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The gift tradition is a universal and functional culture pattern that is encountered in all cultures. This tradition has been maintained in both primitive and contemporary cultures. In modern cultures, gift-giving has been offering more opportunities to consumers than previous eras In the gift of gift tradition, it is necessary to be brought together fields such as consumer behavior, history of economy, psychology, sociology, anthropology, and culture in order to be able to examine the behavior of women in buying gifts, giving gifts, and accepting gifts from the others. The purpose of this paper is to try to understand the feelings, thoughts and expectations of women about gift-giving. For this purpose, firstly the concept of gift-giving, and in this direction the thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors of women in gift-giving were thoroughly examined from the past to the present and new suggestions were made as stated in the results obtained from this paper [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychology of Religion is a science that is developing rapidly in Turkey as in the world and attracts great attention by researchers. In this article, we deal with one of the first representative of Psychology of Religion in Turkey Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Peker who has made significant contributions and continuous to contribute to this field with his books, articles, papers, thesis and students he has trained in the last half-century. This research, which is a biography, is based on his works, interviews about him, the opinions of his students, the interviews with some other teachers of the field and literarture review. The research consists of two sections following the introduction. In the introduction; the method, purpose and importance of the research are included. In the first part, his life, books, articles and papers; in the second part, Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Peker’s contributions to the field in the context of the evaluations of Religious Psychologists in Turkey; the third part includes the evaluations and conclusion part. As a result of the research, it has been seen that Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Peker made important contributions to development of the Psychology of Religious Department with his works, students and thesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recognition of a mythological "being" - or, more specifically, a mythological "element" - helps us reveal the historical psychology of a given society, its understanding of being, its philosophy, and the origins of actions in the cause-and-effect relationship. Standing mountains, flowing springs, rain falling on the earth, natural elements, and order of the world all affect a society's life-death relationship. The same goes for eating habits, hunting, moral rules, and - above all - mythological figures, as well. Since the dawn of time, people have believed that their households and all they contain (stoves, barns, etc.) have embodied "other wordly" beings, and that they cohabitate with them. In the Turkic context, one such an example is Bichura. In this paper, we will examine Bichura's external (physical traits, action sequence, mythological status) and internal (psychology, sympathy) structures. In both written and oral sources, Bichura can take the form of either black and white spirits (iyes, a mischievous inhabitant of the house it enters). Among the Tatars and Bashkirs, Bichura is moody and capricious. It likes to annoy people. It brings wealth upon any house it lives in, and poverty upon any house it leaves. Whist its mythological position is unclear, it is neither totally feared (like underground black spirits), nor is is it heavenly and good either. Beyond that, we will also attempt to reveal when Bichura first made an appearance in Turkic literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conceptual tools of psychology aim to explain the complexity of phenomena that psychotherapists observe in their patients and within themselves, as well as to predict the outcome of therapy. Naturally, Muslim psychologists have sought satisfaction in the conceptual tools of their trade and in what has been written in Islamic psychology--notably by Badri (The dilemma of Muslim psychologists, MWH London, London, 1979), who critiqued Western psychology from an Islamic perspective, arguing the need to filter out from Western Psychology which was cross-culturally invalid or was in conflict with Islamic precept. In this paper, I advocate an extension of Badri's (1979) approach and present a working model of the self derived from traditional Islamic thought. This model, though rudimentary and incomplete, I believe, makes better sense of my perceptions as a clinician than any other psychological model within my knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the industrial psychology framework, investigating human behavior in the organizational context dates from the 19th century. However, evaluations of individual and social behaviors trace back to the quotes of ancient philosophers, so considering and sensemaking the human behavior dates from the ancient age. Understanding the importance of human behavior in management of organizations as well as society, many different theories and approaches were developed in order to explain human behavior in the literature over the decades. The theories and approaches purposed specific models, and then some subsequent researches confirmed to previous models, but a number of other researches developed new models distinct from the formers. In order to illuminate the confusion of behavioral theories, approaches and models, we aimed to explore whether these theories, approaches and models could be gathered in different perspective in this study paper. Thus we developed a model to indicate the construction of behavior in three phases. In the first phase, 12 main behavioral theories, approaches and models evaluated human behavior on the different frameworks were examined from a unique/distinct points of view. Then present researchers identified the needs to develop a new classification for human behavior as individual, social and normative. In the second phase, other 26 behavioral theories, approaches and models in the literature were investigated in terms of individual, social as well as normative perspectives of behavior exhibited by human, and these behaviors were conceptualized. On that point, the main motivation of this study is to develop a model explaining the human behaviors which were classified into three groups mentioned. Accordingly, in the last phase of our study, Individual, Social and Normative (PSN) Behavioral Model which explains the three perspectives of the human behavior has been purposed on the basis of the theories as well as approaches in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every branch of science which deals with man - from literature to psychology - studies disasters experienced by societies. Great Patriotic War was one of such disasters and it left its mark on the 20th century Soviet-period Russian literature. War reflected in literature with all its aspects and the literary works of writers and poets of the war period were enhanced by the manifestation of the human soul. One of the prose writers of the 20th century was Yuri Bondarev who emphasized the destructive side of war in his works by portraying the physical, social and mental deterioration of man during the war. In one of his works - the novel The Hot Snow - the author shows the human nature tested under hard conditions of war and gives the account of the people's struggle for their motherland and freedom as they fought against the enemy with limited resources. This paper presents an effort to study the novel The Hot Snow by war-period prose writer Yu. Bondarev from philological and psychological perspectives. The psychological trials experienced by each character in a different way, the moral and mental changes in the person caused by war were studied in the paper under different titles. The goal of this paper is to provide a pattern of the use of psychology in the analysis of pieces of literature and to support the research in the area of psychology of literature. As a result this paper - besides demonstrating the meaninglessness of war once again - will be important for revealing the psychological sources of literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the history of psychology and its development in Turkey from the late 19th century up into the 1930s. The aim of this work is to set the framework for an academic understanding of the history of psychology in Turkey and to elicit interest in this sphere of Turkish history. Rather than a work based on a series of introductory and often repetitive historical suppositions, we believe it is important to draft a chronicle on documented references and the history of thought of that period. We feel that this kind of work will provide researchers with an important opportunity to deepen the researches in the field. Working within this framework, we began with a close reading of the terminology used in that period in the field of psychology and investigated the meanings attached to these terms. In doing so, we especially stressed the importance of the nuances currently inherent in these expressions. The results of this study demonstrate that in certain ways modern psychology discipline in Turkey is imbued with a reflection of traces of Ottoman- Islamic belief systems. It was the recognition of this that has led us to especially focus on the importance of the inter-relationships between psychology and philosophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]