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The abolition of slavery in the Americas in the 19th century was understood as a "moral" and "civilizing" transformation of the nascent republics. Critical historiography shows that it was an economic mechanism that contributed to the accumulation of capital, which clandestinely maintained modalities of transatlantic traffic until the 20th century. Elements of work without freedom can be found today in the labor routes of migrants in Chile. Using qualitative methodologies, we show how the work of migrants is tied to obtaining and keeping "identity papers" and to the racialization of their labor relations. We conclude that unfree labor for migrants is defined by dependence, violence and racism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anclajes, from its beginnings and until today, has fostered the dissemination of articles and book reviews linked to descriptive linguistics, sociolinguistics and the historiography of the languages of Latin America. This paper reviews how the publication has witnessed, during the last twenty-five years, the advances and changes in research on Amerindian languages, cultures and literatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]