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The aim of this paper is to describe academic self-efficacy in students of technical-professional training at a university in the south of Chile. Numerous studies have established that, in order to have autonomous and self-regulated students, it is necessary for them to be academically self-efficient and the literature shows that the teacher with a self-efficient teaching identity promotes this type of competences in the students. The research is ascribed within the positivist paradigm, with a quantitative research approach that seeks objectivity, describing, explaining, proving and/or predicting phenomena, using data collection with the purpose of testing hypotheses through statistical analysis. The design is non-experimental, since it is carried out without manipulating the variables and the situations are not intentionally provoked. Additionally, it is of a cross-sectional nature, since the data are collected at a single moment of the research, to analyze the relationship at a given time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to quantify the land use from the primary activities in terms of consumption in Mexico. To do this, we assign data on the land use for agriculture, livestock, productive forestry, and aquaculture to the primary economic activities represented in the 2018 input-output table. Also, the input-output model of land use is complemented with statistical information from the import matrix and the social accounting matrix of 2018. The results indicate that the land footprint amounts to 61 745 416 hectares and 0.49 hectares per capita. This means that 73% of the land footprint is represented by land areas within our country and 27% by areas in other countries. The land demand derived from the consumption of the population in Mexico is greater than the land areas used in the production of primary activities. This study has two limitations: one referred to the assumptions of the input-output model and another, to the concept of land use. The originality and value of the article consist in analyzing the demand for land for food production in Mexico, which represents the greatest threat to the conservation of terrestrial ecosystems and the ecological services that emanate from it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper takes some statistics of judicial decisions on action of protection presented in Colombia in 2021. With respect to these decisions, the article tests the independence of the second instance decision (appellate court) with respect to what was decided by the first instance judge. Based on these results, the paper proposes a modification of the rule under which such actions of protection should be selected for review by the Constitutional Court. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite recent efforts to examine the political outcomes of social media use, little is known about the reinforcement of political empowerment and moderating effect of political interest. It is vital to understand the elements that influence the level of political empowerment. Therefore, this paper used a sample of Pakistani voters (n=410) aged 18-29 to offer insight into how social media use alongside other political behaviors, such as partisanship, political expression, and political interest, affect political empowerment. Social Identity Theory (SIT) and rational choice theory provided the theoretical underpinning for the variables of this study. The statistical analyses were performed using Partial Least Squares (PLS) to assess the effects of four variables i.e., social media use, political partisanship, political expression, and political interest, on political empowerment. This study made a significant contribution to the research literature by combining SIT and rational choice theory in one framework. This study also expands the literature on political interest by introducing political interest as a moderator between the inconsistent relationship of political expression and political empowerment. Our results demonstrated that partisanship and social media use positively influenced political expression among young voters. Moreover, political interest positively moderated the relationship between political expression and political empowerment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows an ethnography of human sciences practices. In an autoanthropology experience, the author aims to follow the trajectory of construction of statistical data in the case of Pesquisa de Emprego e Desemprego da Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre (PED-RMPA). Therefore, the used methodology comprehends the observant participation (because the researcher is both ethnographer and member of the researched group), whose notes were registered in a field diary, interviews with workmates and analyses of PED's documents, especially the manuals. These materials suggest statistical data is a collective that can carry a universe. This paper also reflects on the ability of agency of things that make up this universe. And about the viability of an autoanthropology experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper has been to develop a valid and reliable tool to estimate the proportion of students who claim to use metacognitive strategies when solving math problems. A large group of reports was investigated that used questionnaires to research different aspects of metacognition and their analysis allowed us to create the CEMRPM questionnaire with 20 assessment items on the Likert scale, easy and agile to apply to detect students' perceptions about the use of metacognitive strategies. Statistical data analysis verified the validity and reliability of the said questionnaire. The construct was defined by establishing three dimensions: Planning, Regulation, and Evaluation; in line with the literature. Once the instrument was applied, it was verified that most of the students had used some metacognitive strategy in the process of Problem-Solving in math; In addition, it was evidenced that there is not a notable difference between the average assessment, the dimensions, and the correlation they keep up is direct, the strongest being identified between the Regulation-Planning and Regulation-Evaluation dimensions; in agreement with authors who support the construction of the questionnaire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European Union has been promoting the