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In this paper, we propose a model for determining the thickness of the surface layer of metals and the quantum structure of this layer. An atomically smooth metal is represented as a diagram: nanolayer → mesolayer → bulk phase, which differ from each other in the nature of size effects. There is no size effect in the bulk phase. The thickness of the surface layer of metals R(I) has a size from 1 nm to 10 nm, except for cesium, i.e. they represent a nanostructure. It is shown that the energy levels En of the nanolayer are determined by one fundamental parameter - the lattice constant of the metal à. As soon as the parameter à stops changing, the spectrum of quantum states passes into a continuous spectrum. The nanolayer R(I) is a step function in En, which can be easily reduced to the Lebesgue integral, which plays an important role in quantum theory. Quantum threads (quantum planes) in the nanolayer R(I) can be interpreted as solitons, crowdions, discrete breathers turning into nanocracks. Quantum threads in the R(I) nanolayer and the nanolayer itself can be represented as a nanoparticle with a diameter of R(I) and pre-melting occurs in it in a stepwise manner. It is finally shown that all metal monolayers differ significantly from each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of the study of the electron temperature in argon and argon-acetylene plasma of DC glow discharge. The optical-emission method was used to determine the main parameter of the complex plasma. The dependence of the electron temperature on the operating pressure, voltage, and discharge time was determined from the intensity of spectral lines. The source voltage was varied from 1 kV to 1.5 kV, and the pressure was maintained between 0.1-1 torr. As a time-dependent function, the electron temperature was calculated every 20 seconds during a 200-second discharge. The results showed that in argon plasma, as the pressure increases, the electron temperature decreases up to a pressure value of 0.4 torr, subsequent increase leads to an increase in temperature. Also, with the increase in source voltage, a decrease in electron temperature within the error limits is observed. In addition, in dust plasma (PECVD in Ar-C2H2), the electron temperature as a function of pressure and source voltage showed a trend similar to that observed in argon plasma. However, the electron temperature in dust plasma increases as a function of time at the initial moment, after which it decreases sharply with time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In high-energy physics, one of the key areas of research is the study of extensive air showers (EAS). This phenomenon remains insufficiently understood; scientists still lack comprehensive knowledge about the nature of their origin and the mechanisms responsible for their formation in the upper layers of the atmosphere. In this paper, the main characteristics and properties of air showers are described in detail. Numerous experiments conducted at the Hadron-55 complex form the foundation of EAS research. The showers were recorded and analyzed using the ionization calorimeter method, which measures the energy of EAS by detecting the total ionization produced by particles. This calorimeter, equipped with iron and lead absorbers, ensures high measurement accuracy, with an experimental error of only 10%. The experimental data were processed using a program developed in C++. The experiments revealed that the most common particles in the showers are electron-photon and hadronic components, which account for 95-98% of the particles in the shower core. A total of 8717 showers were processed by the program over a period of 485 hours. An analysis of the energy range of the registered showers supports the theory of their galactic origin. Additionally, calculating the primary parameters allows for further, more detailed studies of EAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explains some developmental stages of a scientific and professional article, the formal requirements that it must satisfy in order to be published, its evaluation and the potential benefit that the author may have from publishing it. It deals with a scientific journal as a medium that has detailed instructions for writing texts, clear structure, established dynamics of publishing, classification of quality, impact factor according to which the ranking lists are being formed. The concept of scientific and professional article is also a subject of interest within this topic. The text is limited to articles intended for scientific and professional journals in the field of library and information science. When it comes to librarianship as a young scientific discipline, scientific journals, being media of communication within the community and observation of new trends in the profession, contribute significantly to the increase of its reputation by bringing better and more comprehensive articles. It is necessary to encourage creation of new scientific journals, and to encourage the existing ones to make additional efforts to define the fields of their interests more precisely, to establish the necessary rules and consistently take care of them being obeyed, so they could meet the requirements for obtaining at least the status of scientific journals. In this way, authors/ librarians would be given greater choice of quality media in order to address the scientific and professional community. On the other hand, in order to improve their scientific and professional reputation, scientific journals need a large number of high quality papers so that editors could choose the ones based on which they could aspire to a better status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the transport characteristics of two-dimensional systems has been investigated. Modeling by means of the Yukawa potential, in a wide range of values of the nonideality parameter, has been carried out. The Yukawa potential was chosen because of its wide applicability in the description of screened interactions in plasmas and other systems. A molecular dynamics method was used to determine the transport characteristics. The study was carried out with the aim of expanding the knowledge of heat transfer in two-dimensional systems. The paper presented the results of numerical experiments in which the dependences of the heat transfer and viscosity coefficients on the screening and non-ideality parameters in systems with Yukawa potential were studied. The obtained data can also serve as a basis for further theoretical and experimental studies in the field of transport characteristics of two-dimensional systems. These data not only expand the understanding of the peculiarities of two-dimensional systems, but also can be useful in the design and analysis of nanostructures and various microdevices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluorine-doped detonation nanodiamond (DND) powders are considered as a new class of neutron reflectors and can significantly improve the performance of very cold and ultracold neutron sources, which in turn will lead to new types of experiments at a qualitative level. These improvements are achieved due to such properties of DND as high diffusion and quasi-mirror reflection. The high reflectivity improves the neutron delivery efficiency and, consequently, the neutron fluxes at neutron facilities. On this basis, fluorinated DNDs are considered as a potential neutron reflector material for the designed very cold and ultracold neutron source at the WWR-K reactor. However, to date, experimental data on the behaviour of fluorinated DND in the neutron field are insufficient, and therefore, in order to study the radiation resistance of DND at the WWR-K reactor, work has been started on their irradiation and further study. For this purpose, an optimal irradiation capsule design was developed and comprehensive calculations were performed to justify the conditions and limits of reactor irradiation. This paper describes the irradiated samples and reactor experiment, the methodology and conditions for irradiating the samples, and the results of their initial characterisation after irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is devoted to development of atypical excitation approaches of bistatic laser monitor active elements for the imaging of high-speed processes at a powerful background radiation. The practical significance is increasing the temporal resolution of the bistatic laser monitor, as well as improving the imaging parameters by minimizing the jitter of radiation pulses. To achieve this goal, semiconductor excitation sources of active media based on copper bromide vapor were developed, and their synchronization was performed in a pulse-repetition mode. The developed pump sources are set of identical commutation cells. Each cell contains storage capacitor, commutator and transformer. Powerful HGTG27N120BN insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBT) were chosen as commutators. Their switching storage capacitors are discharged through the primary winding of the transformer and as result the voltage pulse is induced in the secondary winding. The transformer load was the gas discharge tube (GDT) of the small-size brightness amplifier with the specified geometric parameters (l = 40 cm, d = 2.5 cm, V = 196 cm3). The simultaneous switching of 10 identical cells provided GDT breakdown. The radiation power of the active element in oscillator mode was 665 mW. The developed brightness amplifier with semiconductor pump source was used in the bistatic scheme of the laser monitor for the imaging of the test object. The pumping of the second active element, the illumination source (l = 90 cm, d = 5 cm, V = 1767 cm3), was performed