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The aim of this study is to introduce Theory of Semiotic Mediation, which is a theory regarding mathematics teaching, in Turkey and provide an example for its practice. After describing the main characteristics and concepts of the theory, semiotic potential of a sheet of paper, which was chosen as an artifact of Theory of Semiotic Mediation, was analyzed in paper folding activities in order to discuss the practice of the theory and also the signs were analyzed that occurred in the building and conceptual constructing of quadrilaterals with only one symmetry axe (isosceles trapezoid and rhombus). The study was a case study which was carried out with 35 students who were studying in 10th grade. The students were divided into groups of four and five. Only one groups’ activity was reported in this paper. The analysis of the semiotic potential of paper folding showed that it was an artifact that helps students to reconstruct concepts such symmetry and equality by means of coincide and crease and to think deeply on the characteristics of quadrilaterals like rectangle, square, trapezoid and etc. which students have already known. The paper has properties that can be used as an artifact of the Semiotic Mediation Theory. In order to be used the mentioned theory in classes, it was founded that teachers’ guidance role was quite essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This paper aims to find out the factors that are likely to increase the citation impact of Turkey-addressed international papers. Method: For this purpose, we downloaded bibliographic records of some 226,000 TR-addressed papers that were published between 2006 and 2015, there from selected a sample (2%) using stratified probabilistic sampling technique, and obtained relevant data from various sources such as the number of citations and coauthors, journal impact factors (JIF) and journal quartiles pertaining to each paper in the sample. We then identified 19 independent variables on article, journal, cooperation, support and access levels and analyzed the data using the hurdle model. Findings: The strongest factors increasing the number of citations of TR-addressed papers are five-year JIFs and journal quartiles (Q1) in which TR-addressed papers appeared and the number of references in papers' reference lists. These factors also reduce the number of papers with zero citations. Papers published in cooperation with other countries collect higher numbers of citations. Factors such as the subjects of papers, whether papers received monetary support or not, and methods by which papers can be accessed (open or closed access) have no impact on the number of citations received. Implications: Findings indicate that academic promotion and support policies encouraging publishing in high impact journals while forestalling publishing in low impact journals should be developed in order to increase the scientific impact of TR-addressed papers. Originality: This is the first study using hurdle model to investigate the direct impact of several article, journal, collaboration, monetary support and access level explanatory variables on the number of citations that TR-addressed papers receive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The project of modernity, which started in the last period of the Ottoman Empire, turned into a planned action in the country with the Republic of Turkey. In this context, within the project of modernity, planned development for economic independence and the development of industry were given importance. The İzmir Economy Congress (1927) and the First Five-Year Industry Plan (1934) ensured the realization of industrial investments in this process. These investments were seen as the elements that sustain the revolutions and the basic requirements for economic/social development and were realized by the state. As one of the first steps in the modernization process of the country, the Kocaeli SEKA Paper Factory area is a concrete example where the stages of this process can be followed. With the global crisis in the second half of the 20th century, the service sector began to become a predominant sector in industrial cities. Industrial areas, which used to be located in city centers in the past, started to be decentralized towards the periphery. In this process, production areas in city centers began to lose their usability in terms of both location and production due to technological obsolescence. With its locations covering large areas in city centers, it has become attractive in terms of new uses. The need to maintain these areas, which are also important in terms of urban history, except for their original functions, but maintaining the value created by the original function, has revealed the concept of industrial heritage. After the transfer of the SEKA area, whose functioning ended, to the municipality in 2005, it was aimed to reuse. This area, which is important for the history of the city, needs to be evaluated within the scope of the concept of industrial heritage, apart from its original functions, but maintaining the value created by the original function. In this study, the coastline, historical and