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These past decades have seen an emergence of studies on speech acts. Condolences, however, are among the least addressed out of them. Bibliography on this subject is scarce if compared to that of petitions, promises, offers, and so on, more so in Spanish, where papers on this subject are few and far between. This gap is especially notable in diachronic studies. This paper aims to offer a first approach to strategies for delivering condolences in 18th and 19th century letters written in the Canary Islands, Spain. Its goal is to describe which are the most common semantic formulas used to give condolences, and how much they resemble those described by different authors regarding this speech act in modern languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Languages have undergone a wide variety of evaluations, which have triggered many value-judgements about their worth, i.e. about the better or worse nature of some languages as opposed to others. Currently, this situation still persists, in such a way that the thesis of linguistic egalitarianism is being challenged by several proposals. This paper critically discusses the task of evaluating languages, and it argues that any scientific attempt to rate languages from a linguistic approach should fulfill the basic condition of bringing objective criteria to the fore. However, the paper contends that this condition is not met, and it analyzes four different problems language evaluation is endowed with. The problems convert the proposals of rating languages according to their different worth into arbitrary and decontextualized. We conclude that to construct language rankings (through very different parameters) based on the different worth of languages adds nothing to the scientific knowledge of languages, and, in most cases, it expresses or promotes linguistic prejudice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I discuss the possibility of considering periphrastic passive constructions as syntactic Latinisms. To do so, I start from the definition of Latinism and present a gradual conception of it that enables the differentiation of strong and weak syntactic Latinisms. In this sense, I question the characterisation of the periphrastic passive as an inherited form, a problem that requires reflection on the types of linguistic change and the processes of linguistic elaboration that contribute to multiplying the possibilities of variation in languages subjected to scripturalisation processes since the Middle Ages. In the case of the periphrastic passive, this paper presents a brief state of the art and insists on the point of view of translation, which frequently proves how forms with active diathesis have a special prominence as opposed to those with passive diathesis. I also present a general overview of the diachronic research focused on the phenomenon. The examples selected for this paper include fragments of medieval and Renaissance works in which it is possible to discern various Latinising, Anti-Latinising and Hyper-Latinising tendencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the concepts of modality and subjectivity, according to different bibliographic studies. The main purpose of the review is to note the defining flaws of both domains, which cause confusion when it comes to being explained in the uses of different linguistic units (from verbs to adverbs and discursive particles). The approximation carried out shows that the description of both concepts is intertwined from the beginning of the theorizing about it, but, above all, that its descriptive features are eminently semantic, although the grammatical (and functional) categories that mainly manifest these phenomena operate at the pragmatic level. Thus, here we propose new definitions of modality and subjectivity that they are not mutually exclusive nor overshadow either of the two domains. For this purpose, it is proposed a conception of the studied terms based in some definition of last year's cognitive-functional theories (Nuyts and Van der Auwera 2016, Abraham 2020). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to inquire a corpus of columns of the language (CDL) of the Argentine magazine El Hogar: the section entitled "La paja en el ojo ajeno..." signed by Pescatore di Perle (Francisco Ortiga Anckermann). This CDL was published weekly for almost fifty years (between 1914 and 1963). I will analyze the columns of 1927, the year in which new debates on the national language appeared, especially in the newspaper Crítica. In the context of the institutionalization of philological disciplines in Argentina, the professionalization of the disciplone and the appearance of porteño dialects and colloquial expressions in the media, Pescatore di Perle's columns were a proposal on the use of language for the society that the magazine represented. The hypothesis that we want to demonstrate is that in them, through a strategy of prize and reward, the readership is encouraged to appropriate common sense about the "appropriate" uses of the language. The selection and awarding of the hunt for typos and the comments on the matter functioned as actions typical of «language surveillance», according to the perspective of Laienlinguistik, through which a specific