by means of thyratron TGI1-1000-25. The pulse repetition frequency of the illumination source and the brightness amplifier was 10.5 and 21 kHz respectively. As result each second image was formed with increased brightness and contrast. The maximal jitter of radiation pulses in this case was 16 ns. The average jitter was 6 ns. Two identical semiconductor pump sources were tested simultaneously. The resulting array of waveforms (GDT current and GDT voltage) show that in most cases the jitter was completely absent, and when it appeared, it did not exceed 4 ns. The imaging at this configuration of the pump sources was not performed due to semiconductor source power (465 W) turned out to be insufficient for the excitation of the illumination source, and therefore options for increasing it were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interest in beryllium-based composite materials has emerged recently, when intermetallic compounds such as titanium beryllide Be12Ti began to be considered as a promising material for neutron multiplication in thermonuclear fusion facilities, such as ITER and DEMO. Titanium beryllide stands out from other beryllides because it has the highest neutron multiplication rates and also has the added benefit of being more thermally stable than beryllium metal. Titanium beryllide interacts much weaker with water vapor, excluding the possibility of the formation of explosive hydrogen in the blanket body, is less prone to gas swelling, and, unlike metallic beryllium, retains a smaller amount of accumulated tritium. It has also been confirmed that the compatibility of titanium beryllide with structural materials is much higher than that of beryllium. To use titanium beryllide, it is important to study the parameters of its interaction with hydrogen isotopes. One of the most well-known methods for is the method of thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). The objective of this paper is the development of a specialized experimental setup for TDS research and the development of a methodology for performing experiments. The results of methodical experiments are presented, in which the procedures for saturation of samples in a deuterium medium and procedures for conducting TDS experiments were worked out. Methodical experiments on studying the parameters of the interaction of deuterium with samples of monolithic titanium beryllide were carried out on the material produced by Ulba Metallurgical Plant JSC, saturated in deuterium at atmospheric pressure and a sample temperature of 973 K. linear heating rates of 10 and 20 K/min. Based on the results of the development of the technique for conducting experimental studies of titanium beryllide, a differential mode of the TDS method was recommended. In this case, it is necessary to use a hydrogen isotope, deuterium, as a control probe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The method of moments is used to investigate and analyze the dynamic characteristics of dense systems consisting of ions of two types with different masses and charges, and the number of screening electrons corresponding to the charges of the ions. In this paper, we discuss the characteristics of a binary ionic mixture whose component masses differ by a factor of two. Within the framework of the developed self-consistent method of moments, the dynamic structure factors (DSF) of such a plasma are calculated for various thermodynamic parameters. In this case, the calculation algorithm is based on the use, on the one hand, of the static structural factor of the system, which is determined from the solution of the Ornstein-Zernike equation, and on the other hand, the so-called Nevanlinna parameter function (NPF), which is included in the calculated relations. The calculations were carried out within the framework of the classical system of charged particles interacting according to the Coulomb law. The paper analyzes the data obtained using various methods for calculating the NPF. The results obtained in this work qualitatively and quantitatively agree with the data of theoretical calculations and numerical experiments of the authors of other studies of the dynamic properties of a dense multicomponent plasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a periodic cosmological model is considered. Previously, it was assumed that the expansion of the universe slows down over time. Theorists proceeded from the assumption that the main part of the mass of the Universe is matter - both visible and invisible (dark matter). On the basis of new observations indicating the acceleration of expansion, it was found that in the Universe there is a previously unknown energy with negative pressure (equation of state). They called it "dark energy". In this paper, a scalar cosmological model is considered. The Lagrangian is derived and the system of equations of motion is obtained. To study the model, a scalar field in the form of a periodic function was chosen. The Hubble parameter, the scale factor, which has the meaning of the radius of the Universe, and in the case of a periodic function of the scalar field, which has an exponential dependence, the density of dark energy, the pressure and the potential of the scalar field are calculated, and their graphs are plotted in the time dependence section from 0 to 2π. To study the inflationary model, the potential is introduced in a power-law form. From it, the parameters of slow rolling through e-folding are derived and a plot of spectral indices for this model is plotted. The results obtained are consistent with the Planck observational data and confirm the correspondence of the model under study with the previously proposed ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new method for measuring the neutron flux using proportional counters SNM-18 filled with 3Ne is studied. When developing equipment for automated measurement of the neutron flux of the research reactor VVR-K, the determining optimization criteria are power consumption, weight and dimensions. For this purpose, devices were used for automated measurement of the equivalent of soil moisture and the equivalent of snow water by the neutron component of cosmic rays. A number of experimental studies have been carried out to determine the optimal levels of supply voltages, the design of the device for operation at the VVR-K reactor has been changed. The main elements of the neutron detector design are a block of a hydrogen-containing moderator; a tube of a proportional thermal neutron counter; an amplifier and a microcontroller for analyzing the signal from the detector; a high-voltage power supply and a transmitter. Special software has also been developed for simultaneous control of detectors. Test measurements of the neutron flux were performed at the research reactor plant VVR-K INP using a Pu-Be neutron source, with an intensity of 1.8 *106 n/s. To reduce the neutron intensity for the safety of personnel and to reduce the load on the detector, the neutron source was placed inside a boron polyethylene collimator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is difficult to overestimate the role and place of computational experiments in modern scientific research. Scientists investigate physical phenomena based on computer models and computational experiments when analytical methods of theoretical physics do not allow obtaining more reliable results. On the other hand, computational experiments can be carried out in conditions inaccessible to field experiments. The paper presents the scientific results of the study of some issues of celestial mechanics. These results are obtained on the basis of the use of computer methods. The MathCAD application software package is used as a programming language. The main scientific results include the following: a graph of the potential of the gravitational field of the Earth is constructed depending on the distance r to the center of the Earth; on the basis of a computer approach, the equations of the potential energy (binding energy) of the interaction of a body of a unit mass with the Earth-Moon system are studied; on the basis of computer methods, graphs are obtained. These graphs characterize the binding energies of the body depending on the coordinates of the radial axis; with the help of the MathCAD package, the flight path of the spacecraft near the Earth was modeled under various initial conditions; the motion of the spacecraft from the Earth to the Moon was studied and various types of flight paths were constructed depending on its initial velocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of thermodynamic and experimental studies of plasma-thermal processing of ash with the production of fuel gas and inert mineral material are presented. Plasma-thermal processing of ash and slag wastes consists in their heating, pyrolysis and melting to remove residual carbon and obtain a neutral melt, the storage and use of which after cooling does not cause environmental problems. Ash from Ekibastuz coal, which is widely used in the energy sector of Kazakhstan, is taken as ash and slag waste, which is a set of components of the mineral mass of coal and unburned carbon. Calculations have shown that during the plasma-thermal processing of ash and slag waste, combustible gas is obtained with a CO concentration of up to 86.8% and a calorific value of 8752 kJ/kg and a melt of mineral components that does not contain harmful impurities. The plasma reactor is a melting chamber covered by an electromagnetic coil. The chamber has the shape of an equilateral triangle in section, with three inclined immersed graphite electrodes at its corners. The reactor was started up by shorting the power electrodes to a bulk graphite track. After obtaining the melt channel, the heating