industrial structures of SEKA, which affects the social and economic structure of the city, will be evaluated especially with the implementation of the Sekapark Urban Transformation Project. In addition, in order to ensure the effective and efficient use of the whole area, suggestions have been developed regarding the buildings and areas that have relatively limited use in the current situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to provide a general overview of ethical studies published in the first century of the Turkish Republic in three generations. Hilmi Ziya Ulken, Takiyettin Mengüşoglu and Nurettin Topçu are some of the eminent first-generation Turkish philosophers who have been sent to several European countries such as France, Germany and Italy for their postgraduate education. They mainly introduced ethical theories to Turkish philosophy circles. Nurettin Topçu, who wrote his dissertation on the concept of revolution in France, emphasizes in his writings the close relation between morality and religion and puts forth a religion based ethical account of morality. The problem of morality or of value constitutes a central issue in Ulken's studies; he asserts that the subject matter of moral philosophy is to study action, particularly the agent of an action, as well as the realm of values underlying an action. Mengüşoğlu applied an ontological and anthropological approach to ethical issues and wrote an article entitled "A Critical Preparation for a Philosophical Ethics." As the representative of the second generation of Turkish philosophers, one can name, for example, İoanna Kuçuradi, Ahmet İnam and Betül Çotuksöken. İoanna Kuçuradi introduces a theory of value and a new theory of ethics following the footsteps of the philosophers Immanuel Kant, Friedrich Nietzsche, Nikolai Hartmann and Takiyettin Mengüşoglu. The fundamental characteristic of her ethics is its starting point, namely, the action of a person, as well as its reliance on values or on the value knowledge of human being. Kuçuradi's ethics differs from other theories of ethics in respect of the peculiarity of its object. An action does not consist of a behavior; a behavior or doing is merely the last stage of an action. In each action there are two further steps, which come before doing (or not doing), namely, the stage of evaluation, and experience in a particular sense. Kuçuradi argues that an action cannot be evaluated simply in terms of the determination of the will underlying an action, in the way in which Kant considers it to be the case. Betül Çotuksöken, one the eminent Turkish philosophers of the second generation, promotes an ethics of anthropontology, which is a natural extension her account of the human being, which she refers to as anthropontology. Ahmet İnam tries to develop an account of ethics based on the concepts as love, heart (gönül) and life (can), and this account of ethics finds its roots in the Anatolian ground, namely, from the Turkish culture(s). The third generation of Turkish scholars are represented in this paper with the names of Hakan Poyraz, Harun Tepe, Demet Kurtoğlu Taşdelen and Süleyman Dönmez, taking into consideration their works on various ethical issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans have emotional responses to surrounding environmental changes and socio-ecological destruction in their lifeworld. Their deep sense of loss is exacerbated by these changes. Destructive environmental changes bring out catastrophic losses to culture, knowledge of life, livelihoods, generational knowledge, and mental and emotional well-being. For local inhabitants, the place and region constitute emotional geographies, intimate attachments, and a community-based sense of place. This paper is a case study on the emotional geographies of late capitalism, ecopsychology, and sociology of emotions in the context of geographies of ecological sorrows and farewell. This paper focuses on the environmental desolation of two tiny villages of Artvin province, in rural northeastern Anatolia, Zeytinlik (Sirya) and Oruçlu (Orcuk) that were drowned by the waters of the Deriner Dam in the Çoruh Valley. The research findings indicate that the destruction of nature and lifeworld has evoked tremendous expressions of sorrow and loss from the dislocated people living along the river. The research aims to open a debate on the negative effects of environmental change lived in the country that is not discussed in the mainstream discourse, through the individual and collective emotions experienced in the processes of witnessing the radical change of rural living spaces. The research uses an ethnographic method that allows us to extract people's discourses about their emotional experiences of certain places from books, documentaries, oral history, and literary materials that express their emotional affinity to the very same places. The findings of the research reveal that the destruction of nature and habitats causes intense expressions of sadness and loss for people living by the river. The study demonstrates that the losses of beloved lands produced by capitalist expansion also produce place-based emotional narratives of ecological loss, solastalgia, and grief. