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Towards the end of the colonial period the east coasts of the General Captaincy of Venezuela were the setting of an intense movement of ideas, papers and people, as well as of conspiracies and confrontments (both armed and unarmed). In that context emerged the figure of Francisco Isnardi, who would soon be imprisoned for alleged intentions to conspire. The study of this case of treason, especially of the suspect's library, which was confiscated, allows us to present a set of problems regarding the diffusion of enlightened values in Tierra Firme during that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is inscribed in the frameworks of the history of ideas in our America, as a concern to understand what was expressed about culture by this generation of Latin American Boom writers; whose phenomenon, with multiple objects of study, manages to interact the spheres of cultural life in the region from the sixties of the last century: the literary, the political, the editorial, the aesthetic; all dimensions necessary to generate more satisfactory and nuanced definitions than those presented by the critical-analytical apparatuses that reduce it to a movement, generation, group or literary style. This paper joins the effort to investigate and create more complete definitions for this phenomenon through the following methodologies: literary historiography, Mikhail Bakhtin's theory of literary chronotopes and the thematic study of the literary corpus produced by the Latin American boom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to examine in Cicero's oratory speeches the criticisms of his opponents regarding either their lack of erudition or their poor intellectual abilities. From our viewpoint, this original locus of invective is closely linked to the consolidation of a new intellectual nobilitas at the end of the Roman Republic and is especially relevant in the context of Cicero's return from exile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper puts forward a threefold proposal relating to the ethics exposed by Henry Thoreau in Walden: (1) the definition of his concept of luxury, in light of how the subject has been approached from various historical and philosophically relevant positions; (2) the recognition of poverty as a fundamental concept for Thoreau's ethical proposal in Walden and the aims of thoreauvian economy, and (3) a reading of Walden as a structured text that goes from the individual requirements of human life to social and cultural necessities. These three points will be connected through the critical practice of voluntary poverty that Thoreau argues for, in the sense of a pragmatic doubt about the habits and search for the necessary elements of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the two most revisited experiences of transition to socialism in the Latin American twentieth century: the Cuban Revolution and the Chilean Popular Unity government. To contrast Cuban and Chilean leftist conceptions of that period, we analyzed how the cultural magazines Casa de las Américas and La Quinta Rueda represented the agenda of the left. Based on these sources, we will discuss each government's cultural policies, the intellectual debates, the exchanges, and conflicts between the two revolutionary processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tourist has experienced a change of mentality over time. The tourist has undergone a shift in attitude over time and shows, more and more, a greater interest in understanding and learning about other ways of life and cultural practices. In this sense, traditionally, most of society's patrimonial collections until recent times were in museums. Nowadays, the new museology extends its contents beyond the traditional museum's four walls as it has reinvented itself and opened itself to new initiatives. One of these are the ecomuseums. This paper shows the analysis of the tourist value of the Province of Manabí (Canton of Puerto López), as a strategic point for creating an ecomuseum. The aim is to conserve and responsibly use heritage resources with environmental, historical, archaeological, ethnographic, and landscape value. The objective is that the benefit that the ecomuseum can bring to the comunity. For this, we have used a methodology with a quantitative and qualitative approach to achieve our objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abraham Flexner, intellectual promoter of the Institute of Advanced Studies of Princeton and who was its director between 1930 and 1939, published this writing days after the start of World War II, when irrational hatred threatened civilization, as democracy threatens today under the ultra rational impulse of immediate utility. In this paper Flexner points out that the intellectual and spiritual life - appropriate of the centers where knowledge is sought and cultivated - is a useless form of activity that provides greater satisfactions than they would otherwise obtain. And it shows that the search for stories satisfactions is an unexpected source of utility. The author argues that in the history of science the great discoverers have not been motivated by the desire to be useful but to satisfy their curiosity. Today, when the search for practical and immediate utility enjoys the widest acceptance, it is still relevant to ask if you can have a full life if you continue to suppress the elements that give it spiritual meaning, and if our conception of what is useful does not It is even narrower than in the Flexner era. Although these questions do not appear on the agenda of those who trace and follow, consciously or unconsciously, current educational and scientific policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper studies narratives strategies used by a fair part of Latin-American intellectuals in order to defy the rapid changes taking place in urban society in the late nineteenth century. Furthermore, the paper explores the rhetoric models men of letters used to qualify the limits of the notion of democracy, with the hope that these discursive interventions would limit the access to places of influence where new social actors struggled to enter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the development of an idea: American continental unity as an object of study in Latin American intellectual history of the twentieth century. To achieve this, the article is organized in three stages: the idealist, which starts with José Enrique Rodó; the confrontation between Pan-Americanism and Americanism, which rises from the opposition against imperialism and the revindication of mixed heritages (mestizaje); and the confrontation between policies to implement development and revindicate continental