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This paper discusses, from a historical perspective, the forms of representation of the independence process present in textbooks that circulated in schools in the Colombian Caribbean region during the twentieth century. Some of the most representative texts of history for schools in the region were selected as the source and object of study; through them, are analyzed and identified aspects closely related to independence, such as national identity, the citizenship formation processes, the construction of the nation state and the role of the Caribbean region as founder of the new republican regime in those times. The paper places special emphasis on the analysis of historiographical and pedagogical trends pertaining to the textbooks analyzed and which eventually undoubtedly influenced the type of representation and collective imaginary about the process of independence embodied in these artifacts of ideological and cultural character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the development of an idea: American continental unity as an object of study in Latin American intellectual history of the twentieth century. To achieve this, the article is organized in three stages: the idealist, which starts with José Enrique Rodó; the confrontation between Pan-Americanism and Americanism, which rises from the opposition against imperialism and the revindication of mixed heritages (mestizaje); and the confrontation between policies to implement development and revindicate continental unity driven by the Cuban Revolution. The paper emphasizes that gray area that emerges today, marked by an open questioning of national unity as a paradigm; in other words, the paper sets forth a question regarding the political and intellectual relevance of a topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]