achievement of social and economic cohesion since the Treaty Establishing the European Community. A true embodiment of this goal has been slowed down by several reasons, such as the attachment of Eastern Europe countries that increased the heterogeneity in the European Union; or how European countries dealt with the latest economic recession that took place in 2008. The aim of this paper is to analyse the process of convergence/divergence among Eastern Europe countries and European Union based in a few parameters that foster the economic and social cohesion. The hypothesis is that countries from East of Europe have kept different rates of convergence with the European Union because they shape a heterogeneous group of countries due to several factors: accession year of each country to the European Union, influence of the former Soviet Union, Europe 2020 Strategy's repercussion or the previous situation where these countries come from before being full members of the European Union. In this paper, a mixed methodology was applied, combining interviews with professionals in different fields of knowledge with the statistical analysis of social, economic and political behaviours in the Eastern European Union countries since the outbreak of the crisis until now. In this comparative, three fields of action have been considered as the main areas that compose social policy and are also integrated in the European 2020 Strategy (incomes, work and education), combined with the institutional response offered by these countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, global warming has intensified fires that have destroyed huge forested areas in various parts of the world. Argentina has not been exempted from this problem, nor has its province of Chaco. Therefore, this article attempts to give a geographical look at the issue of forest fires that occurred in nine departments in the east of this province during the period between 2015 and 2020. Through statistical analysis and georeferencing of information from different sources, the paper aims to identify the fire outbreaks that have been recorded in the study area described above and in that period of time, and characterize the current provincial management on the subject of fire risks. The production of cartography was made from the use of Qgis. In 2020, the region under analysis suffered a large number of fire outbreaks in rural areas that affected a little more than 60,000 hectares, destroying pastures, native and planted forests and, consequently, deteriorating soils, wildlife, and also damaging stubble cover and farmlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares results of two different sociophonetic analysis models: a continuous model and a categorical one. The sociophonetic variable investigated is the production of intervocalic /d/ in Madrid. In the continuous model, the weakening of /d/ was calculated by taking acoustic intensity measurements, in such a way that said analysis can accurately inform on the entire spectrum of possible productions of /d/ (i.e., from very occlusive to very weakened). In the categorical model, the weakening of /d/ was coded in a binary way (retention or total elision) so that this analysis only informs of the most extreme case of consonant weakening: elision. The same linguistic and extralinguistic independent variables were included in both statistical analyses. Although the results of both analyses show significant similarities regarding the effect of the independent variables, differences were also found. In addition to providing a sociophonetic characterization of the production of /d/ in Madrid, this article highlights some considerations that must be taken into account when examining sociophonetic phenomena with both continuous and categorical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this text is to contextualise and present a small monographic on recent studies that address the migratory relations between Spain and Latin America in a double sense: Latin Americans who emigrate to Spain and, conversely, Spaniards who emigrate to Latin America. The historical context is the past decade, with the background of the economic crisis that began in 2008. A brief review has been made of the data shown by the Statistics on Migrations of the National Statistics Institute with regard to the evolution of migratory flows during the period 2008-2019, which serves as a basis for the presentation of each of the selected articles. That papers address the evolution of the migratory flows between Latin America and Spain, research about the processes of rooting and the emigration of Spaniards to Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper was to explore the effect of varying the spatial distance between the liquid dispenser and the light-lever set on spatial location and response rate in rats. Based on the logic of temporally defined schedules, an experiment was designed in which a spatial property of the stimuli (distance) was manipulated while the temporal properties remained relatively stable. Group 1 was exposed to 3 phases in which the distance between the liquid dispenser and the light-lever set increased. Group 2 was exposed to similar conditions, but the spatial distance decreased as the phases progressed. T cycle length was 30 s and the probability of reinforcement was 1. The reinforcer (water) was delivered at the end of the cycle. The subjects were 8 female Wistar rats. Extended conditioning chambers were used in which the stimulation devices could be placed in different locations. Results showed that rats stayed longer in the zone near the liquid dispenser even after it changed location. Also, the response rate showed low levels for all rats throughout the experiment; however, this was a function of spatial contiguity. Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney U non-parametric tests were used in the statistical analysis. Some spatial properties such as cardinal location or geographic distribution are proposed, which could be studied parametrically and integrated into stimulus schedules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we explore the links between two analytical tools: regions and censuses. Both tools are used to design the political approaches regarding a territory, related to agricultural development. With this purpose, we make an issue of regionalizations and censuses as public policy tools, the Argentine census history and the way in which territorial asymmetries have been established in this country, in order to advance into the relationship details of the regionalizations established by the National Agricultural Census 2008 and the construction of the categories and variables for the census data collection. We conclude that both tools are closely linked and that censuses are the material foundation of the regions. Moreover, the construction of survey variables is related to historical processes and to the economic framework in which the variables were delineated, this produces a double concealment: of productive species and agrarian subjects, which reinforces the inter and intra-regional asymmetries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphic data visualization is essential to Exploratory Data Analysis and precedes any statistical analysis. Box plots are one of the most widely used graphical representation to show descriptive statistics of data in a sample and to represent multiple comparisons. This graphic, however, if careless used can markedly distort data interpretations, and for this reason in this paper we describe box plot pitfalls and show several ways to improve them using R programming flexibility. By adding jittered raw data, histograms and density curves graphic variants can be produced, which had been described in recent literature with other names such as violin plots, pirate plots, raincloud plots, beanplots, sinaplots, among others. We also present the app Extended Boxplot Graphics that facilitates the use of potent graphic flexibilities of R without mastering the programming language. With this app in a simple way several enhanced variations of box plots can be produced to represent scientific results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article compares the transformation and general reconfiguration of the agricultural sectors of Chile and Mexico in the context of the "role" assigned to them in the development models known as neoliberal, applied since 1973 and 1982 respectively. This paper examines the reasons why similar policies and models have had an unequal effect in the two countries, in which highlight the relatively greater modernization and productive restructuring of the Chilean sector facing to the Mexican. To do so, it is use official statistical data -aggregated and disaggregated- and other secondary sources, which are applied in a multidisciplinary analysis. It is concluded that the different agrarian structures, of classes, and the different historical characteristics of the liberalization and opening process, are keys to explain the main differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a methodology that allows the identification of agricultural zones vulnerability due to meteorological drought in Mexico. The proposal uses multivariate evaluation techniques, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), standardization and statistical analysis. The methodological validation process was developed and approved in the State of Mexico territory, where indicators suggested by methodological guide of the INECC and UNPN were select and applied. Also the analysis by thematic overload of variables to process the information was carried out. As result, exposure mapping, sensitivity, resilience and agricultural vulnerability were developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To know the perceived and real difficulties of the company in Spain in relation to the implementation of R+D+i by the Spanish business, we start from the vision that employees have about the ease or difficulty of their companies at the time of doing research and development and therefore, innovation. In this paper we analyze the highlights of the survey prepared under the auspices of the "Scientific Culture Research Project: perception and attitudes towards science and innovation in the Spanish business sector" funded by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. The results obtained advance that education and the promotion of an innovative attitude are the basis for achieving a successful business development since innovation is one of the key pillars of the maintenance and survival of companies today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a line of reflection on gender differences rooted in the construction sector in the country, taking as a reference official statistical data regarding the labor participation of women in this sector and others in general, and that this phenomenon occurs in other countries, with which it acquires a practically global nature. The gender difference at work constitutes an obstacle for the development of women potentialities and a barrier for the society development, since they are marginalized from scientific and formative processes, not only labor ones. In a field such as construction where ethics is an integral part of the professional, equity should also be understood as a component of this professional ethics, to lay the foundations of an enriching professional practice for both genders, that is, to practice ethics through of gender equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides empirical evidence about the relevance of people's happiness idea in the research of the relationship between economic factors and level of self-reported happiness. Through the statistical analysis of data from the National Survey of Satisfaction with Life and Society, prepared by the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), it has been found that, although economic factors are in general important for people's happiness, for those who understand happiness as "pleasure and money" or as "effort and sacrifice", the quantity of economic factors that affect the level of happiness is reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of learning management systems (LMS) on educative institutions has been generalized over the last few years, and this is why it is necessary to measure its impact on the pedagogical processes. Aiming to improve the usage of the Moodle platform as a support to the teaching-learning processes, in this paper, the student's perception related to its usage in two subjects is analyzed. For this purpose, the Technological Acceptation Model (TAM) is used. An empiric study over two academic semesters is made, over a 101 students' sample, who were interviewed over the web. The collected information was then used to perform uni-variant and bi-variant statistical analysis