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Sustainable territorial spatial development faces severe challenges globally, especially the threats from rapid urbanization. It is important for territorial spatial planning in the new era to explore the principles, methodology and models for the territorial spatial optimization aiming sustainable urbanization from global and national perspectives. This paper rethink the spatial optimization for sustainable development by reviewing the literature on urbanization, spatial optimization and sustainable development. The results show that there is no readymade path for sustainable territorial spatial development, and sustainability should be the fundamental objective of territorial spatial optimization. Cases from the globe and China show that urban sprawl tends to make cities disperse, decline population density, and fall in a path dependency. Cities should be laid at the core of territorial spatial optimization. Chinese sustainable urbanization should be characterized by compact development, high-density, livable urban development, and low carbon. The concepts of sustainable urbanization oriented territorial spatial optimization include ecological protection, resource saving, intensive development, and green development, which forms the path of sustainable territorial spatial development. The modeling of territorial spatial optimization can be reconstructed from index system and quantification, setting of objectives, and constraint rules in a multi-objective collaborative optimization model. In this paper, we conclude that China has to build her own way of sustainable spatial development in accordance with the conditions of the nation, promoted by territorial spatial optimization with sustainable urbanization as a core. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To further accelerate globalization, Western states and companies that regulate financial, investment and trade flows and the system of economic relations in the world that they support, unexpectedly led to the increase of power centers and appearance of multipolar system. In the XXI century apart from the USA, Russia and China some more power centers together with EU played an important role in the building of the global system. Due to fierce competition between them, these states being global and nuclear empires can take part in war conflicts simultaneously, but this is unlikely as it can cause a great catastrophe in the world. In the international system, due to the importance of international strategic balance and security, in the nearest future, at the point of measurement, because of fear of losing their positions, to protect themselves or around a certain request, between the coordinates of the United States-Russia-China-EU and other power centers, in bilateral or triple forms, strategic alliances can be formed. According to this study, these alliances are highly likely to become superficial and improvised. This study aims at shedding light on the strength of possible alliances in the nearest future, studying the past and present of the collaboration between the USA-Russia-China-EU with other global power centers from different perspectives. This paper will discuss the behavior of global power centers which need to learn their old or new roles on the international stage. Thus, we will try to reveal Russia's contribution in the building of multipolar international system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reviews the reasons, main goals and directions of association of the BRICS countries, which change the global economic order. These are: 1) interest of all stakeholders in reforming the current financial and economic architecture of the world with an allowance for the economic potentials of emerging countries; 2) commitment of association stakeholders to principles and rules of international law; 3) consolidation of efforts formodernization of economy and social life; 4) standing up to new global threats and challenges on a multilateral basis; 5) use of innovative approaches to accelerate economic and social modernization of the participating countries. The authors evaluate the potential of the BRICS countries. Prospects for cooperation of Ukraine with the countries of this Agreement are reviewed. The role of China in changing the global economic order and reforming the global financial architecture is substantiated, specific aspects of its economic development covered. Directions for economic cooperation of the BRICS are outlined with allowance for China interests. The authors show that today China has every chance of taking the global lead, competing with the USA, the reasons being: successful implementation of economic reforms, a well selected transformation strategy and the value system itself of Chinese society, which is better transformable and adaptable to the varied global environment than in other BRICS partner countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]