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This paper studies the mechanization of agriculture in the rural regions of the Rio de la Plata during the First Globalization (1880-1916). Uruguay and Argentina developed an important growth and diversification of their agricultural production during this period. This growth accompanied the great livestock dynamism that both economies had achieved since the first decades of the 19th century. We analyze the process by dispensing national approaches. A geo-referenced database is constructed at a micro-regional level to identify the location of the main agricultural production areas and to trace their evolution throughout the period. A clustering analysis is also carried out to explore the spatial heterogeneity that characterized the River Plate agriculture and provide elements for its interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we try to analyze some recent and ongoing changes that are taking place in the Uruguayan higher education system. Based on a system historically conditioned by the presence of a single public university, we try to briefly review the changes at this educational level in recent years, hand in hand with different national governments. In a regional scenario of increasing privatization from which Uruguay was apparently on the sidelines at times, we examine the characteristics of some changes that are taking place now and may constitute advances in a certain wave of privatization. We use contributions from the educational field, higher education and public policies and we conclude the text problematizing how novel these changes are and their possible impact given certain national characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we try to analyze some recent and ongoing changes that are taking place in the Uruguayan higher education system. Based on a system historically conditioned by the presence of a single public university, we try to briefly review the changes at this educational level in recent years, hand in hand with different national governments. In a regional scenario of increasing privatization from which Uruguay was apparently on the sidelines at times, we examine the characteristics of some changes that are taking place now and may constitute advances in a certain wave of privatization. We use contributions from the educational field, higher education and public policies and we conclude the text problematizing how novel these changes are and their possible impact given certain national characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The critique of academic colonialism in urban studies tends to suggest a pattern in which theories, ideologies, and urban policies invariably move from the central countries to the periphery, a reality to which they are not adapted. Within the framework of this critique and the search for non-parochialist urban studies, this paper presents a case in which these flows follow a reverse path, from the periphery to the center, so we tried to addressing a European case based on concepts, practices, and theories currently under development in Latin America. The production of housing in Marinaleda (Andalusia, Spain) shows connections with the cooperative experiences of Uruguay, with which it shares parameters of self-management and mutual aid. In Latin America, this type of experiences were analyzed from the perspective of Social Production of Habitat (PSH), from which the case is approached. The study is based on participant observations in Marinaleda, complemented by interviews with key informants and documentary analysis. The analysis shows that the European case is part of the most militant versions of the Latin American SHP, to the extent that - based on concrete connections - it recovers the forms of self-production typical of low-income sectors, disputes state resources, and bases its concrete practice on mutual aid, self-management, and rejection of private ownership. The article contributes to deepen the reflection on the complexity of the processes of diffusion of theories, ideologies, and transformative urban practices, presenting a little-known case in the international panorama. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the influence of backgrounds (i.e., parents' education, observable and non-observable circumstances) on formal educational outcomes for cohorts born between 1955 and 1989 in a developing country: Uruguay. The information is taken from the Longitudinal Survey of Social Protection which contains information on parents, children, and siblings (regardless of cohabitation). Three complementary approaches are analyzed. The percentage of the variance of the years of education explained by each model is used as a summary measure. The father's education explains 28.6% of the total variance and the mother's 29.2%. Based on an equality opportunities approach using a broad set of observable circumstances, this value was estimated at 39.6%. In turn, family and neighborhood contexts shared by siblings were estimated at 63% of the variance of the years of education. The study of the importance of backgrounds has been growing consistently for the last cohorts. No relevant differences were found between men and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, three case studies are analyzed in Uruguay at the basin level, to identify the factors that favor the flood phenomenon. Transformations in land use and eventually climate change are considered. Over a 30-year period, land use modifications were evaluated using a Geographic Information System, and the variability of rainfall and river levels was analyzed. The three basins show completely different behavior from their land use change, and show increasing trends in rainfall over the period analyzed. It is evident that land use change is one of the most influential factors in the increase of flooding in urban areas. These transformations are mostly related to the exploitation of soil for the generation of commodities for export and generate modifications in the agrarian territories in Uruguay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From a critical perspective, this article raises a set of problems identified in the field of socio-cultural policies in Uruguay, particularly within the cycle of progressive governments (2005-2020). In this sense, it contributes to critically rethinking the sustainability of these strategies, taking into account the risks of ascribing to a rhetoric of the socioeconomic impacts of culture; the precarious working conditions of those who work daily in these policies; the subordination of cultural policies to the agendas of social development and education organizations and institutions; and some of the challenges that commonly emerge in processes based on the participation of lowincome and precarious sectors. This paper