and perform a structural equation model. The results obtained reveal a moderately positive attitude towards the employment of the virtual classroom, reflecting a good valorization of its simplicity to use and its utility. At the same time, a good perception of the instructional design applied to virtual classrooms is evidenced, as the students perceive the activities implemented as beneficial to their learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an alternative for noise reduction in electrical signals produced by partial discharges, PDs. The method is based on the local polynomial approximation (LPA) and its combination with the intersection of confidence intervals (ICI) algorithm. The method differs from other techniques by providing the best version of a signal from a mathematical and statistical analysis that does not depend on the calculation of its representation in the time-frequency plane. Likewise, an evaluation of the proposed method is done from experimentally obtained PD signals. Finally, the results are compared with those obtained by different filters (Fourier, FIR and discrete wavelets transform-DWT). This comparison shows that, although the methods based on the DWT provide good results, the LPA-ICI method provides signals with high signal-to-noise ratio (>70%), a high correlation (>0.899) and a low amplitude distortion (<3.5%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Basic Payment System is a system of aid to farmers decoupled from production. Farmers receive direct subsidies based on the value of an allocation of payment rights referenced in the application of the regionalization of aid. In this paper we analyze the data referring to the Basic Payment System (obtained from the Spanish Agrarian Guarantee Fund), taking as reference the year 2016 in Spain. The statistical analysis has been carried out from a quantitative and non-experimental, descriptive and qualitative analytical methodology, and has allowed an approximation to the social, economic and territorial reality of these aids. In the first place, the data reveal the high weight of the Base Payment with respect to the rest of the aid and measures of the CAP (the basic payment system represents 36% of the total aid in Spain). Second, the data show the presence of a strong masculinization (62.7% are men) and aging (38.8% are over 65) of the recipients of the Basic Payment System, in addition to a testimonial presence of young people in the agricultural sector. Thirdly, it highlights the enormous weight of the small recipients of the base payment (those who receive less than 1,250 euros), which, in the Spanish case, reach 23.9% of the total but on the other hand, they only receive 3.45% of the budgetary amount of this aid scheme. Finally, the existing territorial imbalances of this aid regime and the absolute absence of interterritorial solidarity are highlighted, despite the non-discriminatory nature of these measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the project «Measures to improve the management of local development of villages, towns, and municipalities located in the province of Cienfuegos», conceived at the University of Cienfuegos as part of the National Program for Local Development. It suggests a methodology combining futures studies and statistical tools for assessing key variables through their indicators according to economic, social, and environmental aspects of sustainable development. This methodology was used in the Guamuhaya Mountains (Cienfuegos), and can be also used in other Cuban mountain ecosystems. Such methods as expert evaluation, structural analysis, and statistical modeling were used to identify and assess 10 key factors, 37 indicators, and 16 key variables which can be also used in other studies of these Mountains in tune with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and Sustainable Development Goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understand the managers' perceptions of development of practices that have been considered as socially responsible in organizations, could only be successful if we understand that there are similarities and differences between cultures, and it is needed to validate scale and index of measurement in specific context. This paper aims to validate culturally, and applicability of the measurement instrument proposed by Gallardo-Vásquez et al. (2013) in Colombian context, in order to measure the level of development of social responsibility in Bogotá, and their contribution to competitiveness success. The instrument was applied to a micro, small and medium enterprises sample, and the internal consistency of the instrument was evaluated through statistical analysis. Results show a good internal consistency for the dimensions of social responsibility, and the scale of competitive success, becoming a reliable and valid tool for future work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sets out to examine how statistics gradually emerged as a fundamental element of public finances for the modern State, and how they became configured into a specific kind of language through which official numbers were made to represent the behavior of public finances. These statistics were developed to measure national wealth and its growth process so as to permit comparisons with other countries and make its future behavior predictable. It is important to note that the evolution of public finances in the 19th century also entailed creating new institutions to perform its functions, and that formalizing statistical methods was a priority for all those agencies, not only as a technical issue but also a political one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some scholars establish the presence of the dutch disease in Mexico produced by the increase in oil prices in the first decade of the 21st century. In this context, the aim of this paper is to measure the impact of the volatility of the exchange rate (mexican peso-usdollar) influenced by volatility of mexican crude oil price, using a garch model and statistical daily information from 2010 to 2016. The results indicate that the volatility of exchange rate is not impacted by volatility of oil price but on speculation factors on itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper a brief analysis of the 35 National Libraries' websites of the Americas is presented, considering both the main website features and the online services provided. These