unity driven by the Cuban Revolution. The paper emphasizes that gray area that emerges today, marked by an open questioning of national unity as a paradigm; in other words, the paper sets forth a question regarding the political and intellectual relevance of a topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper offers an approach to the different ways in which the figure of writer and politician Rómulo Gallegos has been used in Venezuela. It looks at political rivalries regarding national legacies within the context of the Bolivarian Revolution, and the positions taken by the political and academic fields. The purpose of which, as the paper will show, is the appropriation of some of his legacies, especially in relation to nationalistic and identity-related narratives in the beginning of the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows the results of a qualitative research on the contribution of postgraduate training in the Mapuche intelligentsia in Chile. It is argued that the Ford Foundation’s scholarship program strengthened and promoted a process of generation of intellectuals that has developed gradually but steadily throughout the twentieth century. We refer to a heterogeneous sector of intellectuals insofar as it involves different types and facilities ranging from leadership organizations to production of knowledge through research and writing. It characterized by function in the context of the larger society, for the development of critical discourses about the relationship between the Mapuche and Chilean society, and a strong sense of belonging to the Mapuche society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The name of Fray Luis de León is not cited in the extant papers of Teresa de Jesús and Luis de León himself declares 'not having known her on Earth'. But this unequivocal statement raises questions for the reader acquainted with the permeability of his works over the distinction between the literal and the secret that he found to be the inner constitution of sacred texts. This article proposes, therefore, a rereading of Luis de León's words within the framework of his philosophy, Augustinian in origin, where they acquire the condition of signs for privileged access to one of the narratives in La perfecta casada and a reassessment of his relationship with Teresa, a relationship that can be understood, in the most proper sense, as intimate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, many papers have been presented in the area of cognitive science and psychology in order to analyze modes of reasoning and intellectual abilities in individuals diagnosed as autistic. Such is the case of a research by McKenzie, Evans and Handly. In this paper, I review that research and argue that contains methodological problems. So, I try to show what these problems and hold that future experiments in the same way and with the same objective should be another structure. I focus equally on the concept of neurodiversity to support my approach and hold the outcomes presented by Mckenzie, Evans and Handly can be interpreted in different ways and according to various theoretical approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This unpublished work is the written version of a paper presented to philosophy teachers which develops some of the ideas of his work El interés por la verdad. According to Millán-Puelles' view, our interest in truth is twofold: cognitive and communicative. This paper deals with the first of these two interests, our ¡nterest in truth, and in particular some of its moral aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper approaches the concept of "praxis" as stated by Ignacio Ellacuría, examining it in relation with the main concepts that Ellacuría presents in his work. This concept of "Praxis", fundamental at the moment of approaching the topic of historical reality, last and absolute object of the philosophy, needs to be supported by a series of elements that are rescued in this paper. For doing that we will consider some components of this "praxis", its conditions and its place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to locate the origin of the history of ideas from XIX century in Colombia, in the interpretative intention of the authors of the second half of the century, who have the intention to give meaning to historical facts using a conceptual structure taken from different ideologies or philosophic currents in vogue at that moment in Europe, without stopping in the purely descriptive or historical interest. In the twentieth century we will be studying relevant authors or publishing their original studies to complete a certain canon of representatives from the intellectuality of the epoch. The question is for the criterion which defines the selection and the mode to link the ideas in general and the philosophical in particular to the development of the cultural and social processes. The paper shows some alternative hypotheses that take the contributions from text science and other contemporary disciplines that consider the study of the ideas of the XIX century without falling into the totalizations that have been censured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This seccion introduces all the abstracts of the papers presented at the 1st. Research Conference organized by the Instituto de Investigaciones Bibliotecológicas in November 2015, in order to show the progress of the ongoing investigations. It refers to the UBACYT project, Projects of Institutional Recognition, and lastly, projects in state of preparation and study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alfredo Chavero has been, hitherto, unknown in Mexican Historiography, in spite of the fact that he was an important entrepreneur in the editorial world at the beginning of the XXth century. Raised in a milieu of intellectuals, writers, historians and politicians, he bears always a surprise for those who learn about his life. This paper reveals the journey of a man that made profit of all the resources he could use in order to enter political life and become a businessman. Being a part of a family that belonged in the Porfirian elite, had the capacity to build social, politica, economical networks that he used in order to create his business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the literary letters written by a man who was a part of intellectual networks that created the Latin American intellectual scene in the first 25 years of the twentieth century. It is true that Federico García Godoy may well be considered a minor character, nevertheless, in his time, he was one of the best known and credited writers from República Dominicana. A major part of his literary prestige was built due to his prolific epistolary exchanges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the role of women in Ancient Greek intellectual landscape means facing the absence of textual evidence of their work, which forces to employ the testimonies of their lives embedded, almost always, in others thinkers' doxography. This is the case of Aspasia of Miletus, who was part of Pericles' circle. In this paper I will present a doxographical reconstruction of Aspasia's activity in the fifth century, bearing in mind the historical situation when she lived and the challenges she faced for being a woman. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines Ernesto Guevara's educational thought in the historical and intellectual context of mid-20th century in Latin America. Special attention will be paid to Guevara's concern with education and its role in emancipation and revolutionary processes. This analysis permits to ponder the relevance of central ideas which are barely considered today and, most importantly, to revise a key issue to consider the relationships between education and social transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines major issues that have been a perennial concern for researchers into student self-assessment within the Anglophone world. These include, whether students should grade their own work and if they do grade, if accuracy of grading is important, and if self-assessment empowers. By presenting these issues within their historical background, the discussion provides the contexts and beliefs which motivated the developments, Data demonstrating the little take-up of self-assessment is counter to the research into theory and practice which highlights its centrality to supporting learning for students and enabling coherent aligned curricula for tutors. By examining definitions it is possible to unpick beliefs about the process and qualities of student self-assessment and ask the question -- are our processes fit for the 21st century? Finally, by presenting understandings of topologies and categories of student self-assessment processes both in the K-12 sector and in higher education, it is possible to proffer the choices made available by research to enable integration of student self-assessment into our own classrooms [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper ventures to understand some complex cultural relationsships that were arose by the editors of Mito (Bogotá 1955-1962); attempting to throw light on various affiliations and breaking points. The discussion examines the fact that standing in favor or against Ortega y Gasset and Alfonso Reyes, who are two of the most well known twentieth century intellectuals, was significant in that it showed a stance in favor of a particular notion of literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Journal of the Paraguayan Institute, a cultural initiative that arose in the national intellectual atmosphere on the last decade of the 19th Century and the first of the 20th Century, was published between 1896 y 1909. In this journal spread some papers that constitute the early manifestations of a psychological thought in Paraguay. Although of theoretical features, the articles reflected the assimilation of ideas that were being discussed in the international psychology at that time. This article explores the contents of these essays and puts them in the historical context in which they emerged. The methodology is the documentary analysis of published sources, in particular the relevant articles for psychology contained in this journal. In the conclusion are analyzed the implications of these publications for the development of psychology in the preuniversity period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the processes of historical social construction of "indigenous intellectuals", one of the most important and complex stages for ethnic movements in Latin America: redemocratization, the opening of markets and high participation of the grassroots mobilization processes. Thus, this proposition develops a two-point analysis: firstly, the definition and selfdefinition which is made by an indigenous intellectual and, on the other hand, the problems facing this etnointellectual in a scientific and Western semantic framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to reconstruct the early action of the Argentine Council for Peace, local headquarters of the World Peace Council, the most important front organization supported by communism during the Cold War period. Through the itineraries of writers María Rosa Oliver and Alfredo Varela and the essayist Ernesto Giudici, key figures in the Movement for Peace in Argentina, the article analyzes the relationship between intellectuals and communist efforts after World War II, in the context of Juan Domingo Peron's government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considered an emblematic story of the initial days of the Cuban Revolution, “El regreso", by Cuban writer Calvert Casey, will be, for the purpose of this paper, the starting point of a reflection regarding the ways in which an intellectual subjectivity could be configured in Cuba in the sixties. This story is a part of a series of texts produced in those years which insist in looking like theories for revealing that which could not be exhibited until then, stimulated, later on, by the occurrence of the Revolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper partly explores the debates on men's natural rights which took place in the public sphere in mid-nineteenth century Latin America. In Colombia, as in many other countries in the region, such debates were related to civil wars between liberals and conservatives which started around the year 1848. Romantic poet Julio Arboleda Pombo (1817-1862), military chief and catholic thinker, was a central figure of such doctrinal debates and of such civil wars. In his poetic and journalistic works it is possible to trace the emergence of a post-republican conservatism that would gravitate over the public sphere and academia in Nueva Granada, during the second half of the nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the work of the recently deceased philosopher, Arturo Roig, from the perspective of Latin American humanism, a trend of critical thought strongly present in Latin America. The core of Roig's theoretical proposal is expressed as the problem of the subject or, as he preferred to call it, of subjectivity. After a brief section that separates the philosopher's works into periods, the article reviews Roig's contributions on this theme in the different fields he explored: his methodological proposals for reading Latin American texts, his concept of the history of ideas as a reconstruction for the American subject's itinerary, the