is based on extensive fieldwork carried out in Montevideo and Paysandú between 2016 and 2020, which included observations in work spaces and interviews with cultural workers enrolled in socially oriented cultural policies and programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ten years after the creation of the National System of Response to Climate Change (snrcc for its acronym in Spanish) in Uruguay, this paper examines the perceptions among local actors about the impacts of climate change on the Northeast region of the country (Departments of Rivera, Tacuarembó and Cerro Largo). It also analyzes their visions about policies and mechanisms of climate governance defined at the national level, focusing some aspects such as articulation and participation. This way the paper aims to generate relevant inputs for the discussion about the design of policies for mitigation and adaptation to this phenomenon in the specific territory considered here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we analyse the Soca Chapel in Canelones (Uruguay), which was built in 1960. This was the first religious building designed by Antonio Bonet Castellana (1913-89) and the only one he completed. Using data stored in the architect's archive, we have re-drawn the entire work, reconstructing the chapel's ritual path and including as active elements both the adjoining pavilion and the outer walls to create new graphical documentation that provides previously unpublished information. We also discuss another chapel that appears in the Soca files held in the architect's archive. The analysis presented in this paper will provide additional data for anyone interested in better understanding this architectural work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is intended as a contribution to risk and security analysis in organizations dedicated to the execution of measures for the population in conflict with the criminal law. In other words, this paper attempts to advance within a theoretical framework that allows for an analysis of the particularities of risk management in environments of deprivation of liberty, such as prisons. For this purpose, information is taken from the case of the National Institute for Adolescent Social Inclusion (INISA), in Uruguay. This is the only institution in the country dedicated to the management of measures on adolescents who were convicted of a crime. The central objective will be to analyze what different meanings of security coexist in everyday work and how these different perspectives converge in real work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the advances of open access to scientific literature in Uruguay during the last ten years. It is based on an exploratory quantitative study of published articles and a review of local initiatives. Institutional policies, which are not yet consolidated and have not reached a national level, are identified. The availability and evolution of open access to Uruguayan researchers' publications in the WOS is studied, finding 37,3% of papers immediately available and consistent growth, based on the golden route. Editorial policies in Sherpa Romeo are analyzed for journals, finding 50.7% of not open access articles that could be archived in institutional repositories. Both categories added show that 88% of considered production is or could be available in open access. The conclusions highlight a need to develop additional research around open access in Uruguay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Uruguay, Lacanian ideas arrived in the 1960s, in a context of Kleinian hegemony. In this paper, discursive processes and phenomena based on which Lacanism relates and articulates with Kleinism of the time are described. To carry out this research, a corpus of discursive data was constructed based on clinical cases and theoretical-doctrinal papers published in the "Revista Uruguaya de Psicoanálisis" between 1955 and 1982. The discursive materials that constitute the corpus display several modes of cross-linking, hybridization and differentiation between theories. Based on these phenomena, some aspects of the Lacan reception process in Uruguay are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents some first results of a project related to an 'Integral Training Area' (EFI for its acronym in Spanish) at the University of the Republic (UDELAR) regarding progress and challenges related to the 2030 Agenda and Sustainable Development Development Goals (SDGs) localization process in Uruguay. Based on a territorial approach, the paper focuses on the situation of the Department of Tacuarembó and its regional context in the Northeast Region of the country, historically characterized by a relative lag in its development. Considering the evolution of the theoretical conceptualization of development and adopting a qualitative methodological strategy, the work addresses current actions, possibilities and challenges related to the provision of public goods in essential dimensions of human sustainable development. Taking account of the perceptions of territorial actors grouped in the Local Development Board (MDL for its acronym in Spanish), this research assesses the localization process of SDGs 8 and 13 in Tacuarembó, as well as the future challenges concerning strengthening planning and establishing governance mechanisms in order to achieve these goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an approach to the study of the strategies used by some Catholic student groups in Uruguay in order to in order to influence within the university. From a historical and qualitative methodology, it identifies the continuities and ruptures of the forms used by these groups to reach a greater influence at Universidad de la República, the only university institution at the time, are identified. It seeks to contribute to the study of the recent past from an innovative approach that places attention on speeches and practices deployed by youth sectors of Catholicism from the specialized Catholic Action neglected by national researchers. In this way, it seeks to enrich the understanding of local processes by inserting them into broader contexts at the Latin American regional level and at a global level marked by the Cold War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to analyze the link between the consumption patterns oriented by social, ethical and environmental dimensions, with responsible consumption trends. Within the framework of a research project about the responsible consumption patterns in the Uruguayan's millennial generation of the university population, the results of an opinion poll show an important predisposition towards consumption forms that incorporate social and environmental aspects. The statistical sample corresponds to a non-probability sample of 328 cases. Specifically, 14 variables