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Energy is an important in put for economic and industrial development and an indispensable production input for the continuation of the production process. In a very large part of economic and social life, electrical energy is widely used because of its easy usage and other advantages. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the production of paper and paper products and the gross national product, which is an indicator of economic growth, on the consumption of electricity by panel data analysis. For this purpose, a panel data set was established for 20 OECD countries between 2006 and 2016 from Eurostat and Wordbank. Crosssectional dependence, heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation assumptions were tested for the model and deviations from the assumptions were observed. Parameters were estimated using the Driscoll-Kraay estimators, which are resistant to these deviations. As a result of the analysis, it was found that an increase of 1% in the production of paper and paper products increased the electrical energy consumption by 0.22%, the increase of 1% in the per capita gross domestic product increased approximately 0.62% in electricity consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of study was to determine some properties of tissue papers and identify the position in Turkey. Napkins, toilet papers and paper towels used in this study were supplied from 5 different companies. Physical and optical properties of these papers were investigated and compared them to each other. Grammage, moisture content, crepe, bulk, density, tensile strength, thickness, water retention value and water absorption time were determined as physical properties and brightness and whiteness values were measured as optical properties. According to obtained results, the best results in physical and optical properties of napkins, toilet papers and paper towels belong to C, E and A Company, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is important place of gum in the human history and Turkish culture. Nowadays, the use and production of gum has been reached a serious industrial size. Chewing gums today have only different flavors but their raw material (dough) remains are same. Raw materials: industrial chewing gums have been supplied from some substances that are petroleum polymer. Their functional properties are poor. Inspired of by traditional methods, the gum production for medical purposes was tested in the laboratory in 2018-2019. Approxımately 100 trying have been done, the results were recorded. The products of 5 trials that have been considered successful were presented to the consumer and the questionnaire form has been filled. Sensory, chemical analysis and microbiological tests have been performed on the products. The results are very gratifying. In addition to this, the paper have a list of Türkiye gum plants. The most important problem in the gum production; raw material does not stick together and its elasticity is weak. As the main criteria of success, it is observed that the adhesion of the granules and its resistance against chewing has been provided. The majority of the surveyors found the products are active. But, those who come from the countryside and say that they have already chewed natural gum are more positive look about that product. The color does not matter much in terms of consumption, but the color of the gums have been liked, although the colorant is not added. Positive results have been obtained from microbiological tests. No microbiological negativity was observed for human health. According to the element analysis results; it is understood that the minerals necessary for human health are rich in the gum products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study n ° classes (sets) in computability theory, a branch of mathematical logic and foundations. The set of complete consistent extensions of any recursively axiomatizable theory, such as ZFC set theory and Peano arithmetic, is a n® class. Similarly, any n0 class can be seen as the set of complete consistent extensions of some recursively axiomatizable theory. Moreover, if we denote the set of natural numbers by ®, a n0 class is a computably closed subset of 2® Cantor space. Therefore, any n° class can be seen as the set of infinite paths of a finitely branching computable tree. Roughly defined, a set A c ® is said to be computable if there is an algorithmic method that, for any given x G ®, decides whether or not x G A. The notion of computability becomes relativized if we use in the computation, an additional information of another set. If a set B c ® computes a set A c ® then we denote this by A

A module 𝐴 is called ⊕- 𝛿 -radical supplemented if 𝛿(𝐴) has a 𝛿 - supplement in 𝐴 that is a direct summand of 𝐴. A module 𝐴 is called strongly ⊕-𝛿- radical supplemented if every submodule of 𝐴 containing 𝛿(𝐴) has a 𝛿-supplement in 𝐴 that is a direct summand of 𝐴. In this paper we investigate basic properties of these modules and obtain a characterization for 𝛿-semiperfect rings. In particular, a module 𝐴 with 𝑅𝑎𝑑(𝐴) ≪ 𝐴 over a discrete valuating ring 𝑅, is strongly ⊕-𝛿- radical supplemented if 𝐴 = 𝑅𝑥 ⊕ 𝐾𝑦 ⊕ 𝑄𝑧 ⊕ 𝐵𝑃 (1,2, ... . 𝑛) for 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ and the maximal ideal 𝑃 of 𝑅 where 𝐾 is the quotient field of 𝑅 and 𝑄 = 𝐾/𝑅. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a rat skin implantable microstrip spiral antenna design for ISM-band medical telemetry operations has been introduced. In the antenna design Archimedean spiral shaped radiation element is placed on to the ground (GP) backed dielectric (Rogers R03210, εr = 10.2) substrate. Numerical modeling and analysis of the proposed implantable microstrip antenna design is carried out in a dielectric material having rat skin properties (cole-cole model, εf(ω), p = 1050 kg/m³). In the paper, numerical analysis results of the proposed implantable antenna design along with the corresponding in-vitro measurements are presented. It has been observed that the simulation and measurement results of the implantable antenna design, which is quite small (r = 6mm) compared its counterparts, are reasonably similar. We note that the numerical analysis of the proposed antenna designs have been carried out using CST Microwave Studio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, biharmonic hypersurfaces of index 2 in pseudo-Euclidean space E52 are studied under the assumption of having mean curvature H whose gradient ∇H is light-like, i.e. ≺∇H;∇H≻ ≠ 0 and ∇H 6= 0. In the first two sections, the problem is introduced and some basic definitions and formulas that we will use in other part of the paper are recalled. Moreover, all possible canonical forms of the shape operator of a hypersurface of index 2 are obtained. In the third section of this work, for each of these cases, some of geometrical properties of hypersurfaces is investigated. In particular, there are 2 possible canonical forms of the shape operator for a biharmonic hypersurface such that whose gradient ∇H is light-like are obtained. After that, the non-existance of biharmonic hypersurface of index 2 in pseudo-Euclidean space E52 with the light-like ∇H is proved. In the last section, the results from this work is summarized and the discussion part is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of chaotic maps as a random number generator in metaheuristics is a common issue. These methods, which have a spread spectrum, increase the diversity in the random selection of heuristic algorithms, resulting in increased performance. Tree seed algorithm (TSA) is one of the recently proposed population-based metaheuristic algorithms. Inspired by the growth of trees and seeds in nature, this algorithm has processing phases that use random numbers throughout the computational process. This paper focuses on improving the performance of the TSA using chaotic mapping. Five chaotic based TSA's (CTSA's) are developed. The developed methods are benchmarked on 24 test functions. The obtained results show that chaotic mapping contributes to the performance of TSA in terms of both local optima avoidance and convergence speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, genetic algorithm approach is used to estimate parameters of the Kumaraswamy distribution with maximum likelihood method. In addition ranked set sampling is used since it is expected to give better results in comparison to simple random sampling. Genetic algorithm approach is chosen because it is relatively more convenient in terms of satisfying positivity constraints for the parameters of the Kumaraswamy distribution. Also there is no need to use derivatives in the genetic algorithm approach. Bias, MSE and efficiency is calculated to compare performaces of maximum likelihood estimators for ranked set sampling and simple random sampling obtained by using genetic algorithms. The R software and related packages are preferred for calculations in the simulation study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, firstly a topological R-module groupoid is defined as a groupoid object in the category of topological R-modules. Then it is proved that the fundamental groupoid 𝜋1𝑁 is a topological R-module groupoid, where R is a discrete topological ring with identity 1R and N is a topological R-module whose underlying space has a universal covering. Finally, it is proved that the categories 𝑈𝑇𝑑𝑀𝑜𝑑𝐶𝑜𝑣/𝑁 and 𝑈𝑇𝑑𝐺𝑑𝑀𝐶𝑜𝑣/𝜋1𝑁 are equivalent, where U𝑇𝑑ModCov/N is a full subcategory of 𝑇𝑑𝑀𝑜𝑑𝐶𝑜𝑣/𝑁 in which for objects 𝑝: 𝑁̃ → 𝑁 both N and 𝑁̃ have universal coverings and 𝑈𝑇𝑑GdMCov/𝜋1𝑁 is the full subcategory of 𝑇𝑑GdMCov/𝜋1𝑁 in which for objects 𝑝:𝐺 ̃ → 𝜋1𝑁 both 𝑁̃ = 𝐺 ̃ 0 and N have universal coverings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansive usage of the Internet has set the stage for advanced persistent threats that has increased costs considerably in cyber space. Most of the time, entities exchange information and they are controlled remotely via many communication systems with a rich connectivity options on the Internet. Intruders accomplish advanced persistent threats by using such a rich connectivity options. These threats are extremely complex and they have unique features. Detecting such threats and corresponding attacks are therefore very difficult that circumstance makes classical intrusion detection systems impossible to deal with them. In this paper, a flow-based approach to detect advanced persistent threats is presented with a new model, namely FD-APT. The approach considers advanced persistent threats based attacks that are carried out with advanced malware. Moreover, FD-APT model distinguishes properties of malware types. The new approach is also analyzed with two case studies to highlight capabilities of FD-APT. The analyses results show that FD-APT helps to detect advanced persistent threats that are based on advanced malware. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nakagami distribution is often used to model positive valued data with right skewness. The distribution includes some familiar distributions as special cases such as Rayleigh and Half-normal distributions. In real life applications, one of the simpler model may be sufficient to describe data. The aim of this paper is to adapt tests of goodness of fit of the Rayleigh distribution against Nakagami distribution. In this study likelihood ratio, C(α) and score tests are specifically obtained. These tests are then compared in terms of type I error and power of test by a Monte Carlo simulation study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Response surface methodology (RSM) - the method most preferred by quality engineers - is a natural and effective tool to achieve the desired process quality. Most of the current literature on process quality does not focus on information relating to how much better or worse a process is and also the degree of the process performance. On the other hand, although the process performance criteria are able to predict process capability, they cannot provide significant information relating to the process quality in terms of rate of rejects and losses. Therefore, this paper takes into account these two concepts and defines a criterion based on the process capability indices for the upside-down normal loss function (UDNLF). The proposed approach determines the optimal settings of a given process by minimizing the expected UDNLF which is defined in terms of Cp and Cpm indices. The proposed procedure and its merits are illustrated on the basis of an example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper, we first proposed a new notation is called expansion and reduction of the neutrosophic classical soft sets that are based on the linguistic modifiers. By using this new notions, we then developed a neutrosophic classical soft reduction method and present a reel example for the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we consider the static weapon target assignment problem which is a very hard combinatorial optimization problem has not only defense-related applications but business world applications. The aim of the weapon target assignment problem is to find an assignment of weapons to targets with the minimum total survival value of the targets. The weapon target assignment problem is known to be NP-complete problem. In this paper, we propose a hybrid artificial bee colony algorithm with simulated annealing algorithm to give an efficient solution to the weapon target assignment problem. We tested the proposed algorithm with benchmark problem instances and compared it with some other meta-heuristics in the literature. Computational tests show that our algorithm is competitive and satisfactory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was carried out to determine the population development of Glycaspis brimblecombei (Moore) (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) in eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh) trees in Izmir province (Balçova) and to determine the natural enemies in this area in 2015-2016. For this purpose, 100 leaves were taken randomly from the eucalyptus trees in the field every week, and these samples were brought to laboratory in the paper bags placed in nylon pouches. The individuals of G. brimblecombei which found in these samples were counted under a stereo microscope. The counts of eggs and nymphs of the pest and prasitized ones were taken into account. In addition, in the study, beneficial insects were collected by visual inspection and atrap from sampling area. In these methods, mauth aspirators were used as collecting material. As a result of the study, while the pest population was at a high level in June and July, egg numbers at the end of July and nymph numbers at the end of August were degreased. While the number of parasitized individuals showed fluctuating at the beginning, the highest level reached at the beginning of October and gradually decreased after that date. As a result, the most common species was the predator, Anthocoris nemoralis (Fabricus) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), of G. brimblecombei at atrap and eye control methods. As a parasitoid, Psyllaefagus bliteus (Riek) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), which is also the most effective parasitoid in the literature, was detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analytical solution method on the torsional vibration problem of functionally graded beams. The angular rotation function is represented by a Fourier sine series. The Fourier coefficient is obtained by the substitution of the angular rotation function and its derivatives into the governing equation. 2 x 2 coefficient matrix is derived with the aid of applying Stokes' transformation to corresponding boundary conditions. The torsional frequencies can be calculated by using this coefficient matrix. Comparison studies between the results of the proposed method and previous works in the literature are performed. Good agreement is achieved when the enough terms are included in the Fourier sine series expansion. A detailed numerical investigation has been carried out to examine the effects of the different parameters on the torsional vibration characteristics of the beams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smartphones have transformed our communication patterns. On one hand, they have easen the communication between people by providing anytime, anywhere connectivity; on the other hand, they have occupied our attention and taken a significant amount of our time, isolating us from each other. To prevent this problem, in this paper, we present an innovative mobile and social game, which aims at increasing human-to-human interaction, thus enhancing individuals' social interactions. The game is a computer vision-based, real life multiplayer mobile game, which imitates paintball or laser tag style games. In the game, we have employed color classification to identify the players. For that reason, every player should wear different colored outfits representing her/his identity and at the beginning of the game should introduce the other players' outfits to the game. In the study, we have tested a histogram similarity based approach using different distance metrics and color spaces, under different experimental scenarios. According to the experimental results, using Bhattacharyya distance metric with Chong color space is found to be suitable for the game. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is devoted to examine the spectral properties of a conformable boundary value problem which is obtained from a conformable wave equation by applying the generalized Fourier method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out in order to determine the aphid species found on the woody plants, shrubs and trees in the east and west campus areas of Süleyman Demirel University in Isparta Province in Turkey in 2015-2016. Data was collected through field surveys by two times in an April and October months of these years. Plant parts infested with aphids were removed with pruning shears and brought to the laboratory in paper bags. The aphids were collected, preserved in 96% alcohol and labeled before preparation. The method of Hille Ris Lambers (1950) was used in aphid preparation. A total of 31 different plants were recorded as aphid hosts. From the Aphididae family, belong to the Aphidinae, Lachninae and Pemphiginae subfamilies, 18 genera and 34 species were identified. Capsella bursapastoris (Brassicaceae) and Rosa sp. (Rosaceae) were determined as new hosts for Aphis nasturtii and Rhodobium porosum in Turkey, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an adaptive controller design for the attitude and altitude of quadrotors which are subjected to wind disturbances. During the design, it is assumed that the total mass, inertia tensor, the arms' length of the vehicle and the parameters of the propellers attached on the rotors are known. The wind disturbances on quadrotors are modeled as a finite sum of sinusoidal functions with unknown frequencies, amplitudes and phases. It is proved that the equilibrium of the closed loop system is stable, all signals are bounded and desired altitude and attitude control are achieved despite unknown wind disturbance. Finally, a simulation is performed to show the feasibility of the design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bruxism is an involuntary and a parafunctional disorder of the masticatory system that is characterized by teeth grinding or clenching during sleep and wakefulness which causes various negativities on hard and soft tissues of mouth. Due to bruxism, forces act as well as stresses occur within different mechanisms on teeth, joints and tissues. In this paper, in-mouth forces that are hard to be created in laboratory have been observed by photoelastic method and evaluated biomechanically by using residual stress distribution of occlusal splints which is used in the treatment of bruxism. For a patient with bruxism a soft and hard splint were fabricated from acrylic material covering the maxillary teeth completely. Both splints were used one hour and stress distribution was examined and compared. As a consequence, it has been shown that hard splint provide more descriptive data about stresses and mechanisms of teeth and soft splint provides more data about stresses and mechanisms of soft tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we studied on a epidemic model which modeled by using partial differantial equation. In this model which called as Hanta virus model, all mice populations categorized in two groups as Ms and Mi. It is been used Lie symmetry analysis for the general solution of the Fisher-Kolmogorov partial differantial equation which give us totally mice population as M = Ms + Mi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, VRPHTW (Vehicle routing problem with hard time windows) which appeared to meet demands of customers serviced within time intervals in a supermarket chain is solved. A hierarchical approach consisted of two stages as "cluster-first route-second" is proposed. In the first stage, customers are assigned to vehicles using different clustering algorithms as K-Medoids and DBSCAN. In the second stage, a VRPHTW is solved by a MILP. The main contribution of the paper is that the proposed approach enables us to deal with a large size real problem using an exact solution method. Finally, the proposed approach is employed on a supermarket chain. Two algorithms' and the actual results are compared with the ANOVA test to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed approach. The results illustrate that the DBSCAN algorithm provides a better solution than the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents in detail about the DEFPOS spectrometer, the data reduction techniques, the intensity calibration, and some results of Ha (6563Â) spectra from four different ionized regions (NGC6530, NGC1973, NGC1501, NGC6514). Observations were carried out with long exposure times ranging from 600s to 3600s. Spectra provide information about the line widths, the velocities with respect to the LSR, and intensity of the sources. From these