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El artículo discurre sobre el impacto de la Primera Guerra Mundial en la España neutral.

This paper analyzes the first tourists' guidebooks on Spain published between 1840 and 1930. The aim is to highlight the contrast between the socioeconomic vision of the country reflected in the foreign guidebooks aimed at the Anglo-Saxon public, where certain stereotypes maintained a notable weight, and the vision offered by the little-known Spanish guidebooks, aimed at the national tourists, which did give an account of the transformation of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the end of the 20th century, despite the crisis in the fishing sector in Spain, there has been a significant growth in fishing ports. This is partly due to the fact that the requalification of ports has been an objective of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) since the mid-1990s. The aim of the paper is to analyse the impact of this policy, as well as to observe the integration between port and city linked to social demand which makes it possible for fishing uses to coexist with other recreational, sporting or commercial uses. The case study focuses on the ports of Muros and Ribeira (Galicia), based on a combined quantitative and qualitative analysis, using statistical and cartographic sources (SIOSE programme and photointerpretation) and fieldwork. The results show a significant growth and diversification of port uses, at the same time as a reduction in the number and power of the fishing fleet (SGP, 2021). The authors highlight the absence of a master plan to guide investments at regional level, and, in general, of sectoral and urban planning instruments to harmonise these processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last third of the 20th century was witness the agrarian transformation of the Huelva province coast. Its traditional agriculture turned into one of the most avant-garde and technical in Andalusia and Spain. Previously marginal lands, considered unproductive, became central. We dedicate the paper to the description and analysis of the local heterodox agrarian reform that initiated this transformation: the occupation, subdivision, and cultivation of the collective forest and bushland of El Avitorejo and surroundings, later known as Las Malvinas, in the township areas of Moguer and Palos de la Frontera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the second half of the 20th century, many Spanish Mediterranean areas have undergone important land use changes as a result of socioeconomic development (industrialization, urbanization, intensification of agriculture and livestock, dry crops abandonment). This paper describes, maps and quantifies the main transformations that have occurred in the middle Túria basin, an example of a medium Mediterranean mountain situated in the transition between the inner highlands and the coastal plain affected by the expansion of the Valencia metropolitan area. Photo-interpretation techniques and the analysis of series of the NDVI vegetation index obtained from satellite images have been used. The dynamic cartography of land use changes between 1956 to 2010 has let us identify the type and magnitude of the changes in order to be able to establish in the future the environmental implications in the hydrological response of the basin. Changes have been observed in 60 % of the basin, mainly the expansion in forest cover (scrub and forest) on the mountain areas and changes from dry to irrigated crops (citrus), showing a greening landscape which is in agreement with the process observed in other areas of Spain by other authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this paper are to locate documentation to study the morbidity and mortality caused by exanthematous typhus in Jerez de la Frontera (1941-1942); to study the sanitary measures that were carried out in this city against this disease, and to point out other problems of morbidity and mortality in the 1940s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spain is a country dominated mainly by a Mediterranean climate of, where the annual dry summers alternate with occasional long periods of rainfall drought. This irregularity in the rainfall regime has generated serious socio-economic problems throughout history, due to the weight that the agrarian sector has had, and has, in many regions of the country. This paper presents some ways in which the agrarian sector has adapted to this environmental limitation at different scales (government, region and farm), particularly in the second half of the 20th century thanks to technological advances. Examples of government planning of land conversion into irrigated lands based on the construction of reservoirs or canals, adaptations at the regional scale of agricultural lands, or construction of key infrastructure at the farm level to improve productivity are some of the paradigmatic cases treated here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The television was born in Spain in the fifties. The TV went through several stages: limited practices, a pilot phase, the official opening in 1956 and, finally, the consolidation of the medium. So began the social recognition among various sectors of communication and media in the dictatorship. The film industry will participate in this process, as a sector directly affected to the disclosure of new media. The film industry was shown in the press between concern and generated hope and critical debates on the future relations between cinema and television. This paper describes, analyzes and classifies critical stance from cinema over the nascent television. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews the work of Emilio Pérez Piñero, a designer of unfolding structures and geodesic domes, who leaped directly from isolated, impoverished Spain to the international forefront of technological development and tragically a few years after. The paper describes the main aspects of Piñero's work and explains how his foldable, movable structures embody some key issues of the architecture of the nineteen-sixties, anticipating a number of proposals joy Rayner Banham, Ron Herron or Peter Cook. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decade of 1995-2006 is being considered a key period on Spanish economy. In this period, when one person wants to undertake a business in the retailing, the franchise appears as the most adequate commercial format. The goal of the current paper is analyse the possible influence of economics and contractual variables to make a decision to choice a franchise brand in Spain during 1995-2006. The methodology data panel has been used about 496 franchise brands. One person, who wants to open a franchisee store, do not take risk during a period of economic growth and he has not preference to sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the introduction of the new physical therapies in the years prior to the Second Spanish Republic. It concludes that the physical treatments in force in the international literature were introduced early in Spain and were put into practice by the most important psychiatrists, although in few cases. Given the generalized criticism on the efficacy of psychiatry as a specialty, there was a general bias towards a positive evaluation of the efficacy of the physical therapies by the new generation of Spanish psychiatrists that did not occur in other countries of our setting. The psychiatrists who disagreed professionally with the above-psychiatrists opposed this tendency, there not being sufficient empirical support for the opinion of any group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lauburu ("four heads'" in Basque) is a cross with four comma- shaped heads, similar to the swastika. Today it is one of the most important symbols of Basque identity. In this paper, I analyze its origins and history, which is full of contradictions, changes in name and shape, especially until the Spanish Civil War and World War II. The lauburu was created in the 17th century; and in the 19th century it symbolized the unity of four Basque Provinces. The lauburu was later identified with a swastika (symbol of the Basque nation, according Sabino Arana, the founder of the Basque Nationalist Party) almost identical to the Nazi symbol. The Basque nationalist movement used the lauburu until Hitler took power in Germany and permanently adopted the lauburu as it is used today. During the past few hundred years this symbol has been the object of endless interpretations by different political parties and social movements associated with Basque nationalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]