linguistic citizenship was proposed. On the other hand, these CDL promoted linguistic correctness while using, without questioning, certain colloquial expressions as well as lexicon of cocoliche and lunfardo. This functioned, apparently, as objects of ridicule but in the same act, they were given body and representation for their use and domination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the controversy over the creation of the Canarian Academy of Language. I adopt a glottopolitical perspective that considers institutional linguistic descriptions as interventions in the public space of language in order to maintain power and organize specific social orders. I examine the antecedents of the study of Atlantic Spanish and Spanish in the Canary Islands from the fifties to the nineties at the Universidad de La Laguna, and I observe a break in the language discourses that construct Canarian Spanish as a symbol of identity, a result of the dynamics of quasi–nationalism in the state of the autonomies. The need for the Canarian Academy of Language functioned as part of the rhetoric of the abandonment of the state and was established in terms of repairing a sociolinguistic trauma that would be solved with the action of philologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1894, the chilean José Toribio Medina publishes, in Sevilla, a copy of the work of the priest Luis de Valdivia SJ on allentiac language (1607), which, until then, was thought to be missing. This work set the ground for a series of publications on the subject of allentiac, by the main argentinian referents in modern americanism. Samuel Lafone Quevedo writes, from september to october in the newspaper La Nación, the "Arte y vocabulario de la lengua Allentiac (Guarpe)". Bartolomé Mitre publishes, also in 1894, in the journal Revista del museo de La Plata a review of Valdivia's work, "American languages. A bibliographical and linguistic study of the works of P. Luis de Valdivia on araucanian and allentiak, with a reasoned vocabulary of allentiak". In this article, we intend to reveal a manner of working that is consolidated in the decade of 1890 among some of the (sud)american linguistics main actors. We will analyze the background of these publications with personal (and unpublished) exchanges held by these two particular thinkers, in which they construct and reconstruct data and representations on indigenous languages. The study of some of each's papers, plus other material published in different media, will allow us to uncover the flow of information and the collective construction of linguistic knowledge in Argentina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lexicographical corpus of the Mapuzugun produced in the period 1880-1930 has not yet been subject to studies that place it in relation to its specific historical and linguistic context. This paper presents a first analysis of the bilingual lexicographical repertoires produced in the aforementioned period, which marks the end of the Mapuche resistance and the beginning of the state occupation of the territories in the south of the current republics of Argentina and Chile. In relation to this historical context we analyze how these linguistic instruments (Auroux 1992) configure discourses on language that mobilize certain linguistic ideologies about the Mapuzugun. From a glottopolitical perspective (Del Valle 2017) that considers the principles of critical studies of lexicographic discourse (Chen 2019), it is characterized the interaction between diverse discourses on language in the period as well as the incidence of political and military processes in the language space. Based on some characteristics of the works reviewed, general categories are proposed that allow locating and describing the corpus according to the discourses on the Mapuche language that are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the main results of the allophonic variation of the consonantal group /tr/ in a variety of Chilean Spanish -that of speakers that have not completed secondary education- obtained from eight cities (Iquique, La Serena, Valparaíso, Santiago, Concepción, Temuco, Coyhaique and Punta Arenas), using two elicitation tasks -semi-spontaneous interview and reading-aloud- completed by male and female speakers. The results showed that the sequence of plosive followed by a tap, that is /tr/, was more frequent. In addition, the independent variables geographic origin, elicitation task and gender were shown to have a statistically significant effect on the phonetic realizations of /tr/. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the diatopic variation of the periphrasis andar + ger, comparing its use in Mexican and Peninsular Spanish. To this end, the relative frequency of the construction is analyzed in several corpora, as well as its most distinctive semantic and syntactic features. Our quantitative analysis shows, on the one hand, the high frequency of andar + ger in Mexican Spanish as compared to Peninsular Spanish. On the other hand, it reveals that the periphrasis occurs, above all, in informal language modalities. Semantically, the present study corroborates that, in periphrases with a gerund, the verb andar ('to walk'), has progressively lost its lexical meaning of physical movement and has come to transmit pragmatic values, particularly of determination and insistence. In addition, unlike Peninsular Spanish, in Mexican Spanish the periphrasis is less subject to selectional restrictions with respect to the gerund, a relatively recent change that points to a strong grammaticalization. Syntactically, the grammaticalization process is reflected in the adjacency of the auxiliary and the gerund, the fixed internal order of the two components of the periphrasis, clitic climbing and a drop in the frequency of coordinated gerunds. The case of andar + ger demonstrates that grammaticalization of the same construction can take place in different ways depending on the specific dialectal environment. Likewise, and at a more general level, it stresses the importance of a diatopic approach in studies on verbal periphrases and grammaticalization processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a broad overview, seen from the perspective of Diachronic Construction Grammar, of the readings and values developed in Latin by the construction so/eo+iNF. The evidence provided and the analysis of the various factors involved in the interpretation of this periphrasis show that its original and basic value is not the expression of habitual aspect, as traditional models maintain, but a typifying meaning that should be considered in the framework of the continuous aspect. On the other hand, the structural possibilities and the behavior of so/eo+iNF in Latin allow to set an interesting reference framework to explain some particular uses of so/er+ INF in the earliest stages of the Spanish language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the description of the verb soleo, the Latin cognate of the Spanish auxiliary soler, with the aim of contributing to the explanation of the Spanish lexical periphrasis soler + INF, when considering it from a diachronic perspective. Soleo is an especial verb whose singularity is manifested in its etymology and its grammatical particularities. Concerning its etymology, two hypotheses have been considered which start from two different Aktionsart stems: one makes it derive from a Proto-Indo-European iterative stem, the other from a stative one. From this second etymological hypothesis, soleo could be included among Latin denominative stative *e-presents with the basic meaning of 'to be of oneself, to have as one's own, to be normal, to be custom'. Regarding its morphosyntactic features, the semi-deponent soleo has a morphologically passive perfect stem, solitus sum, whose use with aoristic value comes into contradiction with the morphological restriction of the Spanish auxiliary soler and with the aspectual categorization of habitual auxiliary attributed to it. Together with the function as an auxiliary verb constituting a periphrasis with an infinitive, it also presents a use as a full lexical verb in which the prototypical semantic value of its etymology emerges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a diachronic study of the inchoative periphrases comenzar a and empezar a + infinitive drawing upon grammaticalization theory, in an attempt to contribute to the history of Spanish and, particularly, to the studies focused on verbal periphrases. Based on the results of an analysis of a large number of documented occurrences between the 11th and 21st centuries, we propose that the lexical meaning of words to be relevant in the construction of grammatical pieces; therefore synonymy seems to play an important role in shaping the grammar of a language. As we will see, alternation of the studied forms shows that both coexist nowadays, and that their use is conditioned both by contextual and chronological factors, because both express the same semantic values. Since the use of empezar a + infinitive increases around the 19th century, we reflect on other change processes linked to verbal periphrases during this period, and on their importance in the syntactic periodization of Spanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the first results on the PRECAVES XXI project on linguistic attitudes in Medellín, Colombia. In this phase of the project the interview was carried out with two groups of undergraduate students from the first and last semesters of University of Antioquia's Hispanic Philology and Teaching of Spanish Programs. The results are focused on three main topics: the most prestigious variety, the perception of their own variety, and the identification and valuation of other Spanish varieties. This analysis concluded that, for this population from Antioquia, the Colombian way of speaking is the most prestigious, and specifically, the diatopic variety; they value and recognize their own speech from cognitive aspects, considering it as urban and clear, which shows a positive attitude, linguistic pride and sense of belonging towards their variety, as a result of local identity. Finally, the survival of a normative linguistic tradition and a limited general knowledge of Hispanic diversity were evinced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the analysis of the Prontuario de Ortografía Práctica (1865), written by José Bernrdo Suárez, student of the first course of the Normal School of Teachers, inspector of primary schools and pupil of D. F. Sanniento. The research is