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to bring to mind the personality of Antim Ivireanul and his involvement in the development of the Romanian culture. Its activity within the Church is evoked, as abbot of the Snagov Monastery, as bishop of Râmnic and as founder of churches: building of All Saints Monastery in Bucharest (1713-1715), later called the Antim Monastery for which he established a set of rules for proper functioning, the Antim Monastery Establishment representing the oldest regulation for organization and functioning of a holy place. Within the monastery, there was a school where children were taught for four years Romanian and Slavonic, two printers - Romanian and Greek and a library, the first public library in Wallachia for which Antim establishes loan rules. Also, throughout his life, Antim Ivireanul has printed 63 books, of which 21 in Romanian, four being written by him. In all his writings, Antim preaches the introduction of the Romanian language in the church by printing religious service books in Romanian and contributing to the creation of a Romanian liturgical language that continues to this day. His most important work, Didahiile, is a collection of sermons held on important holidays and Sundays over the year, written in a beautiful and cursive Romanian language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is still an insufficiently known fact that the mother tongue of the Boyash Roma, who in the Republic of Croatia represents at least half of the Roma minority, is Romanian, or more precisely, varieties of Daco-Romanian. As the number of members of this group in Croatia exceeds a few thousand, they represent a considerable linguistic community whose existence, at least for now, is not compromised as the existence of the Istro-Romanian dialect. In the course of our own field-work we have obtained a linguistic corpus for a valid analysis and description of the language spoken by the Boyash Roma in Croatia. The research revealed that there are three relatively distinct and compact groups of Boyash which, besides having different geographic distribution (most Boyash live in north western, central and eastern Croatian), speak three different varieties of Daco-Romanian. The mentioned language varieties are Baranya-Muntenian, Ludar-Muntenian and Transylvanian. The first two mentioned dialects are linguistically similar to each other, while the Transylvanian dialect differs considerably from the other two, both on phonological and morphological level. The paper will present the most important phonological and morphological characteristics of these three dialects, and the main features that distinguish them from one another. In addition, when it is relevant, we give a comparison to standard Romanian or other related Daco-Romanian subdialects. Although the paper primarily gives a concise linguistic description of the three dialects, in view of the specific topic we will also give relevant social, historical, demographic and sociolinguistic facts concerning Boyash Roma in Croatia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper treats the problem of incorrect use of prepositions in the Romanian language in Vojvodina. In this article, which consists in three parts, the authors are trying the following: the first part is dedicated to general observations, giving a presentation of the main features of the prepositions as a class of words in the Romanian language - definition and classification, emphasizing their origin and use with the cases; the second part, which is the central one, is dedicated to the issue that is being researched - the errors in the use of the prepositions; using the examples and illustrating the most common deviations from the norm of standard Romanian language, the authors provide explanations of what is proper and what is improper and for what reason should or should not be used a specific preposition; the examples given have been taken from the language of Romanian media in Vojvodina, as well as from the Romanian language students's tests; the third part is dedicated to the conclusions, so the main attention should be paid to the problems in adopting the Romanian language as mother tongue; the Banat dialect impact, on the one hand, and the influence of the Serbian language, on the other hand, are the most common factors that influence the occurrence of errors and deviations. The most common discrepancies are associated with the use of short prepositions - de, din, in, la, etc. which are polysemantic. Therefore, we believe that the papers dealing with this kind of issues are a very useful instrument in educating both native and non-native speakers of the Romanian language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After 150 years since Alexandru Philippide (1859-1933) - the founder of the linguistic school at Iaşi - was born and after 100 years since the first linguistic atlas of the Romanian language (Linguistischer Atlas des dacorumänischen Sprachgebietes) was published by Gustav Weigand (Leipzig, 1909) the disputes between the two linguists are now making the object of this paper which is based on Philippide's polemic work „Un specialist român la Lipsca“ (A Romanian Specialist at Leipzig; Iaşi, 1910). We are presenting the Romanian philologist's critical views on the results of Weigand's dialectal research on Romanian dialects south of the Danube and on Daco-Romanian dialects. Philippide claims that some results of the recordings and their subsequent interpretation were biased by Weigand's insufficient knowledge of the Romanian language and of the history of the Romanian language. This polemic also brings up the issue of Weigand's Ph. D candidates' papers which are criticized for about the same faults. These were published in 15 volumes of a magazine run by Weigand - „Jahresbericht des Instituts für rumänische Sprache (Rumänisches Seminar) zu Leipzig“. Finally we present some points of view regarding the activity of the institute mentioned in the title of the magazine and which was financed by the Romanian State. The head of the institute is criticized for the superior tone of the interventions and especially for the un-academic vocabulary Weigand used in his polemic writings regarding the works of some Romanian linguists. To conclude, we must point out that we should choose, from the linguistic inheritance left by the two scholars, only the positive aspects to create such a synthesis that would be useful to the history of Romanian linguistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After 150 years since Alexandru Philippide (1859-1933) - the founder of the linguistic school at Iaşi - was born and after 100 years since the first linguistic atlas of the Romanian language (Linguistischer Atlas des dacorumänischen Sprachgebietes) was published by Gustav Weigand (Leipzig, 1909) the disputes between the two linguists are now making the object of this paper which is based on Philippide's polemic work „Un specialist român la Lipsca‟ (A Romanian Specialist at Leipzig; Iaşi, 1910). We are presenting the Romanian philologist's critical views on the results of Weigand's dialectal research on Romanian dialects south of the Danube and on Daco-Romanian dialects. Philippide claims that some results of the recordings and their subsequent interpretation were biased by Weigand's insufficient knowledge of the Romanian language and of the history of the Romanian language. This polemic also brings up the issue of Weigand's Ph. D candidates' papers which are criticized for about the same faults. These were published in 15 volumes of a magazine run by Weigand - „Jahresbericht des Instituts für rumänische Sprache (Rumänisches Seminar) zu Leipzig‟. Finally we present some points of view regarding the activity of the institute mentioned in the title of the magazine and which was financed by the Romanian State. The head of the institute is criticized for the superior tone of the interventions and especially for the un-academic vocabulary Weigand used in his polemic writings regarding the works of some Romanian linguists. To conclude, we must point out that we should choose, from the linguistic inheritance left by the two scholars, only the positive aspects to create such a synthesis that would be useful to the history of Romanian linguistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some of the first monuments of the Romanian language had been recorded in the second half of the 18th century, simultaneously with the drawing up of the Hungarian-Romanian bilingual real estate registers known as "Urbarium" In Maramureş, they appeared in the eighteen eighties, being considered the first documents of this sort. They had been commissioned by the Vienna Court that intended to regulate the property relationships and even impose that the nobility pay taxis to the treasury. One of these regulations from Maramures county referred to Botiza village, on the Iza river, that was one of the typical bondsmen villages in Maramureş, where there were two important landowners in the 18th century, the situation of this village resembling the other bondsmen villages from Ardeal. The present paper presents some of the bondsmen's obligations, as they result from these documents but also a vision of the Romanian language already structured at that moment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims at examining the situations of prepositional construction of the subject in Romanian. We will deconstruct both the apparent and the real exceptions. The article calls into question not only the status of the prepositional group of these constructions but also the functionality of the preposition in such structures. We will discuss the following aspects: the nominal with preposition found in the syntactic subject position, classes of words without a case that fulfill the syntactic function of subject built with prepositions; special attention will be paid to the atypical structures caused by imbrication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of Sextil Puşcariu and his coworkers' most significant activities at the Muzeul Limbii Române [The Museum of the Romanian Language] between 1922 and 1939 was to carry out indirect inquiries by correspondents, aimed to collect dialectal material. Eight questionnaires were elaborated, regarding eight corresponding dialectal areas. The answers given by hundreds of informers are particularly rich and of value to linguistics, lexicology being the most important beneficiary, but they are, also, significant for the study of related areas, such as folklore, ethnography, sociology, and the study of mentalities. The lexical material in the questionnaires, for the most part and with the exception of few cases included in the Dicţionarul limbii române [The Dictionary of the Romanian Language] and some correlated studies, still awaits a more consistent elaboration/interpretation, mostly because the manuscript-notebooks are difficult to access. This paper argues that publishing the archive created by linguists in collaboration with their correspondents in a rigorously scientific format is of immediate urgency and that it would be of great help for several areas of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the Romanian linguistic debates of the second half of the 19th century and their influence on the processes of state- and nation-building. The essay concentrates on the attempts of using the ties of the common language as a defensive element that can not only mark the local nation-building strategies, but oppose similar competing foreign schemes. The current paper can be considered an effort to see and analyze the place of language in the Romanian political thought between 1850 and 1890 when Romanian national state emerged on the world arena and its manifestation sharpened the disputes regarding its linguistic and ethnic homogeneity. Furthermore, the article regards the language as a primary strategic instrument in the process of state-building, used by the participants of the debates, whose views and ideas were strictly tied to linguistic unity. The ideas of languages being parts of the "bodies of nations" expressed by Romanian thinkers are put into the General European context, which is briefly investigated as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on experiences from 2012 to present, as a lecturer in Romanian language, culture and civilization at Beijing Foreign Studies University, the author traces the history of the Romanian language Lectureship in China. He sketches the ancient and current profile of Romanian Department, the factors that determined the evolution of Romanian language study in China, encouraging aspects, but also the challenges that inevitably occur. In addition to the positive outlook of Romanian Section's evolution, the interest and good training of the Chinese teachers, appropriate equipment with technical means, beautiful and efficient work atmosphere, the author also refers to shortcomings, especially to the insufficient and outdated books found in Romanian, despite the efforts of staff Department to edit the practical courses, dictionaries and other teaching aids, highly useful and necessary. Missing are current linguistic studies and other academic papers, required especially for students in their