will be analyzed according to university degree and sex. In conclusion, we observe a more responsible opinion among women, although it does not always acquire statistical relevance, and when this occurs, it is with low values. Unfortunately, the sample size does not allow us to draw conclusions about how the type of university degree studied affects behavior. Even so, it would seem that the students of some careers such as engineering or law show a behavior less affected by the socioenvironmental and ethical dimensions, in both the students of careers such as Architecture and the whole of the Social Sciences (we do not include the econommics sciences here) behave more responsibly. Although in the analysis compared to other research it is not clear whether or not there is an association between responsible consumption and new generations, our study shows that certain patterns of responsible consumption are affecting the majority of millennial university students, an aspect that would be confirming a correlation between educational levels and responsible consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we work about the sense that the concept of inclusion acquired as a guiding principle of educational policies in the context of progressive governments 2003-2010 in Argentina, Uruguay and Brasil. We describe and analyze some educational policy programs aimed at educational inclusion in those countries based on theoretical contributions and political perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2005, shortly after ratifying the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), Uruguay began an ambitious tobacco control campaign that brought the country to the global forefront in the fight against smoking. The wide range of measures implemented in a relatively short period and the rigorousness with which policies were implemented and enforced have few precedents, even in the most developed countries. This paper presents a synthesis and update of several papers by the authors that evaluate different aspects of the campaign ten years following ratification of the FCTC. In particular, these research studies highlight the campaign's aggregate impact on the drop in prevalence of current tobacco consumption in adult and youth populations, and on decisions by pregnant women to quit smoking (1, 2), as well as the relative impact of tax policies in relation to non-price tobacco control measures. The analyses are based on observational studies (at the population or individual level) that use external (Argentina and Chile) and internal (nonsmokers) control groups. Pending challenges in the design of antismoking policies are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes and compares the integration by foreign direct investment (FDI) of MERCOSUR and NAFTA and the role of Uruguay and Mexico between 1990-2016 based on a new methodological proposal within the framework of structural analysis techniques. The results suggest that the Mercosur had low levels of integration although they increased throughout the period, while in NAFTA integration was high, especially in some subperiods. In this context, the coalition with the smaller partners had enormous differences, being much more intense in the case of Mexico than in the case of Uruguay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of child development has become extremely important in recent years because of the influence it has throughout people's life cycle. This paper aims to provide evidence on the situation of early childhood in Uruguay by analyzing its characteristics and determinants. In order to carry out this study, a characterization of early childhood is conducted and different econometric models are applied to evaluate the determinants of child development. For this purpose, the ASQ-3 and CBCL tests collected by the National Child Development and Health Survey are used. In general terms, the characteristics of children and socioeconomic characteristics of households, variables referring to mothers during pregnancy and to newborns, and child-rearing practices have a positive effect on development. Early childhood policies are fundamental to contributing to adequate child development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The valuation of IT companies in early stages is interesting given that at this stage they do not have sufficient financial information, in addition to containing a high participation of intangibles. This makes it difficult to obtain investment since valuation methods based on financial information are difficult to apply. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to identify which are the main variables that influence the contributions of capital to be received by entrepreneurs in startups in the technology sector in Uruguay. The methodology used is based on a non-experimental research of a qualitative and exploratory nature. The main variables taken into account by investors are identified through in-depth interviews, conducted with some market referents in order to explore the answers obtained in eight startup companies in Uruguay. As a result, relevant variables for investors when investing in IT companies are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to evaluate the impact of the innovation promotion programs carried by the National Research and Innovation Agency (ANII). A combination of non-experimental methods was used to quantify the effects of public support to innovation in three dimensions o f the firms' behavior: innovation investment, innovation results and economic peiformance. The results show evidence o f crowding-in of public support to innovation. Also, beneficiaries of the programs show larger probability o f successfully introducing new products and processes. We do not find impact in the economic peiformance indicators o f the firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the framework of the great transformations that have taken place in the agricultural sector in recent decades, this paper analyses the impacts that the expansion of the agribusiness model has had on family agriculture in Argentina and Uruguay. The aim is to describe the particularities and generalities that this phenomenon has had in the region analysed, based on a comparative study emphasizing public policies towards the sector, taking the cases of Argentina and Uruguay as units of analysis. In the study used Statistical sources of official national agencies, intermediate entities and sectoral studies. As variables of analysis were taken: the economic concentration, the composition of the agrarian structure, public intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this paper is to produce a comparative policy analysis of nine pension systems (Chile, Peru, Colombia, Uruguay, Bolivia, Mexico, El Salvador, Costa Rica, and the Dominican