spectra, the LSR velocities, and intensities were found to be 11.80±0.2 km/s and 24409.70±16.8 R for NGC6530, 13.65±0.7 km/s and 477.87±3.2 R for NGC1973 (Sh2-279), - 26.26±2.6 km/s and 255.13±4.5 R for NGC1501, and 14.43±0.2 km/s and 1856.71±0.6R for NGC6514, respectively. For each of the individual emission sources, emission measures were also calculated using intensity values. Some results were compared with the literature data. Since there is no enough information on intensities and LSR velocities of such galactic sources with low angular size in the literature, we think that DEFPOS data will contribute to the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, effect of secondary ageing process on the hardness and the abrasive wear resistance of AlSi10Mg casting alloys was studied. In the T6 temper heat treatment, AlSi10Mg alloy was aged at 170 °C for 4 hours. In secondary ageing process, AlSi10Mg alloy aged at 170 °C for 10 or 30 minutes was re-aged at 100 °C for 135 hours. Abrasive wear tests were performed on pin-on disk abrasive wear tester under 20 N and 30 N loads and 180 Mesh abrasive papers and at the sliding speed of 0.2 ms-1. Abrasive wear test results revealed that specimen aged at 170 °C for 30 minutes and then re-aged at 100 °C for 135 hours has the highest abrasive wear resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate detection of biological diversity (species diversity) in forest ecosystems is very important. Therefore in the present paper, an available field inventory method was offered to measure all biodiversity components (i.e. average alpha diversity (α), beta diversity (β) and gamma diversity (γ)) for forest ecosystems. To explain this field inventory method, An example study was generated in a forest area from Gölhisar district. The field inventory method was based on a nested sampling. A sample site about an area of 0,6 km2 (750x750 m was taken by taking into consideration to the cell sizes of digital climate maps given in www.worlclim.org address. To identify beta diversity, four sample plots (20x20 m were taken in the sample area. Woody plant species and their coverage classes were recorded at each of all different live zones in each sample plot. In this way, all data was provided to calculate each of all species diversity components for upper tree layer, lower tree layer, shrub layer and, all live form layers. As a result of the study, α, β and γ were found 3, 0.66667 and 5 for tree layers, 3, 1, 6 for upper shrub layers, 13.25, 0.43396,19 for lower shrub layers and 14, 0,35714,19 for all layers respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distraction osteogenesis is a common clinical procedure to correct mandibular retrognathia cases. In spite of consolidated clinical use, lots of questions still remain to be answered concerning distraction osteogenesis. One of them is to determine the best screw configuration providing boneremodelling in a healthy way due to the stabilization of callus. In this study, some suggestions will be presented about the points "what best screw locations are" and "what the optimum screw quantity is". A three dimensional solid model was obtained by processing patient-specific computed tomography data in DICOM format. Teeth, cortical and trabecular bone segments were modelled separately with the segmentation process. Ramus and corpus segments were separated from each other by virtual surgery and corpus segment was positioned 11 mm forward. The distractors modelled were assembled into the mandible after modelling the callus. The volume meshes created for all the parts were transferred to a finite element software. Finite element analyses were run as bilaterally symmetric which means the same screw configurations were set for both sides of the mandible. The studies carried out in this paper have shown that screws located closer to the osteotomy line provide more stability, and triangular configuration has a better impact on stability than linear configuration. The reference stabilization case was identified as the scenario of using 22 screws in total, including 8 screws in ramus segment and 14 screws in corpus segment. This case was assumed as maximum stabilization case and other analyses were compared with this result. The results of the configuration including triangularly located 3 screws in ramus segment and closely located 2 screws near the osteotomy line in corpus segment have shown similarity with the reference stabilization case. The closest configuration to the reference case has been tried to determine by using as few screws as possible and has been recommended for clinical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exoskeleton robots are wearable electromechanical structures which can work interacting with human limbs. Theserobotsareused as assistivelimbs, rehabilitationandpoweraugmentationpurposesforelderly or paralyzedpersons andhealthypersons respectively.Human body neuro-muscular system varies the stiffness and damping of the human joints regularly and thus provides flexible and stable movement capability with minimum energy consumption. Damping coefficients and torques in the joints needs to be adjusted with the change of stiffness to provide stable behavior during walking cycles. Magneto-rheological brake are the passive actuators that can adjust the damping torques in a very short response time. However, the maximum values of damping coefficients and torques are needed for the design of MR dampers to be used in the joints of exoskeleton robots. Shamaei et. al. (2013) derived a set of statistical