part of the mid-nineteenth century Chilean context, which created a climate of important debates about language and education ideas, and which carried out the Chilean spelling reform that tried to change the paradigm imposed by the academic orthography. This research is based on the subdiscipline of ethnorthography. Here we analyze how the pedagogical and linguistic ideas proposed by Suarez are related to the political and social context, in which was developed the process of linguistic standardization in our country. The analysis reveals that the normative discourse contained in the spelling manual, actually is a double speech that simultaneously articulated both linguistic and social-political discourses, through pedagogical practices adopted by Suarez in his manual. Therefore, they reflect the ideologies of the nineteenth century Chilean context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the studies and widespread international appraisal of Andrés Bello's writings, his crucial importance in the history of Spanish Grammar is not only highlighted, but also does this paper manifest his remarkable role as precursor of the major currents of linguistic studies of the 20th century: the European and the American structuralisms, the generative grammar and the pragmatics. By referring to Bello's traditional studies his significance in Modern Philology is clearly shown, and some unique and surprising findings on Bello's idea on the translation of libretti (i.e. the actual vocal parts of opera) are presented by the author of this paper. Bello's characterization and assessment of the difficulties that arise from the symbiosis of text and music in these texts are pronounced about 80 years ahead of Gustav Becher's famous holistic theory on the translation of this type of texts. A theory which, according to distinguished European musicologists, has lead the way in the discussion of the functionality of these distinct interlingual transfers throughout the 20th century, as well as a revaluation of this specific activity during the preceding centuries (15th - 19th century). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper, which falls within the field of Spanish noun subordination, intends to propose a unified account of clause structures that crosslinguistically have been described as complement of a verb, or complement clause. First, I deal with the four types of complement clauses that code an argument of the main verbal predicate in Spanish, namely, subject, direct object, nominal predicate and prepositional government. In order to explain the subordinate structural alternation in relation to the verbal finite or infinitive inflexion, in all four cases, I analyze the participants' coreference between the complement clause and the main one, trying to demonstrate that the mentioned coreference is not only established between the subject of the complement clause and the subject of its main clause. Second, taking into consideration that in Spanish the complement clause usually follows its main clause, I analyze the information structure of its semantic content to come to the conclusion that its position following the main clause is due to its high communicative value, assuming that Spanish syntax organizes its constituents according to the old/ known information-new information order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the analysis of the Prontuario de Ortografía Práctica (1865), written by José Bernardo Suárez, student of the first course of the Normal School of Teachers, inspector of primary schools and pupil of D. F. Sarmiento. The research is part of the mid-nineteenth century Chilean context, which created a climate of important debates about language and education ideas, and which carried out the Chilean spelling reform that tried to change the paradigm imposed by the academic orthography. This research is based on the subdiscipline of ethnorthography. Here we analyze how the pedagogical and linguistic ideas proposed by Suarez are related to the political and social context, in which was developed the process of linguistic standardization in our country. The analysis reveals that the normative discourse contained in the spelling manual, actually is a double speech that simultaneously articulated both linguistic and social-political discourses, through pedagogical practices adopted by Suarez in his manual. Therefore, they reflect the ideologies of the nineteenth century Chilean context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Castilian grammar became a teaching discipline in Spain and Latin America in 1813, when its study was generalized; before that, Latin grammar was mandatory. This paper aims at making a structural and content analysis of the text Brevísimas nociones de Analogía Castellana (1891) taking into account the context of the teaching of this discipline in Cuba. The book was edited in Santiago de Cuba in 1891 by Julio Severiano Hernández y García, "Full Professor of incomplete teaching" and Director of the private college San Severiano; the book follows the peculiarities of the manuals of that time, but it also stands out, unlike others, by the use of example belonging to the colloquial level in the language of the region at the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to approach