anthropological a priori as a theoretical and heuristic tool of philosophy in Latin America and, finally, his developments in the ethical field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explains the political thought of Alfonso Fernández de Madrigal, known as "El Tostado", in his De optima politia. This little work offers some reflections on the political community, on the city considered as centre of civic and political activity, and on the best possible forms of government, as well as criticism of some platonic elements such as the communism of wives, and the position and value of the family. He introduces Aristotle as his source and principal philosophical inspiration in pre-humanist Spain, and in the academic environment of the first half of the 15th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines the positions of Xavier Abril, Emilio Adolfo Westphalen, and José María Arguedas in the context of the discussions of the avant-garde, indigenismo and socialism that sought the renewal of the Peruvian imaginary between 1925 and 1940. The framework of the analysis intends to capture the complexity of the influences of José Carlos Marátegui's discourse in the debate, abandoning the contrast of the "Andean" and "West" categories and proposing a reading that emphasizes three other premises: authenticity, territoriality and modernity. In this sense, this work examines the relationship between Abril and Westphalen (1930-34), showing their image of Lima as a primitive space and a cultural wasteland in contrast to Europe and studying, among other texts, an unpublished manifesto. This paper then addresses the intellectual relationship between Westphalen and Arguedas at the end of the 1930s, showing how their representation of Lima as a hostile place was complemented by the proposal of an indigenous subject capable of the artistic modernity. This mapping of Lima's cultural scene of the time will explain how, according to these intellectuals, being primitive or modern depended on the authenticity of the artistic/intellectual pursuit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a review of the papers presented in the issue that revolve around the writing of 20th century Peruvian author José María Arguedas, and discusses the need to reread the works of Arguedas as the 21st century begins. The author asserts that the 21st century's trends of globalization and transculturation make Arguedas' work, which offers and preserves glimpses into often-marginalized Quechuan and Andean cultures, increasingly relevant to the study of contemporary Latin American literature.

We reflect in this paper on the meaning of the nietzschean interpretation of Greece, that although problematic and philosophical, it places itself within the classical western tradition. By determining the intellectual atmosphere in which the "Birth of tragedy" saw its light, we postulate that the German thinker cannot be classified as an "anticlassicist", but as a "neo-hellenist" in whose work we find a struggle between two currents: classical orthodox philology and romantic philology, developing a new type of philology that reconciles reason with art, through a philosophical conception that searches for a deep insight of self-existence within the hellenic world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The romantic outlook is the conceptual axis this paper is about. Its main aim is to specify the precepts of this notion starting from the foundations proposed by literary socio-criticism (George Lukács 1920, Lucien Goldman (1955, René Girard 1963), sociological studies (Norbert Elias 1982) and communication studies (Jesús Martín-Barbero 1998). In order to reach this objective we have considered the possibility of developing a unique definition without drawing sharp differences among the disciplines and their authors so that we may accurately realize which are the common contributions to the romantic attitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

German literature written abroad is still an unsolved problem in Germanistic studies. This is justified, on the one hand, by the complexity it represents as an object of study and, on the other hand, by Germany's peculiar historical situation due to its role during World War II. Even if by the late 70's this phenomenon was studied in German academic spheres, it is still difficult for Germanistic studies to view the object in its specificity and to get rid of undervaluing judgments, which consider German literature written abroad with the same parameters as those for literature written in German-speaking territories. This paper aims at showing from which perspectives it is possible to research literature in German written abroad, considering the specific case of German immigrants in Argentina, and taking into account some contributions of Epistemology that complement and enrich Germanistic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From three particular works created in Latin America, the article proposes that the contribution of art for the construction of a more democratic culture lies in the work of art that opens the experience of memory as an origin from and by means of which things historical to us and speak to us. For this, the paper addresses works that propose the crisis of the modern museum in relation to history and memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This text presents the perspective of Cultural Fronts for the study of the cultural dynamics of complex societies. More than a new concept, this perspective provides a different manner of interrogating and understanding the complex significative dimension of everyday life. The author develops the idea that by means of the perspective Cultural Fronts, that which we consider and live as normal, self-evident, truthful and obvious in whatever place or time, must be understood as a momentary state of a collective and provisional symbolic order. The study of the symbolic dimension of life from the perspective of cultural fronts allows us to know how our most prized and shared representations and our most loved sentiments have been created, and at the same time, opens us up to the possibility of understanding the development and construction of diverse modes and strategies of symbolic convergence and integration. For this purpose, this paper has two large sections. The first explicates the theoretical bases of the approach and the second develops the four perspectives that converge in the methodological perspective of cultural fronts. Finally, we will see that this approach can contribute, through its own process of inquiry, materials and perspectives for working on horizontal networks and on processes of social empowerment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]