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abusive head trauma (AHT) induced by shaking may result in death or permanent neurologic disability, including encephalopathy, mental retardation, cerebral palsy, cortical blindness, seizure disorders, and learning disabilities. The aim of this study was to detect the numbers of the published articles about "AHT" and "child neglect and abuse (CNA)" in Turkey and the world and the changes observed over time. A systematic literature search was performed for articles published between January 1945 and December 2010 in the Web of Science. Key words utilized were "child" and "abuse or neglect or violence or shaken baby syndrome or abusive head trauma or Munchausen by proxy". Articles giving a keyword as "shaken baby syndrome" were included in AHT. There were 17,241 papers about CNA and 737 (4.3% of CNA) papers about AHT. One hundred thirty-one papers about CNA and 5 papers about AHT (3.8% of CNA) originated from Turkey. Regardless of the types of articles, published articles about CNA increased tremendously, from 70 to 1322, between 1990 and 2009. Similarly, published articles about AHT increased from 9 to 96 between 1995 and 2008. In conclusion, published articles on these topics showed an increase over the last two decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim of this study is that to determine effect of reading from printed materials and screen on Elementary School 4th Grade Students' reading comprehension, reading speed and attitudes. For this purpose, in the 2013-2014 academic year, 46 females and 68 males, including a total of 114 4th glass students were selected as examples from study private and public schools that is located in the district of Kütahya Province Tavşanlı center. According the sturdy results, there is not meaningful impact reading both narrative and expository texts from screen or printed materials fourth-grade students' text comprehension and reading speed. But students are very interested reading narrative text printed material rather than on the screen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prof. Dr. Umay Türkeş Günay is a well-known folklorist in Turkey and abroad. While writing her doctoral thesis, she applied to Elazig tales the Propp method, which was developed by Russian scientist Vladimir Propp in his work "Morfogija Skazki", published in Leningrad in 1928, which marks the beginning of her scientific works. She is the first scientist to implement the Propp method, which is frequently used by folklorists today, in Türkiye. She started her career at Ankara University, Faculty of Language, History and Geogra- phy, and continued at Hacettepe University, thus creating the Hacettepe University school. She led the establishment of the chair of Turkish Folklore at the same university between 1985-1991. She received the title of "Associate Professor" with her research titled "Aşık Style Poetry Tradition and Dream Motif". She served as a member and consultant in commissions and committees related to culture, folklore and education activities of various institutions such as the Prime Ministry of the Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Culture, Ministry of National Education, UNESCO and the State Planning Organization. In addition to her 5 books, Prof. Dr. Türkeş Günay has hundreds of publications including articles, papers, introductions-critiques, essays and translations. Prof. Dr. Umay Türkeş Günay, who continues her duty as the Dean of the Faculty of Education at Girne American University, sheds light on young researchers with her scientific articles and speeches. Scientists are people who produce, research, question, present their knowledge to the world of science and train young scientists. Prof. Dr. Umay Türkeş Günay, a scientist who has devoted her life to Turkish cultural studies, is principled, open to different suggestions and extremely objective as an administrator. She is uncompromising in scientific and business disciplines. She never conducts her relations with the people she works with on the subordinate-superior plane. By displaying her respectful style towards identities and personalities to both academic staff and students, she approaches young academics and students both like a mother and a teacher. In this study, information about Prof. Dr. Umay Türkeş Günay's life, her academic and administrative duties, the theses she supervised, and the books, articles and papers she wrote is given. In the study, the following books of Prof. Dr. Türkeş Günay, each a value in itself, were examined in detail: "Elazig Tales and Propp Method", "Aşık Style Poetry Tradition and Dream Motif in Turkey", "Risâlet-i Nushiyye and Yunus Emre", "History of Turks", and "Criticism of Turkish Culture". Based on the works of Turkish culture researcher Prof. Dr. Umay Türkeş Günay, attention was drawn to the messages she conveyed to the Turkish society and the importance of her books was examined. In the study, the views of Prof. Dr. Umay Türkeş Günay about science and the situation of the Turkish world in the historical course were pointed out and her suggestions and solutions were discussed. In addition, the articles written by Prof. Dr. Umay Türkeş Günay on