services have been categorised to ease the statistical data processing. The results highlight the relevance of the Web as a platform from which National Libraries can make public their collections and get closer to their users through online services, but they show as well a great gap between them regarding the technological solutions adopted and the range of services provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doctoral studies allow many professionals to look into ways of improving their practice. Students can check out various databases guide themselves on how to focus their research. In order to help them, teachers can check some databases and assist in coping with problems they encounter. In order to avoid troubles, they can also take into account review studies of doctoral dissertations. These kind of studies have never been done in relation to the violin-family instrumental teaching. For this reason, this work provides new methods for working in this field by performing a bibliometric analysis and a content review of Spanish doctoral dissertations in the last 15 years. For this purpose, Teseo database was consulted, looking for studies whose finality was to apply its findings to the common instrumental classroom practice. On one hand, the objective of this paper is to show interesting statistical data. On the other hand, it is to review and show easily accessible recommendations for teachers of these instruments. Results of this work demonstrate how new these ideas are in Spain and how they have reached a boom in the last years. Moreover, two approaches appear in theses studied: methodological proposals and empiric researches in the classroom. Although these dissertations provide valuable contributions and reveal outstanding findings, a low percentage of studies related to musical teaching continues to demonstrate the need of increasing this kind of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to offer a new interpretation of information: a causal-physical interpretation. We shall turn to manipulability theories of causation (mainly to its interventionist version) in order to show that "information" refers to a physical property, which we can manipulate to bring about communication situations. According to our approach, the nature of communication is a causal structure, unveiled by manipulability criteria. Furthermore, we think that our approach will be able to deal with some issues of present-day interpretations of information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is the proposal of a new framework for the study of data structures based on the combination of several types of multivariate and social network analysis. By means of these techniques we obtain the most frequent events in a given set of scenarios as well as those events that tend to occur with them. In this respect we can define several coincidence gradients for the events under study. Ranging from zero to total coincidence and passing through statistically probable coincidences with predetermined confidence levels. The appearance structure of the set of events studied according to the selected coincidence gradient can be conveniently represented by a graph. In addition to its rationale, three free software programs are shown so that any user could apply this framework: coin, netcoin and webcoin. This type of procedure can be applied to the exploratory analysis of questionnaires, to the study of semantic networks, to the revision of databases and even to the comparison of different techniques of statistical analysis of interdependence. This is made posible by using factorial and classificatory methods and different methods for representing graphs based on attraction-repulsion forces, like those of Fruchterman-Reingold and Kamada-Kawai. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the formulation of categories aimed to review and classify doctoral theses according to their theoretical approaches, relevant topics in educational action, subjects or focus of interest, characterization of methodological principles and ideas about the teaching-learning of stochastics. The methodology mixes the hermeneutic qualitative paradigm with quantitative methods based on statistical counts. Results show the systematization of 129 theses with advisors from universities in 18 countries, their main theoretical approach being Literacy, reasoning, and statistical thinking. The qualitative paradigm is prioritized over the quantitative paradigm. The relevant focuses of interest are students from introductory courses in statistics and the disciplinary subject under study is descriptive statistics. Finally, the paper highlights the teaching of stochastics focused on real contexts in search of a critical education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing and implementing collaboration strategies in supply chains contribute to global and local improvements of its members. This paper studies the impact of information sharing in a dyadic supply chain (one supplier and one manufacturer), each one with several available resources to schedule production orders. Various scheduling rules are proposed under dynamic environment that considers available information for decision-making. These methods are analyzed using discrete-event simulation models. An extended experimental study is carried out on a great number of well-known instances from the literature. Some intuitive statements are verified through the experiments about the importance of information sharing within the whole supply chain. One great contribution of this paper is the quantification of these benefits. Also, the experiments show other results that are not so much intuitive. For instance, this paper shows that there is no significant statistical difference between the best scheduling strategies for each collaboration scenario. This is mainly due to the fact that it is not always easy to know how and what type of information must be considered to be shared for the decision making process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Treatment of grade III Rockwood acromioclavicular lesions continues to be controversial. A new surgical technique for reduction using minimally invasive surgery provides good results. The purpose of this paper is to present the short and medium term results of a series of patients with grade III acromioclavicular dislocations who underwent surgery. Methods: Prospective assessment of a series