of ash and slag waste continues due to the conduction currents between the power electrodes through the resulting melt. To homogenize the melt, it is stirred electromagnetically. The melt productivity of the reactor was 100 kg/h at its temperature of 1923 K and specific energy consumption of 0.96 kW h/kg. Both in calculations and in experiments, no harmful impurities were found in the products of plasma processing of the investigated wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When negatively charged particles are scattered by atomic nuclei before the thresholds of excitation of nuclei, the formation of a metastable system "charged particle + excited nucleus" is possible. In particular, during the scattering of μ-mesons by nuclei, mesoatoms with an excited nucleus in the states of the entire atomic spectrum of hydrogen-like atoms can arise. This infinite set of states of a quasi-bound system generates an infinite series of elastic scattering resonances in the continuous spectrum, which condenses to the threshold energy of the excitation of the nucleus. In cases where the elastic scattering widths of mesons are smaller than the decay width of the excited state of the nucleus, inelastic meson resonance decay channels arise, which make it possible to observe them experimentally in the process of resonant scattering. In the present work, an analytical expression is obtained for the widths of subthreshold resonances arising from the scattering of μ mesons by atomic nuclei. The widths of subthreshold resonances in such systems are explicitly expressed in terms of the reduced multipole matrix elements of nuclear transitions The paper presents estimates for dipole excitations of nuclei corresponding to the farthest resonant states. It is shown that modern meson facilities make it possible to directly determine the reduced matrix elements of dipole transitions in experiments on elastic meson scattering. For a group of nuclei with large widths of E1 γ-radiation, it is possible to set up an experiment to determine these widths, and for known widths, to determine the chemical composition of the target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers the problem of studying the daily distribution of the passage of meteoroids by radio observation. The advantages of the chosen method of registration over the classical optical and photographic methods of observation are considered. A voluminous series of data was obtained using a registration facility implemented on the basis of the Center for Astrophysical Research at the North Kazakhstan University named after Manash Kozybayev. Processing, analysis and systematization of the obtained data on meteor phenomena have been carried out. Based on the obtained observational data, on the basis of the Center for Astrophysical Research at the North Kazakhstan University named after Manash Kozybayev, using the Multi VirAnalyzer program, namely the Date Recorder, the daily distribution of the meteor flight frequency was calculated. Also, with the help of the Microsoft Excel software application, diagrams of the daily distribution of the meteor passage frequency were constructed. During the analysis of the obtained diagrams of the daily distribution of the meteor passage frequency, the peak and average daily values of meteor activity were determined. Based on the daily distribution, diagrams of the frequency of meteor passages were constructed for certain months during which the Perseid and Leonid meteor showers are active. A clear correlation with the results of studies of other laboratories of a similar line of research is shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers the modernization of the methodology for studying astrophysical ice and cold interstellar dust. An experimental method of physical modeling using a vacuum cryogenic installation is presented. The nodes of the universal vacuum cryogenic spectrophotometer where it is necessary to modernize, retrofit for the subsequent improvement of measuring capabilities in scientific research are considered in detail. The IR spectra of polystyrene were obtained on the IRS-29 and FSM 2203 spectrometers, the results of the obtained characteristic absorption bands were compared with the values of the reference spectrum of polystyrene, and the expanded uncertainty was calculated. To assess the accuracy of the measurement results, we calculated the expanded uncertainty according to the IR spectrometer calibration procedure. The wavenumber scale calibration uncertainty was determined by direct measurements as the difference between the wavenumber value corresponding to the maximum ordinate of the absorption line of a standard polystyrene film sample. In this work, an analysis of the completed retrofitting of a universal vacuum cryogenic spectrophotometer was carried out. N2O spectra were taken, obtained at a temperature of 16 K in the wave number range of IR spectrometers from 370 to 4200 1/cm with the designation of the corresponding absorption bands. The studies carried out in this work are aimed at improving the accuracy of measurements, which guarantees and improves the quality of scientific research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a model of a pulsating universe is investigated with periodic function of the scale factor together with a homogeneous, isotropic and spatially flat Friedman-Robertson-Walker metric. The parameters of the pulsating universe model coincide with observation parameters of the modern universe, taking into account the different contributions of various types of matter to its evolution. In the resulting solution, during periods of accelerated expansion of the universe, the scalar field with negative pressure makes a greater contribution to the expansion growth. The fermionic field and the vector field, which have positive pressure values during this period, prevent the growth of this expansion. During periods of compression, the fermionic field and the vector field have a greater influence on the dynamics of the evolution of the universe. In the resulting periodic solution, the universe goes through endless cycles of expansion and contraction. The observed modern accelerated expansion of the universe corresponds to one of these cycles. Cosmographic parameters are calculated - parameters of deceleration q, jerk j and snap s and energy conditions for the model under research. These parameters make it possible to link model-independent results obtained from cosmography with theoretically sound assumptions of gravity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new thermodynamic approach for phase stability of a nanoscale material under irradiation taking into account Gibbs free energy of phase formation and nucleation is proposed. The influence of powder dispersion and vacancy saturation on the radiation stability and phase changes of spherical Ferrum nanoparticles during irradiation is determined. The paper shows the possibility of a radiation-induced α-Fe → y-Fe polymorphic transition, and also defines the radiation stability zones of Ferrum nanoparticles. It is shown that the competition between the energy of the accumulated vacancies in the particle, the bulk energy of the phase transformation, and the surface energy of the particle is responsible for the specific behavior of irradiated nanocrystalline Ferrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article outlines ways to improve the organization of independent work of university students. Innovative education is the use of the latest information technologies in the entire didactic complex of information support for the subject. The innovative model of teaching physics in higher education includes methodologically structured information presented in the form of one of the types of the infosphere - a system of interrelated and interdependent textbooks and other means of educational activity (modular programs, electronic lectures, various methodological aids). In the new conditions of increasing the volume and strengthening the role of students' independent work in the educational process, students receive and master only methodological information at the appropriate level. To master the material on a regular basis, a student needs to work for months, and only a qualified teacher who knows the psychological characteristics of the learning process and owns the teaching methodology will help save the student's time by transforming the professional knowledge of teachers into educational knowledge. The paper shows the types and stages of performing classroom, extracurricular IWS in physics, as well as ways to improve the efficiency and quality of students' educational work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an approach for indirect measuring of 90Sr activity concentration in stem wood of Scots pine's live trees within the Chernobyl exclusion zone based on values of beta-particles surface flux density from stem bark at a thee height of 1.3 m above the forest floor that obtained by use STORA-TU RKS-01 radiometer-dosimeter under field condition. The similar express-methods often consider in scientific publications so as they allow to obtain probable levels of radiation contamination without taking samples for laboratory measurements. That in turn can be used to optimize sampling or for example in the case of the need to preserve the intact initial state of the biota during long-term in situ or/and in vivo observations. The empirical data for validation of the method have received on 13 experimental sites of artificial (plantation) even-aged stands which consist only of one woody species: Scots pine. The correlation analysis discovered statistical significant relation at p-value=0.05 between arithmetic averages of beta-particles surface flux