equations to predict thejoint stiffnessin a gait cycle for the persons with different height and weights. In this paper, the maximum values of damping coefficients and torques are calculated for the design of MR dampers to provide stability in the joints of exoskeleton robots. The results can be used as initial design criteria of MR dampers which will be added to the biomimetic joints of exoskeleton robots, prostheses, ortheses and humanoid robots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gaint reed is an important plant that in the Mediterranean climate zone. It is a perennial and a fast-growing species that can grow in various conditions. Humans have been utilized that plant for the thousands of years. The windy instruments as well as traditional and regional purpose goods are the main application areas of that specie. In Turkey, it is a raw material for the manufacture of weaving goods as well as vegetable and herbal essentials. Due to its chemical and fibrous properties, it is a potential raw material for cellulose and paper industry as well as composite industry. In suitable conditions, up to 100 tonnes/year of biomass from hectares can be harvested. However, It's fibrous properties and chemical constituents similar to wood species. At the Mediterranean countries as well as United States, it became a popular biomass material but it is not consider an biomass source in our country. In this study, the general characteristics of giant reed have been established with literature findings. Hence, the main objective of that study to be a potential utilization of Giant reed in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The land readjustments based on "field" principle method, which has been applied in our country, is being criticized both by the problems it caused and its insufficiencies and it has been discussed in the literature since 1980's that a new method is being required based on the principle of "equivalance". However equivalance method, could not be implemented yet, as required infrastructure and regulations haven't completed. The land readjustments based on "field" principle method ignores the third component, does not provide the participation, causes subjective evaluations and injustices, briefly creates social, legal and technical issues. That's why its accuracy and reliability is being questioned. The method/model based on "equivalance" principle is being suggested as a method in the literature to solve those issues, which is being used in Germany. In that paper, involved literature will be evaluated and the possibility of the implemantation of that suggested method will be discussed. It has been thought that, the model will give the opportunity to do the urban regeneration projects by valuation based land readjustments and in this way, more participant, fair and succesfull urban regeneration implemantation could be performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scope of this work is to investigate the effects of baffle cut and baffle spacing on the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop in a shell and tube heat exchanger. For this aim, analyses are made for a standard dimensioned heat exchanger with variable baffle cut and spacing. It is observed that both heat transfer coefficient and pressure drops values decrease with the increase of baffle cut and baffle spacing. This paper demonstrates successful application of Genetic Algorithm for the optimal design of shell-and-tube heat exchangers. Approximate design methods for shell-and-tube have been investigated and a generalized procedure has been developed to run the GA algorithm and to find the global minimum heat exchanger area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The grounding substation system shall guarantee the safety for the living beings in case of a grounding fault in the power system in all seasons. It should ensure the safe, reliable and stability operation of power system. The optimal design of the grounding system is based on the actual soil models. On the other hand, the soil resistivity and soil model vary in rainy, frozen or dry seasons. The soil layer having low or high resistivity, which is formed in those situations, effects the safety performance of the grounding system. As long as the soil resistivity changes, the soil model as well as the step and touch voltages on the soil surface, the grounding resistance of grounding system and hence, the GPR changes. Thus, related to seasonal changes, the grounding system originally designed to provide the safety might itself become a hazard for the living beings and the power system safety. Therefore, the effects of seasonal factors must be taken into consideration as well as the safety conditions in the design of grounding grid. In this paper, grounding grid by considering the seasonal affects is designed. The design is performed via Genetic Algorithms using the Faure sequence as the initial population. The seasonal affects are studied systematically in the safety of grounding system. In this design, we obtained the safety and cost-effectiveness criteria related to the seasonal factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many classification algorithms and econometric models require that training examples contain only discrete values. In order to use these algorithms when some variables have continuous values, the numeric variables must be converted into discrete ones. This paper describes a new way of discretizing numeric values using multiple structural changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]