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This paper analyzes the political and military relationship between Santa Marta, in the Caribbean nation New Granada, and Havana, Cuba, during the independence process. These were two cities where the support for the Spanish monarchy had deep roots, and where many actions and policies were developed in order to support the King and maintain the hegemony of the Crown, along with the Cortes de Cádiz. Also, this paper explains the government's actions and responses in these cities to confront the independence process initiated by the patriots. Furthermore, there is an explanation of the fluvial, naval and land battles waged against other cities that were committed to the independence cause between 1810 and 1815. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to focus on mutual relations between various aspects of monolingual dictionaries that can be witnesses of history of vocabulary, a genre of pedagogical discourse or a symbol of national sovereignty. We will exemplify the study on the case of Gypsy loanwords testified in the two editions of the Catauro by Fernando Ortiz (1923, 1985), paying attention to changes suffered in their macrostructure as well as in the microstructure in both editions. We sustain that these lexicographic data could reflect the history of the Cuban Spanish vocabulary in the 20th century as well as the contemporary Cuban history in general and they could mirror the evolution of the Cuban identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Castilian grammar became a teaching discipline in Spain and Latin America in 1813, when its study was generalized; before that, Latin grammar was mandatory. This paper aims at making a structural and content analysis of the text Brevísimas nociones de Analogía Castellana (1891) taking into account the context of the teaching of this discipline in Cuba. The book was edited in Santiago de Cuba in 1891 by Julio Severiano Hernández y García, "Full Professor of incomplete teaching" and Director of the private college San Severiano; the book follows the peculiarities of the manuals of that time, but it also stands out, unlike others, by the use of example belonging to the colloquial level in the language of the region at the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a report of a research study conducted in the year 2009 that aims to describe the characteristics of the Mapuche language and their native speakers in an urban context (Santiago de Chile), from an ethnolinguistic point of view. We have considered issues such as linguistic loyalty towards the language, its urban vitality and the social representations that urban Mapuche have constructed about their native language, emphasizing the sociocultural determinants that define these aspects. In this way, we have tried to relate language to Mapuche identity in the city. In addition, we incorporate data about linguistic competence in urban Mapuche speakers, both syntactic and lexical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]