density from stem bark of pine trees at the forest sites and 90Sr activity concentration in stem wood elements (sap wood, heartwood and all stem wood), and functional dependencies among these parameters are described by a simple linear equation with only one slope parameters (R2 = 0.90-0.96) whose predicted values for sap wood, heartwood, and all stem wood are (± standard deviation) 23.1±8.5, 42.3±10.3, and 26.8±6.8 Bq·cm2·min·(kg·pcs)-1, respectively. Moreover, the influence of biometric indicators of individual trees (diameter, height, age) on this pattern was not detected. However, the average diameter (DBH) of stands has the strongest influence among forest inventory indicators on the value of the 90Sr activity concentration ratio between sap wood and heartwood (r = 0.93), that is, the radial distribution of the studied radionuclide in stem wood of pine trees. The results of these studies should be confirmed by a larger collection of observations for Scots pine given the small sample size for her in this paper. Also, scientists are necessary to include empirical data for other major forest-forming woody species within the research region due to the importance of using express-methods of radioactive contamination levels estimation for the planning and optimization of forest management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The material for the development of the Dictionary of the Serbo-Croatian Standard and Vernacular Language was collected across 160 years and is recorded on roughly 5,000,000 lexicographic citation cards. It was manually excerpted from over 4,500 written sources and collected in the field in all pronunciations of the Štokavian dialect. At least 15 new volumes of the dictionary are planned based on these card files. They can also serve as the basis for various phonetic, morphological, and syntactic research, as well as for analysing language development over the past two centuries, dialectal specifics from the time when the collections were created (often the only data on the speech of a region at the time of collection), and etymological studies. Its cultural value is also exceptional, as it includes contributions from many illustrious names in Serbian cultural history - Jovan Jovanović Zmaj, Jovan Skerlić, Radoje Domanović, Isidora Sekulić, Milan Rešetar, etc. This precious, delicate material was scanned from 2016-2018, and in 2017, a web application was developed to efficiently annotate the electronic cards. It was further enhanced based on user needs, enabling (in addition to constricted annotation, where only card headwords were marked) a more detailed annotation including dictionary entry form, homonym tag, attestation and bibliographic reference, abbreviation in the dictionary, and card type (handwritten, typed). This paper will present the web tool and annotation results from the letter P to Š. So far, 12 different annotators have been working on the annotations, 3-5 annotating simultaneously at any moment with varying intensity. Of the 813 sections with 2,010,508 paper slips, 795 sections with 1,934,583 paper slips were processed with constricted annotation, including 201,487 different headwords. Annotation results will offer an estimation of the remaining number of words for the dictionary SASA with headword list. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to present the main assumptions of The Learner's Thematic Dictionary of Russian-Polish Lexical Parallels. The article presents a new type of dictionary that describes lexical parallels, i.e. words that are similar phonetically and have full or partial correspondence of meaning or completely different meanings. Target groups of the dictionary users are learners of the Russian and Polish languages, translators, as well as teachers. The first part of the dictionary is devoted to the description of culinary vocabulary. The volume of the dictionary is approximately 300 dictionary entries containing pairs of Russian-Polish lexical parallels. The process of the lexicographic description in the Dictionary assumes the procedure for selecting entries, arranging meanings, creating a dictionary entry, defining, and giving illustrative examples. The paper also highlights the possibilities of applying the principles of multimodality, i.e. attracting multicode objects to improve memorization processes, which are essential in the process of learning a foreign language. The paper has also shown the ways in which to include multimodal components in the Dictionary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes linguistic terms in the Dictionary of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (RSANU) extracted from the digital version of the dictionary. Twenty volumes of the dictionary have been published so far (А-погдегод) and they are in the process of digitalization. In addition to the presentation of the methods for the extraction of linguistic terms, the paper also deals with the relevance of a corpus compiled in this manner. A part of the corpus is checked against the material from other dictionaries, primarily a number of specialized dictionaries of linguistic terms. The paper aims to provide an answer to the following questions: Can the electronic RSANU dictionary be used as a relevant resource for the creation of the Dictionary of Serbian linguistic terminology and, if so, to what extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper, Dostoevsky's novella Notes from the Underground is interpreted through the conceptualization of literary tradition within a semiotic framework, from three interconnected angles: the interpretation of (1) the discursive forms of negation (apophatism); (2) the semantization of the idea of 'plenitude' (fullness, totality, completeness); (3) the text's concentrated reflection on the semiotic nature of the modelled world and its (meta) poetic language. Apophatic poetics calls attention to the conflictual relationship between the signifier and the signified, including the paradoxical situation in which intensive sign articulation/expression is given to some substance considered to be unexpressable. Signification here strives to gain epistemological knowledge about the potentials of the existence of personality through its definition in terms of non-existence or ambivalent, unproductive existence. Тhe character definition, putting in centre stage - within the problematics of personhood and personality - the protagonist's desire to achieve the state of plenitude, also gains a semiotic orientation through the conflict between being endowed with vs. being deprived of individual semantic attributes accorded to the object of cognition (individualization vs. generalization). The paper examines the semantic modelling of 'plenitude' and explains the various means that this model is discredited by the object's lack of individual semantic attributes in (a) causality; (b) temporal segmentation; (c) the forms of exhaustive detailing. Individual object identification is also interpreted as preserving oppositions at the levels of literary character (his contradictions) and abstract notions (theses and antitheses) in which conflicting elements constitute an organic whole. This can be traced back to monodualistic antinomies deeply rooted in the Russian philosophy of religion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study of the temperature distribution on a universal cryogenic surface when it is cooled to nitrogen temperatures. Using computer simulation methods, in particular the finite element method, it was possible to determine the temperature-time dependences that occur during the cooling of a surface using the heat exchange tubes of different diameters located inside the surface at equal distances from each other. By varying the diameter of the heat exchange tubes, its effect on the cooling intensity was revealed when examining the volumetric temperature distribution: a larger diameter of the heat exchange tube yields a more uniform cooling of the surface. Besides, a larger orifice diameter leads to reaching thermal equilibrium quicker over the entire surface examined. By using a 7 mm orifice diameter, thermal equilibrium was reached 70 seconds after the start of cooling while 5 mm and 3 mm orifice diameters reached temperature equilibrium after 90 and 100 seconds respectively. The results obtained will make it possible to produce cooling of higher quality when designing universal cryogenic surfaces by using heat exchange tubes with certain geometric parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concrete is one of the most common building materials that is used in many areas of human activity, from the construction of residential buildings to industrial buildings and more. In the nuclear power industry, concrete is used not only as a structural material, but also as a material for biological protection. Usually concrete mix consists of cement, coarse and fine aggregates, water and various additives. Based on the field of application of concrete, the correct ratio of its components is selected. This paper presents the results of a study of the effect of the composition of concrete on its internal structure. The studies were carried out by the non-destructive method of neutron radiography and tomography at the facility, which is located on one of the horizontal channels of the WWR-K reactor. As a result of the studies carried out by the non-destructive method of neutron radiography and tomography, concrete samples of three different types of brands were studied. The distribution of pores and cracks in each sample is shown. The attenuation coefficients of neutron radiation for the studied concrete grades are given. The rate of water migration in concrete of different grades is estimated. The applicability of the neutron radiography and tomography installation for this type of investigation of the internal structure of concrete was demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of statistical analysis of ionospheric disturbances in the integral electronic content, NF, during the period of registration of the Faraday effect at the point of Almaty [43,20N; 76,90E] when receiving signals from the ETS-II satellite (Engineering Test Satellite Type-II), located in geostationary orbit [00N; 1300E], the radio beacon of which operated at a frequency of 136,112 MHz. The analysis of the classification characteristics of each specific event showed that perturbations in the integral electronic content can occur both with a positive (35 cases out of 83) and with a negative sign in (37 cases out of 83), as well as with a change of phases (with a change of sign) in the course of the perturbation. According to the start time, ionospheric disturbances tend to occur more often in the evening and at night, with a greater probability at 17 LT -22 LT. During the year, NF disturbances occur most frequently in the months of November, December, January, February, and March. A decrease in the number of ionospheric disturbances is detected based on the data on the integral electron content of the ionosphere during the period of high solar activity. The «disappearance» of storms in the integral electron content occurs approximately at F10. 