of 14 patients with acromioclavicular dislocation who underwent surgery from May 2009 to June 2010 consisting of open reduction and synthesis with coracoclavicular fixation with a double anchor. Radiologic, functional and personal satisfaction parameters were assessed. Results: Statistically significant radiologic results were obtained, which reflect a correct reduction. An «excellent» mean score was obtained in the functional assessment using the Imatani test. Patients reported subjective satisfaction during the interviews at the outpatient visits. Conclusions: There are only a few papers reporting postoperative results with this surgical technique. Without a control group it is not possible to make a comparison with orthopedic treatment, so comparisons were made with published series using classical techniques. The surgical technique provides similar results; it is simple, inexpensive and has not shown to have any postoperative complications during a mean follow-up of 13.7 months. Surgical treatment of grade III acromioclavicular lesions using this surgical technique has provided appropriate results in this group of patients. and has not shown to have any postoperative complications during a mean follow-up of 13.7 months. Surgical treatment of grade III acromioclavicular lesions using this surgical technique has provided appropriate results in this group of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents some of the findings from a larger research project: "The implementation of the Integral Literacy Project of the province of Santa Fe from the perspective of its actors", which was oriented to investigate the educational transformations derived from the Integral Literacy Program, developed in 2006 and 2007 by the Ministry of Education, and from the Assisted Promotion Program that was put into place on 2007 in close articulation with the Literacy program. In this paper we focused on how micro and macro politics are articulated in relation with the educational innovations projects design by the government ministries. We approach the implementation of the Literacy and Promotion programs analyzing the difficulties, conflicts and resistances generated in educational institutions. We understand that every suggested change from the ministerial level needs of a permanent negotiation that allows its implementation in a micro politic, institutional and classroom level. The investigation was conducted with a qualitative interpretative methodology. Interviews, observations and focus groups were used to recover the point of view of the actors. Statistic analysis from ministerial surveys and documentation was used to complement qualitative data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monthly wage series with quarterly periodicity between December 1994 and December 2004 for thirteen regions in Chile are presented in this paper. These series are based on the information gathered by the Superintendencia de Fondos de Pensiones (Pensions Fund Superintendence), but are corrected for truncation and censoring bias. The comparative analysis of corrected and non-corrected series indicates that the series show a statistically differentiated behavior. The non-corrected wage series are not good predictors of the corrected series. Thus, to develop regional wage analysis based on this information source, it is preferable to use the corrected series presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study concerns a detailed review of published papers on rare-earth elements (REEs) in soil-plant system. Such studies have been carried out mainly in Europe and Asia and are relatively scarce in Latin American countries. Nevertheless, the interest in evaluating the uptake of REEs in soil-plant system is continually increasing. This is due to the fact that fertilizers contain high concentrations of these elements. Different techniques have been used for sampling, experimental work and REE determinations. However, we consider that the data handling has been rather statistically deficient. This review elaborates on the following points: (i) general characteristics of the REEs; (ii) bibliographical review of sampling and analytical techniques actually used in 37 papers with an emphasis on the statistical deficiencies; (iii) examples of the application of statistical methods (confidence interval of the mean and significance tests of Fisher F and Student t) based on two of the compiled papers. The first application showed that the original authors did not apply any statistical methodology to evaluate their data quality and that there are systematic differences between the data analyzed in their laboratory and the certified values of the reference material. The application of significance tests to the data from the second paper demonstrated that there are significant differences in the mean values of Ce and Eu (only these two elements were exemplified) in plants from different sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the determinants of the capital structure for a sample of 113 firms that are listed in the Santiago Stock Exchange (Chile) in the period 1990-1998. The major difference between this and previous studies is the statistical method to analyze the data. Using LISREL (Linear Structural Relations), we find that tangibility of assets is significantly and positively related to the financial leverage and companies with higher level of profitability have more debt. On the other hand, if we use OLS we find that the leverage significantly related to tangibility, profitability, regulation and quality of the firm. We find less significant results related to growth opportunities, size and industrial classification. This paper shows that measurement errors are important when we have to choose proxies to capture the variables that determine the financial leverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article tries to follow the changes involved in the development of the concept «public opinion» since its first use in the middle of the 18th century until statistical surveying became predominant in social research in western democracies from the 1930s. It is argued that theoretical and methodological perspectives are not only related but supplementary, and that the concept of «public opinion» is influenced and mediatized by the methodology which is being used to «register», to «measure». The paper outlines not only the beginnings of the notion of public opinion, but