Republic) by reviewing four variables of interest and by analyzing in-depth interviews of officials in charge of supervising pension systems. In this evaluation of pension education programs in Latin America, the experiences of Chile and Uruguay stand out. The study also examines social security education, which helps inform people about their rights and obligations under social security systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I explore derives circumstances of the extermination of native people of Uruguay and their integration to postcolonial class society. It was thought that this affair was a problem solved, but the recent history questions Uruguayan State identity and the myth of social and cultural homogeneous society products of European immigration. Social and political crisis (1973-1984) put in discussion symbolism and social stereotypes of the called modern Uruguay. Te re activation of a news Indians identities is a memory processes under construction which combine scientific research with the fight for Human Rights, and deep questions about official historical narratives. In recent years Anthropological studies and heritage process collaborated with making more visible natives American heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higher education institutions, particularly in Latin America, are facing the challenge of universal tertiary education. This paper starts from the problem of exclusive inclusion, which lies in increased enrollment of students and their inappropriate training causing them to fall behind and leave educational institutions. Probable causes of this problem are examined, focusing on points of view held by institutions, responsibilities of these for it, and on finding effective solutions considering teaching to be the key to change structural tendency to exclude many of students who wish to be enrolled. Experiences gained by means of the Learning Support Program PROGRESA offered by the University of the Republic (UdelaR), Uruguay as an institutional endeavor to assist students throughout their academic years are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the pedagogical potential of university extension, when it is integrated to the teaching and research processes. For this, the main results of a case study carried out in the period August 2011- February 2013 are presented within the framework of the Administración Nacional de Educación Pública (anep) and the Universidad de la República (Udelar) (Uruguay). After presenting the Uruguayan policy of university extension, the article summarizes some conceptualizations of university pedagogical models, proposing its complementation from the experiences studied. Finally, the main findings of the research in three levels of analysis are presented: the teacher's role changes; the university extension potential for curriculum transformation, and some difficulties faced in relation to the institutional framework of experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomena of yeísmo, rehilamiento and devoicing are certainly constitutive of Uruguayan Spanish. In the past, many studies have analyzed these phenomena focusing on both the synchronic and the diachronic perspectives of language analysis. However -and as indicated by the specialized literature - there still have not been systematic attempts to evaluate - globally and critically - previous studies and their findings. This paper provides a critical review of studies addressing yeísmo, rehilamiento and devoicing in Uruguayan Spanish. Our focus is on the historical description of these processes, their current status in the phonological system of Uruguayan Spanish and the social attitudes attached to them. This allows us to contribute to the history of the Spanish language in Uruguay, but also to provide a local view of a phonological and phonetic process that is by definition complex and that has for a long time accompanied the phonological evolution of Spanish. On the other hand, providing a critical review of the literature also allows us to identify and evaluate previous contributions, theoretical and methodological limitations and future research areas. In turn, this will help us achieve a better understanding of these phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a model of fundamentals for the price of housing. The model is calibrated with data for Uruguay. The main findings are: Real housing prices fluctuate more than justified by fundamentals; the misalignment was statistically significant just before the 2002 crisis; a fall in fundamental prices anticipates the crisis; and, in the recent period fundamental prices follow a stable trend of positive growth while real housing prices fluctuates around it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uruguay has a party political system. The central actors play an important - though not exclusive - role in shaping the political agenda and in defining strategies for public policies. Within these parties there are a number of highly institutionalized factions. This paper presents an analysis of the positioning of parties and factions on Uruguayan foreign policy, showing inter and intra-party convergences and divergences on the subject. The information presented was obtained through a survey of Uruguayan legislators. The findings show similarities and differences of opinion with and between the parties, and lead us to believe that Uruguayan foreign policy is a party political matter, where ideology is a relevant factor in terms of explaining it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent public policies in favor of family farming in Uruguay face a lot of tension with the dominant neoliberal logic of Uruguayan agriculture. This paper analyzes the public policy innovations in the management of natural resources, land use and rural development decentralization. It also examines their effects, especially on the area of family livestock farming. Uruguay is in the process of integrating international standards in environmental policies (conservation of water and soil) and regional sustainable development. But the implementation of new regulatory instruments (territorial, environmental, land use, etc.) has problems as they come in tension or conflict with the interests of the corporate sector or with the identity of family farmer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the reemergence of Charrua ethnicity in Uruguay, a country that has imagined itself, since de second half of the eighteenth century, as one without indigenous inhabitants. In a relatively recent framework of decolonization that has made possible the advancement of indigenous political and social agendas, the activists of the reemergent groups constitute a serious challenge to the predominant Uruguayan national narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]