7 > 180, which is probably due to the «saturation» effect in the ionosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper is shown that under the optimal conditions (1,5M NaCl), in the intensively accumulative mode of cultivation, the daily optical density of the cell suspension increases by 3,5-4 times, under conditions of high salinity (3,0M NaCl), by only 3 times. With an increase in the salinity of the mineral medium, the indicators of photosynthetic oxygen release are suppressed by 17%. It was found that the modification of cells with different concentrations (25-500 mkM) of 2,6 di-tret-butyl phenol under conditions of 1,5M NaCl and 3,0M NaCl salinity of the mineral growing medium contributes to a decrease in the content of synthesized pigments, suppression of the POL process, as well as an increase in catalase activity. It was revealed that, under conditions of high salinity of the mineral environment, the modified cells of Dunaliella salina IPPAS D-294 have increased functional resistance to the action of various acute doses of UV-B radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton is an important plant grown worldwide that used as a model organism in salt resistance studies. At present, the study of the molecular genetic basis of salt resistance, a comprehensive study of the mechanisms of resistance is important for the creation and use of salt-resistant varieties and forms. miRNAs belong to the class of endogenous small non-encoding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the transcription and posttranscription levels. Studies show that the study of molecular mechanisms regulated by miRNAs can offer new approaches to plant growth and productivity under various abiotic and biotic stress conditions. In the paper, the biogenesis of miRNAs and the role of miRNAs in the salt resistance reactions of cotton is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrocele is a painless enlargement of the scrotum resulting from irregular accumulation of serous fluid between the inner and outer layers of the tunica vaginalis which surrounds the testis. This situation is treated with multiple modalities of which surgery is the most appropriate. Hydroceles can rarely be recurrent. In these cases, an underlying pathological condition may exist however they can also occur as a result of insufficient resection of the tunica vaginalis during the previous operation. This paper describes a rare case of hydrocele recurrence 3 years after open hydrocelectomy and analyses the possible cause of this phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Health care constitutes a basic social right for all citizens and its protection is not only a social, but also an individual right. Patients' rights are defined at international, European and national level through scientific and/or legal texts. Purpose: The purpose of this discussion paper is to present the main stations concerning patients' rights. Additionally, to present the content of patients' rights laws between Greece and Germany in order to identify points of convergence or divergence between them and to discuss the protection of patients' rights in the legal framework of each country. Methodology: The methodology followed was based on the analysis, comparison and discussion of the legal framework for patients' rights in these countries. Results: The basic pillars of the legal framework for patients' rights in Greece and Germany are same. Convergences are presented in terms of protecting the right to information and consenting to the performance of medical procedures. The discrepancies are focused mainly on two points. In the Greek law explicitly states that health professionals must protect patients' privacy and recognize their personal and religious beliefs. The German law extensively mentions the formal obligations arising from the treatment of health professionals, such as the documentation of treatment with scientific criteria and methods, but also the responsibility of health professionals for errors during treatment, the documentation and the errors happened in patients' information. Conclusions: It seems that the official reason (legal framework) emphasizes the protection of patients' rights as it promotes on the one hand the respect for human value and on the other the upgrading of the health systems by promoting the human-centered approach over the medical-centric one. The assurance of patients' rights is crucial if in their core are equality, respect and dignity. Other crucial aspects are the right to information and consent to the performance of medical procedures, the right to respect for personal convictions and peculiarities, the protection of privacy, the free choice of doctor, hospital, access to the patient file and the medical privacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the processes of electron-ion scattering in the plasma of inertial confinement fusion in a magnetic field were studied. The proposed model for studying the processes of scattering between charged particles is based on solving the equation of motion in a central field taking into account the external magnetic field, as well as the Coulomb logarithm, which is determined using the scattering angle in a pair collision. Collisions between an electron and an ion that interact via the Yukawa potential were investigated. Also, the Coulomb logarithm in a dense plasma in a magnetic field was calculated. The effect of taking into account the magnetic field on the scattering angles, the scattering cross-section and the Coulomb logarithm are studied. From the results obtained, it is established that taking into account the magnetic field led to a non-monotonic change in the scattering angle and a decrease in the scattering cross-section for weak particle interactions. It is also revealed that for large values of the interaction parameter β, the magnetic field does not affect the value of the Coulomb logarithm. Thus, the obtained results allow us to study the effect of taking into account the magnetic field on the processes of electron scattering on an ion in the approximation of pair collisions in an external constant magnetic field in a dense plasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CubeSat concept has become very popular with both university groups and researchers, space agencies, governments and companies. CubeSat offers a fast and affordable way for a wide range of stakeholders to be active in space. Due to the high degree of modularity and widespread use of offtheshelf commercial subsystems, CubeSat projects can be prepared for flight much faster than using traditional satellite schedules usually within one to two years. In this paper, we have considered a model of an S and X band patch antenna for CubeSat nanosatellites in the field of Earth remote sensing (ERS). The antenna dimensions were determined and designed according to the dimensions of the small spacecraft. The shape of the emitting part was formed using a geometric fractal with an anisotropic structure. Using the CST Microwave Studio software package, the electrodynamic, frequency characteristics and directional properties of the antenna were determined. The results of computer simulations demonstrate that the developed antenna concept has a multiband property and meets all the parameters that are necessary for receiving and transmitting data in the S and X bands. It was also found that the anisotropic fractal structure allows the antenna to have several operating frequencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is known that by changing the concentration in an inert medium, it is possible to form clusters of various sizes of any substance by condensing them on a cold substrate from the gas phase. Traditionally, such systems are presented by molecular cryocrystals. This paper demonstrates the results of IR spectrometric studies of cryovacuum condensates of ethanol mixture with nitrogen. The main task of this study is to explain the complex, most often, ambiguous behavior of thin films of ethanol cryovacuum condensates in the process of its cocondensation with nitrogen. For this purpose, vibrational spectroscopy of cryodeposited thin films of "ethanol in nitrogen" mixtures in various concentration ratios was performed. The objects of research are thin films of cryocondensates of ethanol mixture with inert gas (N2). The