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The gift tradition is a universal and functional culture pattern that is encountered in all cultures. This tradition has been maintained in both primitive and contemporary cultures. In modern cultures, gift-giving has been offering more opportunities to consumers than previous eras In the gift of gift tradition, it is necessary to be brought together fields such as consumer behavior, history of economy, psychology, sociology, anthropology, and culture in order to be able to examine the behavior of women in buying gifts, giving gifts, and accepting gifts from the others. The purpose of this paper is to try to understand the feelings, thoughts and expectations of women about gift-giving. For this purpose, firstly the concept of gift-giving, and in this direction the thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors of women in gift-giving were thoroughly examined from the past to the present and new suggestions were made as stated in the results obtained from this paper [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychology of Religion is a science that is developing rapidly in Turkey as in the world and attracts great attention by researchers. In this article, we deal with one of the first representative of Psychology of Religion in Turkey Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Peker who has made significant contributions and continuous to contribute to this field with his books, articles, papers, thesis and students he has trained in the last half-century. This research, which is a biography, is based on his works, interviews about him, the opinions of his students, the interviews with some other teachers of the field and literarture review. The research consists of two sections following the introduction. In the introduction; the method, purpose and importance of the research are included. In the first part, his life, books, articles and papers; in the second part, Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Peker’s contributions to the field in the context of the evaluations of Religious Psychologists in Turkey; the third part includes the evaluations and conclusion part. As a result of the research, it has been seen that Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Peker made important contributions to development of the Psychology of Religious Department with his works, students and thesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recognition of a mythological "being" - or, more specifically, a mythological "element" - helps us reveal the historical psychology of a given society, its understanding of being, its philosophy, and the origins of actions in the cause-and-effect relationship. Standing mountains, flowing springs, rain falling on the earth, natural elements, and order of the world all affect a society's life-death relationship. The same goes for eating habits, hunting, moral rules, and - above all - mythological figures, as well. Since the dawn of time, people have believed that their households and all they contain (stoves, barns, etc.) have embodied "other wordly" beings, and that they cohabitate with them. In the Turkic context, one such an example is Bichura. In this paper, we will examine Bichura's external (physical traits, action sequence, mythological status) and internal (psychology, sympathy) structures. In both written and oral sources, Bichura can take the form of either black and white spirits (iyes, a mischievous inhabitant of the house it enters). Among the Tatars and Bashkirs, Bichura is moody and capricious. It likes to annoy people. It brings wealth upon any house it lives in, and poverty upon any house it leaves. Whist its mythological position is unclear, it is neither totally feared (like underground black spirits), nor is is it heavenly and good either. Beyond that, we will also attempt to reveal when Bichura first made an appearance in Turkic literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]