final years, as the documentary sources for license and master's theses. The direct experience of the author is complemented by reflections, testimonies and information received from departmental colleagues, especially because some of them have directly experienced these changes as students, and several years later, as teachers. The author highlights the specific conditions existing at the Beijing Foreign Studies University, the specific approaches, which clearly distinguish the Romanian learning methodology as a foreign language by the modern languages teaching strategy in Romania or in other parts of the world. The differences are caused by the short time in which the students must form their linguistic competence. Because students starts from level zero, it is necessary to shift focus from the theoretical approaches to the communicative-pragmatic and functional aspect and sometimes consequently their miss integrative skills on Romanian culture and civilization, in the synchronic and diachronic perspective. The author, a Romanian lecturer and native speaker, is considered an important resource, trying to fill by the various strategies, the lack of direct contact with the socio-linguistic and cultural Romanian environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unprecedented global technical and economic progress where the United States of America holds supremacy, imposed, in the process of globalization, the necessity of accepting a single language English as means of communication. As a result of the contact with the English language, Romanian current vocabulary has been undergoing, for more than two decades, significant transformations due to the massive borrowing of English words, some meant to fill lexical gaps particularly in the field of economics. These loanwords of English origin did not bring any change upon the grammar structure of the Romanian language but, nevertheless, they cannot be disregarded or overlooked. The present paper brings into discussion the issue of the importance English loanwords had upon the Romanian business vocabulary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present paper is to reconstruct and analyze phenomena connected to the history of migration and mentalities, and also to the history of the Romanian language starting from the analysis of geographic diffusion of the Romanian family names having the suffix -escu in Germany, based on the telephone books from 2005 and on a special program on computer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we aim at presenting the way in which the Iassian linguist G Ivănescu divided the history of the Romanian language, as well as the socialcriteria which lay at the basis of this division. We limit our presentation to the development of the spoken Romanian language, from its origin until the 16th century, and disregard its written version, since the latter, according to the Iassian researcher, is influenced by other factors and it, therefore, needs to be separated from the evolution of the spoken dialects. We also attempt to highlight the causalist perspective that characterises Ivănescu's vision upon the diachronic linguistic phenomenon, that is, the cause-effect relation between various extra-linguistic factors and the evolution of the Romanian language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the similarities between the Balkan Romance and Balkan Slavic noun declension. The diversity of the contemporary Balkan Romance and Balkan Slavic subsystems seems to reflect different stages of the evolution of an initial system whose structure was common to Balkan Romance and Balkan Slavic. This system contained two synthetic forms: the direct case (nominative-accusative, initially two distinct cases in Balkan Slavic) and the indirect one (genitive-dative). In contrast to Latin and Old Slavic, two sets of forms were distinguished: indefinite (with a prefixed article or no article) and definite (with a suffixed article). Romanian, Aromanian, Northern Istroromanian and isolated Bulgarian and Macedonian dialects preserved this initial system, while standard Bulgarian and Macedonian, Meglenoromanian, Southern Istroromanian and colloquial Romanian tend to simplify it and to create new analytic forms, especially for the dative case (with the preposition Ha in Balkan Slavic and la in Balkan Romance). The old system, related to the Albanian one, was probably adopted by Balkan Romance from the Paleo-Balkan substratum and transferred to Balkan Slavic. The new analytic tendencies, however, are likely to be of Greek origin, both in Balkan Romance and in Balkan Slavic (cf Greek dative with the preposition σε that corresponds semantically to the Slavic Ha and the Romance la). Bulgarian or Macedonian could have served, alternatively, as a link between Greek to Meglenoromanian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers an ethnological and linguistical perspective on the Bayash living in the Baranya region of Croatia, a small Roma-like community speaking two different vernaculars of the Romanian language. The material which forms the basis of the present study was audiorecorded in 2006. In Baranya, the author visited three Bayash settlements (Darda, Beli Manastir and Torjanci), whose inhabitants are divided into Munćeni and Arđel'eni, on a mainly, but not exclusively, linguistic basis, with the Munćeni group being much more numerous and their Munćan idiom having a great influence on the Arđel'ean one, spoken in Torjanci. Making use of ethnological and perceptual dialectology methods, the author tries to determine the existence of a Bayash continuum along the River Drava in Croatia and also to assess the degree of tolerance and flexibility of their language system, which has developed for centuries without the normative instances of the Romanian language, in a permanent contact with the surrounding Serbo-Croatian dialects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper proposes to summarize and analyse some distinctive features that characterize two related languages, Italian and Romanian. Our analysis concentrates mainly on two approaches - Contrastive Linguistics and Foreign Language Learning and Teaching - and tries to examine some problematical aspects connected to Phonetics and Phonology, Nominal and Verbal Morphology and Complex Phrase Syntax. From this perspective, we aim at emphasizing some differences existing between the two related linguistic systems, as well as the main difficulties created by these differences to the Romanian native speakers during the process of learning Italian as a Foreign Language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]