the dictionary as an important element in all of Andres Bello's work as well as to bring forth some of The Humanist's ideas concerning his lexicographical conception, his critical method and his writing process unfolding language itself, by means of seizing the dictionary and its related discipline. Moreover, it intends to offer an overview of his approach to dictionaries and his affection for them. It seeks to stand as evidence of studious passions and predilections for productions committed to the field of reference, as well as aiming to speculate on the role the dictionary has always had as an instrument that reproduces a verbal picture of the world, and the explanation of those words that help us to found it, understand it and name it. All in all, this is an outline of Bello's approach to Linguistics, faithful to the scientific description of the language, yet considering at all instances what the knowledge of the language owes to the knowledge of historical, social, cultural, and aesthetic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional grammarians have pointed out a co reference relation between the constituents in apposition. They argue that this semantic equivalence allows the two component structures to be easily reversible. Some authors tend to associate apposition with paraphrase, which is usually defined as a restatement of the meaning of a text or passage using other words. Within the framework of the Cognitive- Prototype Theory, we have stated in previous studies (Barbeito, 1999 and 2007a) that speakers use apposition to (re)conceptualize in a different way an entity already mentioned. Also that apposition shows a great degree of coherence between its component structures. This paper deals with a qualitative description of semantic, pragmatic and syntactic features of apposition in order to establish the relation between apposition and paraphrase. We argue that apposition is a grammaticalization of prototypical paraphrasing strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes how Voces usadas en Chile, a lexicographical work written by Chilean lawyer and amateur linguist Aníbal Echeverría y Reyes and published in 1900, was received by his contemporaries, as it can be seen in a corpus of six critical texts dated between 1899 and 1905. Some of these critical texts were published in Chilean and American press and the rest in book form. Among the authors of these texts are Rodolfo Lenz, Miguel Luis Amunátegui Reyes and Fidelis del Solar, all of which played a significant role in the development of linguistics in Chile. We conclude that the reception of Echeverría's work was mainly negative because most commentators interpreted it as a prescriptive work whose normative function was impeded by fundamental faults. This interpretation can be explained in the context of the period of Chilean lexicography and linguistics to which these texts belong, the pre-scientific period, as Matus (1994) calls it, characterized by a strong normative interest. Among the most frequent criticisms, disagreements concerning the normative treatment of specific items stand out. We interpret this as a case of norm negotiation, which we deem inherent in a linguistic community undergoing a standardization process, as it was the case of late 19th century's Spanish-speaking Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes the results of a study that analyzed the production of Chilean linguistics journals published during the years 2008-2010, aiming at establishing the theoretical approach that the philosophy of science can provide for the characterization of the production in the discipline and interpretation of trends, basis for a first, necessary and healthy disciplinary discussion. 362 articles were analyzed using a matrix that considered the following categories: humanistscientistic conception of linguistics, epistemic commitments, subject area and assumptions about language. The results show remarkable differences of traditions of traditions concerning the scientific and humanistic dimensions. The division has its roots in the genesis of our discipline in which the first one strongly dominates over the latter; additionally, it was possible to identify a marked tendency to approach language from hypothetical deductivist, quantitative and positivist models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We base this paper on the linguistic study of seven letters selected from the Archivo General de Indias. Their interest resides in the signature of their writers, in this case women, who answer their relatives about their move to the New World. The analysis of the linguistic, graphemic, phonetic, grammatical and lexical phenomena, shows variants of less formal records and in many cases attributable to the poor cultural level of their scribes, as well as to the possible connotations of style that the feminine condition explains. The textual typology follows the intimist structure of these missives between relatives, but it reveals contrastive expressions and uses from a sociolinguistic perspective, with preferences in the idiomatic resources of the women immersed in American colonial emigration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discursive function of Extra-vocalisation attribution meanings is approached from the