samples were condensed at the temperature T = 16 K. The pressure of the gas phase of the mixture during cryocondensation was kept at P = 105 Torr. The range of ethanol concentrations in the mixtures varied from 3% to 90%. The spectral range of measurements was considered in 4004200 1/cm. It is assumed that the change in the concentration of ethanol in the mixture leads to the formation of various cluster compositions of ethanol molecules dissolved in an inert medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the possibilities of using stereophotogrammetry methods for measurements using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for the conditions of a mature pine stand with uneven density are examined. Here, we carried out a comparison of measurements using altimeters and remote sensing data collected with a UAV optical camera. In particular, the height of growing trees was estimated by three different field-based devices and applying the three methods of data collection and processing with UAVs. Specifically, one method implied the direct measurements using on-board UAV equipment. The following two methods are based on the data provided by the stereophotogrammetrical approach, while the aerial images for that were collected using a UAV optical camera. In particular, there was a modeling of the points cloud from one-sided vertical shooting of sample trees and determination of height of trees from digital canopy height model (CHM) from data of aerial photography of horizontal spans over a stand. Our investigation confirmed the highest accuracy of laser measuring tools among the ground measuring devices used in research. Respective value of the average random measurement error was less than 3 % (0.88 m). Among the results obtained from the analysis of the original data collected by UAVs, the best method was to utilize the CHM, namely, the average random error was less than 2% (0.64 m). This exceeds the accuracy of laser altimeter measurements 33 %. Thus, this method of measuring height in pine stands meets the standards of accuracy in determining the height for production assessment, according to the "Inventory guidelines for the forest fund of Ukraine", and can be used for survey, inventory, forest management and other works related to forestry and monitoring the changes in forest ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the terminological apparatus of sociolinguistics, there are many unambiguous and ambiguous concepts that refer to the non-first language of different social groups. In line with the new European tendency, Bulgarian sociolinguistics names the language of Bulgarian emigrants around the world using terms offered in the theoretical papers of famous authors or schools working in the field of sociolinguistic emigration. The text proposed here is an attempt to redefine all these concepts and summarize them into one which indicates the hereditary Bulgarian emigrant language that is characteristic of the language of the Bulgarian immigrant community in Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses some contact-related phenomena in the phonetics, morphology and syntax of the Slovene dialect that is spoken in the Natisone Valley in Italy, a dialect belonging to the Littoral dialect group. The purpose of the study is to establish the origin of these phenomena and clarify the features of their functioning and areal distribution. The data for the analysis (oral speech of informants) was collected during field research in this region. The following phenomena are revealed: voicing of the voiceless dental alveolar s before sonorants; borrowing of prepositions and conjunctions; postposition of adjectives in noun groups; doubling of pronouns and nouns; temporal constructions are used to express dates. It is revealed that the analyzed constructions and items have a high degree of variability: they function along with their Slovenian counterparts. In some cases, we are dealing with contaminated forms (contaminated prepositions, temporal construction for expressing dates). The doubling of pronouns and nouns forms a broken area, and a similar phenomenon is found in the languages of the Balkan Sprachbund. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an analysis of data from a nationally representative survey of the language attitudes of Bulgarians regarding their opinions on the processes of language internationalization according to the respondent's settlement type. The assumptions are that there will be opposition between language attitudes along the city-village axis. The analysis shows that language attitudes are not particularly influenced by the type of settlement: globalization, not urbanization, is the crucial process in the formation of language attitudes today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents unified solutions for elastic–plastic expansion analysis of a cylindrical or spherical cavity in an infinite medium, adopting a flow theory of strain gradient plasticity. Previous cavity expansion analyses incorporating strain gradient effects have mostly focused on explaining the strain localization phenomenon and/or size effects during infinitesimal expansions. This paper is however concerned with the size-dependent behaviour of a cavity during finite quasi-static expansions. To account for the non-local influence of underlying microstructures to the macroscopic behaviour of granular materials, the conventional Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion is modified by including a second-order strain gradient. Thus the quasi-static cavity expansion problem is converted into a second-order ordinary differential equation system. In the continuous cavity expansion analysis, the resulting governing equations are solved numerically with Cauchy boundary conditions by simple iterations. Furthermore, a simplified method without iterations is proposed for calculating the size-dependent limit pressure of a cavity expanding to a given final radius. By neglecting the elastic strain increments in the plastic zone, approximate analytical size-dependent solutions are also derived. It is shown that the strain gradient effect mainly concentrates in a close vicinity of the inner cavity. Evident size-strengthening effects associated with the sand particle size and the cavity radius in the localized deformation zone is captured by the newly developed solutions presented in this paper. The strain gradient effect will vanish when the intrinsic material length is negligible compared to the instantaneous cavity size, and then the conventional elastic perfectly-plastic solutions can be recovered exactly. The present solutions can provide a theoretical method for modeling the size effect that is often observed in small-sized sand-structure interaction problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As is known, the function of two variables z = f(x, y) on the plane of the variables (x, y) in the neighborhood of a regular point defines a three-web formed by the foliations x = const, y = const, and f(x, y) = const. A three-web is called regular if it is equivalent (locally diffeomorphic) to a three-web formed by three families of parallel lines. In this case, the equation of the three-web has the form z = f (α(x) + β(y)). In one of the works of the authors of this article, all regular three-webs, determined by some well-known partial differential equations, in particular, determined by harmonic functions, were found. In the present paper, the results are generalized for pluriharmonic functions of the form u = f(x1, . . . , xr, y1, . . . , yr). First, a function of this type on a manifold of dimension 2r determines a (2r + 1)-web formed by foliations of codimension 1: xi = const, yi = const, (i = 1, 2, . . . , r), u = const. A (2r +1)-web is called regular if in some local coordinates its equation can be written as u = f (φ1(x1) + . . . + φr(xr) + ψ1(y1) + . . . + ψr(yr)). In the present paper, we find all pluriharmonic functions defining regular (2r + 1)-webs (Theorem 1). On the other hand, each pluriharmonic function u = f(x1, . . . , xr, y1, . . , . yr) defines a three-web W(r, r, 2r - 1) on a 2r-dimensional manifold formed by two r-dimensional foliations xi = const and yi = const and one foliation u = const of codimension 1. This three-web is called regular if its equation in some local coordinates can be written as u = f (φ(x1, x2, . . . , xr) + (y1, y2, . . . , yr)). In this work found all pluriharmonic functions defining regularW(r, r, 2r - 1)- webs (Theorem 2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advent of the digital era, information is more accessible than ever. Libraries must answer the question: How does digitization change the role of libraries as an infrastructure for an open and enlightened public discourse? Digitization brings individualization of the society. Through this process, library gives all the knowledge and information to users, in seconds, wherever they are and whatever device they use. Users do not need to come to the library, thereby depriving a social aspect that implies user contact with librarians and other users. This comfort brings with it a problem: How will the function of the library and the users' attitude change in the context of content digitization and their greater accessibility? This paper presents an analysis of defi nitions, theories and dominant trends that shape today's movement of society, the concept of social capital, the public sphere, the role of libraries as a meeting place, and the operation of libraries in the era of digitization.The starting assumption is that society moves from socialization towards individualization and libraries have an impact on that fl ow. Using the comparative and historical, thereby critical methods, the ways in which