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Action research is based on dialectical and constructivist epistemology, which emphasizes the pedagogical understanding of phenomena rather than their scientific interpretation. The rationale of this study, which is not value-neutral, is phenomenology, as it tries to view the whole phenomena (holistic approach). Action research is primarily based on the need for reflective teaching practitioners, rather than on ideas of individuals or institutions outside the school context, and this type of research, unlike other research approaches, is the closest to the modern notion of practice. This paper discusses the importance of contemporary action research in teachers' activity, through which they can solve identified problems and improve their practices in line with the autonomously set targets. The authors focus on the methodological training of reflective teaching practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the significant analytical advantages, the author prefers social action as initial sociological concept in the relation to social phenomenon. Its basic elements are: actors, subjects and tools, needs and interests, values and norms, positions and roles. Actors set in motion and unify the rest of elements, guide to the magic triangle of sociology (movement, change, order), reaffirm actor paradigm to systemic paradigm. Subjects and tools materialize an action and its overestimate results in technological determinism or (by means of property as institutional appropriation of nature) in the (un)classed historical type of society. Needs and interests are the basis of person's motivation and starting point for depth analysis of sociability. The expansion of legitimate interests circle develops techniques of normative regulation. Values and norms guide to institutional-organizational, positions to vertical and roles to horizontal structure. Values give the meaning to the action as well as to human existence, they are orientations of motivate system of personality but also basic aspect of society. As abstractions, values are latent background of norms and they tell to us what to do, and norms how to do something. Norms are specified instructions for suitable behavior Without normative order, not to be possible the satisfying of needs and the conciliation of interests. Riches, power and prestige are components of social position, and legal status is the determination of rights and obligations of the position. Roles are normative expectation of behavior. Toward kinds of sanctions roles are classified. Roles but also other elements of social action are starting point for sociological analysis of legal norms and institutes. On the other side, the observation of legal component of social actions enriches, strengths and precises sociological analysis of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]