also the mathematical origins of polls through the representations of entities which are not easily appraisable or evidently part of the «physical world» --such as opinions- by early authors of social statistics, obviously influenced by the political and social context of their time. The paper concludes with a brief consideration of the rise of opinion polls in the U.S. in the 1930s, acquiring the «necessary legitimation» to become the predominant methodology in public opinion investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking into account the context of social and demographic processes related with the second demographic transition and postmodernization of family life in Europe, this paper deals with delayed childbearing in Spain. While delayed childbearing is usually defined as something «problematic» by mass media as much as by scientific literature, we support here a explicit gender approach which provides a very different image. The analysis is based on both, data from National Birth Statistics and a qualitative research. The paper provides threefold results: a) a social profile of women who have delayed childbearing until their late thirties or forties, b) regional diversity in Spain concerning this subject and c) mothers' and fathers' discourses about parenthood and life cycle in the region of Madrid. Delayed childbearing seems clearly linked with high qualification careers although gender discrimination persists given that women are still in charge of children caring tasks. Perception of delayed childbearing is nevertheless very positive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spain, like other southern European countries, has become in the last decade what is commonly known as an «immigration country», i.e., a destination of migratory fluxes of a considerable size. The Spanish Social Sciences have begun to pay an increasing attention to the phenomenon and processes related to this new reality. The main supporters of social research on matters related to the immigration are public agencies. This leads to a strong interdependence between those agencies and the academic institutions responsible of research. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate how this relationship affects the studies, e.g., increasing considerably the difficulties to define scientifically the subject of study beyond the common sense «pre-notions» imbedded in the «State vision» of the immigration. The Weberian term of elective affinity defines quite accurately this mutual dependence between the "State vision" and the dominant empiricist approach. Finally, the paper points out to some frequent epistemological mistakes in the immigration research (more or less due to the aforementioned interdependence), e.g. the culturalism, the positivist interpretation of statistic and demographic data, the juridical fetishism, the descriptionism, or the positivist classification of immigrant population in terms of nationality or ethnicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to improve the demographic growth of the Spanish emigration to Europe today. To do a comparative analysis of the facts and figures offered by the Spanish statistics (emigration) and recipient countries (immigration) for the period 2008-2013 is made. This allows us to observe the existence of significant differences between them in favor of recipient countries: two or three times (at least) to the Spanish as the concept of migration used for the statistical registration. These differences are mainly due to the existing registration young migrants (especially aged 20-29). The problems of underreporting in the Spanish statistics, as well as over-registration of the recipient countries, particularly affecting this group, are the main factors explaining them. The statistics of recipient countries developed following the concept of long-term migration, although not without limitations, provide insight nearest shape reality volume, evolution and population structure of the Spanish migratory flow towards Europe. A much higher flow undoubtedly encryption in the statistics of Spanish emigration, and made a much greater extent by young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we will discuss the Brazil's redivision plan made by Mario Augusto Teixeira de Freitas, an intellectual who participated in the statistical and cartographic policies between 1920 and 1950, founder of the Brazillian Council of Statistics and the Brasillian Institute of Geography and Statistics duting the Getulio Vargas government (1930-45). In his project, Teixeira de Freitas included the creation of new federated units (states, provinces and territories) in substitution of those witch existed then, the occupation of the hinterland, the education based od the nationality, the dinamization of the agriculture and the industrial developement held by the State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corporación Universitaria Americana is higher education institution that has, within the quality policies established in its Institutional Education Project (PEI, acronym in Spanish) includes the evaluation of teachers, made by the students. It is done at two different times, in order to ensure the objectivity of the evaluation process. The aim of this paper was to analyze the structure and validity of Correction Factor for Teacher's Assessment. According to the results, the teachers with the best results are rewarded with different incentives. However, there was an anomalous situation that affected the teachers' perception of this evaluation. The situation identified was a significant shift of the statisticians frequently used in the description of samples and populations, the mode, the median and the arithmetic mean. This ultimately led to the negative skewness in the graphic representation of the evaluation of teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of nonparametric tests is recommended when the data do not meet the assumptions of normality and homoscedasticity. However, the assumptions of normality of the data or the use of goodness of fit tests that are not appropriate for the assessed sample are common aspects. In many cases, this implies the use of statistical tests unadjusted for the real data distribution and, consequently, the establishment of inaccurate conclusions. Therefore, in this paper the detection power of five tests of goodness of fit (Kolmogorov- Smirnov-Lilliefors, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Shapiro-Wilk, Anderson-Darling and Jarque-Bera) in symmetric distributions is analysed in six sample sizes between 30 and 1000 participants generated by Monte Carlo simulation. Results show a marked conservative tendency as the sample size becomes larger. Regarding sample sizes to detect non-normality: analysing small samples the best results are provided by Kolmogorov-Smirnov-Lilliefors and Anderson-Darling tests, if the sample is medium-sized (200 participants) the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, and when samples are over 500 participants the Shapiro-Wilk test is recommended. In addition, the classic test of Kolmogorov- Smirnov is considered absolutely ineffective regardless the sample size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will address an essential question: What is it that will give validity and legitimacy to the psychiatric semeiology? To answer this, initially we analyze the characteristics, rules and some of the issues for configuring semiological signs and clinical elements: next we take a look to what is understood by "normality" from the perspective of Georges Canguilehm. We then examine the history, and the philosophical and medicalpsychiatric origins of semeiology during what is called the Age of Revolution. To continue, we leave the psychiatric field in order to take a glance of the field of rhetoric and oratory, and the categorizing and normalizing function of certain clinical signs related to language; then we come back to psychiatry and discuss how Michel Foucault conceived in an original way symptomatology and semeiology as a result of the concept of "instinct", the voluntary-involuntary axis and the influence of neurology in the mid 19th century. Finally, we analyze how the statistics and the eugenics played also an important role in the conceptualization of the norm and therefore the scientific discourse behind the established clinical signs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Libraries in Spain, like other institutions, have been affected by the economic crisis. The effects and their consequences are studied in this paper, based on available library statistics. A significant decrease in expenditure for materials, the downgrading of collections, library closures and a growing increase in usage were observed in 2012. Changes in content consumption habits are also highlighted, with special attention to adaptations to digital change. Facts 2012: the operating costs of Spanish libraries amounted to 990.1 million euros (+0.54% compared to 2010); if the increase in the CPI is taken into account, the cost increase is actually 5%. Personnel expenses represent 66.9%. Public libraries (PLs) reported 594 fewer employees than in 2010 and there were 154 fewer in academic libraries (-5.6% and -2.6%, respectively). The PLs incorporated 3.5 million volumes (-31.2% compared to 2010). Visits to libraries: Total 216.4 million (in PLs +20.5% / 2010); 401 libraries (20%) did not have computers for public use and 46.5% had no opac yet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of statistical analysis of network traffic (in bits per second) from and to one university web server. Statistical analysis allows to know the hourly traffic trends and to establish a baseline for normal behavior. It documents, in addition, statistical goodness-fit tests results and analysis of variance, which provide elements that enhance the definition of the baseline. Finally, the outcomes are analyzed to determine its usefulness as intrusion detection mechanism or situations or behaviors that could suggest anomalies or atypical traffic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How to implement methodologies, strategies, effective and innovative learning-teaching activities using solid residues in sixth grade Geometry and Statistics programs, is the problem research statement, whose goal is to apply cross and interdisciplinary study in first grade Geometry and Statistics curriculum using solid residues, are shown in this research paper; it involves precedents, institutional general aspects, a project mind map, definition, institutional general aspects, research questions, goals, justification, description of benefits and definitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

You might think that by definition the migrant labor plays in less profitable niches and meager social mobility. However, a large group of migrants in different economically developed countries have successfully launched businesses of diverse nature and volume. This is why entrepreneurship of migrants is an issue that has received increasing attention in recent years. Compared to other immigrant groups in the United States, Mexicans show low levels of entrepreneurial activity. The aim of this paper is to, through a general literature review of official statistical data, a preliminary analysis of mexican migrant entrepreneurship in the United States, that is to say in recent years has been growing in importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper evolution in prices of housing and urban soil is analysed by using the data included in the statistics available in the Subdirección General de Estudios Económicos y Estadísticas (Department of Economic Studies and Statistics) belonging to the Ministerio de Fomento (Ministry of Public Works). The study period goes from 2004 to the first quarter of 2012, in order to confirm the adjustment these prices have suffered from the end of 2007. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an overview about modifications in Juvenile Justice in Mexico, for this aim are mentioned main streams in penal, welfares and guarantees areas, putting attention to current discussion on strengthen punishment in the juvenile population. Furthermore, the author present a retrospective statistical analysis between 1980 to 2007, for answer the questions, Has changed the juvenile offender's criminal profile of the 80's to our times? and Is there evidence suggesting that these changes are related to organized crime?. The results show that the juvenile offender's criminal profile has changed with linkage of crimes against health, murder and theft, coupled with increased vulnerability to cooptation by organized crime, thus leaving open the debate on the nature of the impact that such organizations have and their offer of life for our youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]