libraries can actively participate in the development of social capital and take the primary place in a digital society are explored. With the perception of public libraries that have characteristics of places of high and low intensity meetings, the paper off ers practical solutions on how to attract as many users as possible to participate actively in the life of a community and democracy building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the analysis of the level of information literacy of citizens of the Republic of Serbia. It relies on research by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, as well as on rare but valuable researches of the level of information literacy in different parts of the Serbian population. The statistics provided a general quantitative framework, while the segmented research provides more precise data related to the degree of information literacy of members of certain social groups. On the basis of this research, it can be noticed that the level of information literacy, primarily of pupils and students, as well as of the other categories of the population of Serbia, is low. The starting point and framework for the further development of information literacy in Serbia in public policies and strategies were given by the National Conference on Media and Information Literacy, held in 2017. The paper also points to the opportunities offered to libraries which, by knowing this data, can adapt their services to the promotion and spread of information literacy among the population. A meaningful solution would be to pay attention to information literacy during formal education, at all levels. When it comes to librarians, a delicate question arises (which always provokes a burning debate and controversy) of their competencies and formal education. Nevertheless, one should not forget that the first serious initiatives on this issue have been launched in library circles. The interest in information literacy is expanding. Following the example of international professional practice, quantitative measurements and standardization attempts have been made. Serbian society has moved from the conceptualization phase to the phase of implementation of MIL in education, science, culture and everyday life. At this stage, libraries should also have a leadership role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of complete mineral and vitamin nutri􀆟on in rabbit breeding is relevant today, despite new discoveries, and research in this direc􀆟on con􀆟nues both in Ukraine and around the world. The paper presents experimental data from the results of research to study the effect of different doses of vitamin and mineral supplement "Tekro" in the diets of young rabbits on their produc􀆟vity, slaughter quality and biological value of rabbit meat. The obtained data of body growth, massometric indicators of carcasses and internal organs of rabbits of experimental groups a􀅌er slaughter indicate a posi􀆟ve effect of vitamin-mineral supplement "Tekro" on the intensity of development of the body and individual internal organs, which contributes to increased metabolic processes and weight gain in animals research groups. Feeding vitamin and mineral supplements to rabbits of experimental groups of the New Zealand breed for 45 days contributed to a be􀆩er transforma􀆟on of feed nutrients into products. In rabbits of the 3rd experimental group, which together with basic ra􀆟on were fed 3.5 % of the premix "Tekro" at 90 days of age, the highest rates of body weight were recorded, which differed by 8.89 % compared to the control group. In a set of indicators that characterize the nutri􀆟onal value of rabbit meat, we studied sensory indicators that characterize the quality of rabbit meat: taste, color, pH, juiciness, moisture content, elas􀆟city, aroma, "marbling", etc. It was found that in the appearance of carcasses and muscles in the control group, the samples scored 8.4 points. In the 3-rd and 4-th experimental groups, the number of points on this indicator was higher by 1.2 %. The difference was a trend. Examining the aroma of meat, it was found that in the control of this indicator, the samples scored 7.8 points. In meat samples from experimental groups 3 and 4, the aroma was more iden􀆟cal to natural, so the samples received 2.6 % higher scores. Samples from 3 experimental groups scored the most points in terms of taste. Compared with the control, the figure was higher by 3.6 %. Examining the juiciness of rabbit meat, it was found that samples obtained from carcasses 2 and 3 of the experimental group tended to increase this indicator. Summing up the data, it was found that the highest overall score was found in meat samples from 3 experimental groups. The difference with the control was within the trend and amounted to 2.4 %. Feeding rabbits vitamin and mineral supplements to rabbits helps to obtain good quality meat products with high culinary proper􀆟es. No data were available to support the effect of vitamin and mineral supplements on compound feed on the synthesis of toxic substances in muscle 􀆟ssue or the deteriora􀆟on of rabbit meat. The biological value of muscle samples from rabbits of the 2-nd experimental group did not differ from the control data. The increase was only 0.11 %. It was found that the biological value of muscle 􀆟ssue from animals of the 4th experimental group was greater than in the control. The difference was 2.6 % Meat obtained from rabbits of the 3rd experimental group, which were fed compound feed with a content of mineral-vitamin supplement "Tekro" 3.5 %, in biological value outweighed the control indicators. The difference was not significant and amounted to 4.1 %. The use of different doses of vitamin and mineral supplements in the feed of young rabbits did not lead to significant changes in the quality of raw hides and furs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Hanoi is the capital of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Hanoi grows according to the following pattern: its central district has several satellites (5 cities) that are accessible by transport systems such as railways, motorways, waterways, etc. Air quality gets worse due to the growing number of urban residents, their personal vehicles, industrial development and other sources of emissions, and each of these factors has a great impact on human health and the state of the environment. Materials and methods. This study uses PM2.5 data generated by two automatic air monitoring stations located in the northern centre for environmental monitoring of the Environmental Protection Agency of Vietnam and the US Embassy in Vietnam. Methods of statistical assessment and analysis were applied to evaluate the difference in PM2.5 dust concentration at different stages of urban development. Results. The problem of PM2.5 pollution in Vietnam is particularly relevant, because it threatens public health. In residential areas located in urban neighborhoods notorious for heavy traffic and industrial enterprises, pollution levels still exceed admissible QCVN limits. On the contrary, air pollution is lower in suburban residential areas. Conclusions. The paper discusses the consequences of environmental pollution, caused by PM2.5 fine dust as a result of urbanization in Hanoi, and analyses urban planning solutions aimed at pollution reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper, a variety of problems is outlined, which are nowadays solved by terminography - a synthetical science about the theory and practice of terminological dictionary' creation. The following issues are addressed: most important problems in the modern terminography theory; main types, stages, and requirements of terminological dictionary compilation; alphabet, alphabet-nesting, and ideographical principles of dictionaries creation; standardization of terminology as a terminographic activity; didactical terminography; computerization of terminography, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forests are characterized as open ecosystems with complex levels of interconnected component organization. The overall planetary value of forests is obvious as well as the fact that they are the most abundant protected areas and centers of biodiversity. It has been noted that conservation of the phytocoenophore as a functional basis of the biosphere, and, above all, a rare phytocoenofund, remains a priority environmental concern. It has been established that the status of rare forest groups of Ukraine has changed significantly over the last few decades. The need to protect forest rarities has been argued. The purpose of the work - to collect and summarize information on the current state of rare forest communities, evaluate their presence in the territories of biosphere and nature reserves and national nature parks and assess the latest threats to rare forest habitat in Ukraine. Field studies have been conducted by classical geobotanical methods (detailed route, bookmarking of test sites, geobotanical releves). It has been determined that nowadays the rare phytocoenofund of the forest vegetation of Ukraine is represented by 308 associations (38% of the total rare phytocoenofund) belonging to 23 formations. The rare phytocoenophund of the forest vegetation, presented in the Green Paper of Ukraine (2009), has been analyzed by indicators of the association of dominant species, botanical and geographical significance, sozological status, and potential of natural regeneration. The current state of distribution of forest rare associations in Ukraine has been characterized. The levels of their representation in the biosphere (BR) and nature reserves (NR) and national nature parks (NNPs) have been established, where they are represented by 218 rare associations of 22 formations. They are