standpoint of Strategic Discourse Analysis (Menéndez 1997), within the framework of the Engagement system as understood by Appraisal Theory (Martin 2000, White 2001, 2003; Martin y White 2005; hood y Martin 2005). This theoretical perspective complements and enhances previous research on the interpersonal metafunction of language (Butler 2003; halliday 1970, 1988; halliday y Matthiessen 2004). The paper aims to determine in what ways Attribution meanings contribute to the interpersonal function and the strategic performance of a particular serie discursiva (Menéndez 1997) within the legal genre. The serie "ciclo lectivo anual mínimo" is made up of four texts: the "Convenio MECyT" (Ministry of Education, Science and Technology Agreement No. 337/03) N° 337/03, the "Declaraciones C.F.C y E" (Federal Council of Science and Education Declarations) N° 05/04 and 06/05 and the "Resolución CFE" (Federal Council of Education Resolution) N° 94/10 The findings allow us to describe the linguistic resources of Attribution and account for their different discursive functions vis-à-vis the discursive genre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1870, a prolific production of lexicographic instruments registering lexical singularities began in Argentina. The awareness of this peculiarity led to the elaboration --thus following a Hispanic American tradition-- of complementary and contrastive dictionaries of different modalities. On the one hand, descriptive works were published that collected ruralisms, indigenisms, regionalisms (both Americanisms and provincialisms, or localisms), and Argentinianisms. On the other hand, some normative works emerged that collected barbarisms and censored their use, on account of their deviation from the peninsular Spanish variety. This paper studies the relations among the different stages of the dictionarization process and several dictionary-making modalities. To this effect, we analyze those dictionaries that included the Argentinian variety of the Spanish language, published between 1870 and 1910, by taking into account two aspects: a) the different conditions of the dictionarization process; and b) some cuts of segments selected from several domains of the lexicographical discourse (paratext, macrostructure, microstructure). First, this study intends to demonstrate that the monolingual dictionary is a discursive, historical and ideological instrument. Second, the analysis of the lexicographical discourse allows us to observe that these dictionaries operate for the construction of the national imaginary within the process of formation and consolidation of the modern national state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this paper is to discuss the linguistic meaning of some words in the De Morbo Sacro. In this sense my aim is to give an account of the issue of knowledge of the sacred disease in this treatise and its connection with the divine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concessive clauses (Aunque llueva, saldré a correr - I'll go for a run even if it rains) establish a more flexible connection between clause and main sentence than the other types of adverbial subordinate clauses. This is why the connection between both structures can be stated by coordination (Llueve, pero igualmente saldré a correr - It's raining but I'll still go for a run). From a formal point of view, there are two kinds of adverbial clauses of concession: those beginning with a subordinating conjunction (aunque -even though-, aun -even-, aun cuando -even when-, etc.), and those that do not take such a conjunction. Syntactically, concessive clauses act as modifiers of the nucleus of the sentence or as modifiers of modality. In the present paper we will analyse the use of clauses of concession as modifiers of the nucleus of the sentence introduced by the subordinate conjuctions aunque, aun, aun cuando in connection with the types of phrases that these connectives accept or reject. We will start from the premise that these subordinating conjunctions reject noun phrases. But, even when they can take adjective phrases, the connective aun does not always accept these, and requires a gerund construction or a prepositional phrase acting as an adjective. Aun cuando, on the other hand, can only be used with a conjugated verb. This difference poses the problem of whether the conjuction aunque can be reconsidered as an adverb, which, in turn, in the area of language teaching, affects the choice and limitations of types of words in Spanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we analyse the incidence of English as an L2 in the acquisition of Italian as an L3. To this effect we have chosen a linguistic element that presents an interesting challenge in the research of language acquisition: the subject. Taking into account Luigi Rizzi's hypothesis that parameters are binary in general (A parametric approach to comparative syntax: properties of the pronominal system (1997)), we consider that languages are divided into pro-drop and non pro-drop. We have compared the production of subjects in students whose native language (Spanish) is pro-drop, their second language (English) is non pro-drop and are at present learning Italian (pro-drop) as their L3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]