protected in 45 nature reserves (PZT) of the highest categorical ranks, including - in two PAs, 11 - PAs, 32 - NPPs. Among the forest formations, the highest degree of representation in the system of the mentioned PAs are rare phytocoenoses of the Querceta roboris formations, which are protected in two PAs and 20 NNPs; Pineta sylvestris - in six PA, 10 NPP; Fageta sylvaticae - in one BR, two PA and 12 NPP. It has been concluded that the systematic organization of regimes of conservation of rare forest fund will contribute to the maintenance of phytocoenogenetic potential, the formation of stable phytocoenoses and ecotopic balance of the vegetation cover of forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article. The purpose of the article is to analyze the challenges and targets of economic entities in the new digital world in order to develop recommendations for the management of one of the most dangerous economic risk - IT-risk. The results of the analysis. This paper analyzes the state and development of the digital world of today. It is shown that this stage of human development is characterized by the global information and communication revolution, analogues of which the world has never known. The spread of information and communication technologies (ICT) causes a transition to an innovative model of economic development and new forms of business organization that are based on the management of information and knowledge. The growth of non-material production is becoming a key element of the digital economy and, ICTs are becoming the driving force behind the development of today's society. The article dissects the dynamics of the ICT contribution to GDP growth in the developed and developing countries. The results of the analysis showed that in the developed countries the contribution of ICT to the GDP growth declined in recent years, while in developing countries it increased. At the same time, annual growth rate of GDP in the developing countries was significantly higher than in developed countries, especially in the post-crisis years. The analysis led to the conclusion that the digital technologies qualitatively help enterprises to improve operational efficiency, reduce the cost of social and economic transactions and significantly contribute to innovation. They increase the efficiency of companies, transforming the existing types of activities into fast, comfortable and cheap ones. However, there is a downside to the dividends of the new digital world, which shows an increase in the number of emerging risks. The paper analyzes the most important risk factors in the world as a whole, and in its individual regions. It has been shown that the most dangerous risks of doing business at this stage are the IT-risks and cyber-risks, which cause considerable damage to the global economy. The following trends of IT-risks are substantiated: - The growth in the total number of adverse events and their hardening; - The increase in the number of targeted attacks, cases of intellectual property theft and cyber-extortion, the increase in the number of bank fishing situations; - The further spread of risks beyond the financial market; - The increase in the vulnerability of control systems of enterprises; - The tightening of legislation at the global level; - The increase in awareness of the need for insurance of IT-risks and the growth of insurance volumes. Conducted analysis showed that the protection of information, and, hence, the cyber risk management, should be a priority for businesses and other entities. The article deals with the problems and challenges of cyber-risk management at both the macro and the micro levels. Risk management at the macro level should include the development of national information security policies and monitoring the policy of other countries regarding all networks and systems. Risk management at the micro level should include a system of measures, among which the insurance of cyber risks is gaining the greatest popularity. Conclusions and directions of further research. The development of information and communication technologies in addition to the positive effect also bears a negative effect, which manifests itself into the rapid growth of cyber-risks causing significant damage as to separate business entities, and to the world economy as a whole. One way to speed up the spread of digital dividends today is a competent risk management in the IT-sphere, which requires further research, particularly in the insurance industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the conditions of unfavorable economic environment, influence of economic sanctions, pressure of problems of funding and liquidity, it is the deposits of the population that become the main source of the formation of the resource base of commercial banks. The population's deposits and savings play a key role in the formation of the resource base of commercial banks. Their financial stability and liquidity, as well as the completeness of the transformation of savings into investments depend on the effectiveness of the activity of credit institutions in attracting cash and deposits. In these conditions, banking innovations aimed at attracting population savings represent particular importance both for the banks themselves and for their customers. Our paper describes innovative approaches to attracting household savings by banks and the features of accumulation of these savings by credit institutions in savings and key determinants that influence these processes in the current economic conditions. The paper demonstrates the dependence of the population's contributions on changes in the economic situation, financial markets, savings activity of the population, institutional conditions for the formation of the portfolio of deposits of individuals. We show that when forming the resource base by attracting the savings of the population, commercial banks face a number of problems. The challenge for banks is a negative economic environment and unfavorable financial market conditions, which significantly affects the savings activity of the population, predetermining the preferences of depositors, affecting the structure of the bank's portfolio of retail deposits and the concentration of the deposit market. Moreover, the shrinkage of financial opportunities of investors in the current economic conditions exacerbates the competition for investors and temporarily free cash resources of the population. Another problem is the lack of a statutory restriction on the early withdrawal of funds from the deposits of the population, which impedes the effective planning and management of financial resources on deposits of individuals and reduces the effectiveness of banking activities. Our results show that the current challenges are the imperatives of attracting savings to the deposits of commercial banks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In tegrated assessment of forest fuel load is the basis for planning of fire preventon measures, while their classificaton is necessary for fire risk predicton and fire hazard assessment. The paper presents the results of study of fuel load in Scots pine stands in the fresh and humid site types in the western Polissya of Ukraine, partcularly in Rivne oblast. Large and very large forest and peat fires regularly occur in the area burning up to 1000-2000 and more ha annually. In some cases, fires cross the border between Ukraine and Republic Belarus. So, developing fuel model for the region is an important step towards beter fire management for both countries. For the purpose of this research forest fuel groups were used according to Kurbatsky's classificaton (I - mosses, lichens and small plant residues; II - forest liter; III - herbaceous vegetaton and semi-shrubs). The results show an increase in the average stock of group II of fuel in pine stands from 42.9 t·ha-1 in young forests (tll 40 years old) to 99.5 t·ha-1 in mature and overmatured stands. The average value of the stock of group I of fuel in stands of all age ranges from 7.70-9.36 t·ha-1. The average value of the stock of fuels of group III is 1.2 t·ha-1. It has been found that the absolute values of fuel load are increasing with age increase, while relatve values of load for different groups indicate their stability with age: group I is 13.4%, group II - 85.2 % and in group III - 1.4 %. The study has found that the stock of cones fluctuates within 0.7-1.5 t·ha-1, maximum values are observed in mature and overmatured stands. The essental forest fuels load of group II creates pre-conditons for the development of intensive and hot forest fires during drought periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ill this paper wc propose a novel fuzzy-measurement algorithm for the assessment of the impact of electromagnetic fields on human health. The algorithm was developed to unify complex and diverse measuring mctjiodologics, standards and fuzzy logic control into a single entity - a comprehensive methodology for the assessment of the impact of electromagnetic fields on humans. The algorithm will enable multiple criteria automated assessment based on measurement results and the existing electromagnetic field standards, guidelines and recommendations in order to avoid potential subjectivity and varied approach. Wc have therefore considered two classes of fuzzy logic systems (Type-1 and Typc-2) and developed a graphic model intended for scenarios where expert opinions differ and where such a difference might significantly affect the assessment. The fuzzy model was developed on the principles of the proposed algorithm and this resulted in a unique procedure for the assessment of all types of electromagnetic fields on human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]