the importance of critical perspective as regards the development and growth of societies are also included within the scope of the study. In addition, the bibliography of Prof. Dr. Umay Türkeş Günay's works is provided. Thus, an attempt has been made to draw a scientific portrait of Prof. Dr. Türkeş Günay based on the works. In the 80th year of her birth, the life path of the professor of the professors, Umay Mother of the Turks, is examined and her contribution to Turkish science is highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Turkey, 3767 non-public entities that are subject to independent audit but do not adopt full set Turkish Financial Reporting Standards, prepare their financial statements in compliance with Financial Reporting Standard for Large and Medium Sized Entities (FRS for LMEs). In this paper, a literature review covering the period 2018-2021 is compared with the period 2016-2017. The findings show that papers published for the period 2018-2021 focus more on the specific sections of FRS for LMEs rather than covering an overview of it; most papers adopt a comparative approach considering the multiple accounting regulations in Turkey, and most are practice-based. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy consumption is of great importance for the sustainable development of a country in terms of economic, social and environmental aspects. In financial development, it is an important factor for a country's economic growth, stability and prosperity. In the paper, the nexus among energy consumption, financial development, economic growth and trade openness were tested using the ARDL method for the period 1980-2020. In the study, the square of financial development was also included in the analysis, and the nonlinear relationship between energy consumption and financial development was also examined. The findings showed that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between energy consumption and financial development. Accordingly, initially, financial development increases energy consumption, but after a certain point, energy consumption begins to decrease. In addition, it has been determined that economic growth positively effects energy consumption in both the short and long term, while trade openness negatively effects. Analysis of the relationship between financial development and energy consumption will be an important step to understand the economic, environmental and social effects of energy policies and to build a sustainable energy future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it is aimed to determine the awareness level of the elements registered in the name of Turkey in the list created within the scope of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, in terms of "recognition" and "experience", and to present suggestions for the safeguarding, sustainability and transmission of cultural heritage to next generations based on the awareness level. In this respect, the online survey developed based on the literature was applied to the citizens of Republic of Turkey aged over 20 between January 24 - March 28, 2021. The survey questions only consist of the elements in the Representative List. A total of 1550 people from seven regions of Turkey responded to the survey. Descriptive statistics and Importance-Performance Analysis were used to analyze the data. As a priority, in the list created within the scope of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, the public awareness and experience levels of nineteen intangible cultural heritage elements registered in the name of Turkey have been determined and the awareness level of each intangible cultural heritage elements has been identified. As a result of the analysis of the data, the intangible cultural heritage elements are located in the Familiarity- Experience matrix. According to the findings obtained as a result of the positioning, 5 intangible cultural heritage elements with a high level of awareness were identified: "Turkish Coffee and Tradition", "Karagöz", "Nevruz", "Flatbread Making and Sharing Tradition: Lavash, Katırma, Jupka, Yufka" and "Spring Festival Hıdırellez". The "familiarity" and "experience" levels of these elements are high and it is important to carry out studies for their safeguarding and sustainability. It has been determined that five intangible cultural heritage elements with high "familiarity" levels and low "experience" levels have a partial awareness level. These elements are; "Kırkpınar Oil Wrestling Festival", "Marbling: Turkish Paper Decoration Art", "Dede Korkut-Korkut Ata Heritage: Culture, Legends and Music", "Mevlevi Sema Ceremonies" and "The Tradition of Minstrelsy". It is important to concentrate on these elements and make an effort to develop them. It has been determined that the remaining 9 intangible cultural heritage elements have very low levels of both "familiarity" and "experience". It is necessary to take serious measures to ensure that these elements are not forgotten and disappeared by the society. These elements with very low awareness in the society are as follows; "Mesir Macunu Festival", "Miniature Art", "Traditional Conversation Meetings (Yaren, Barana, Sira Nights etc.)", "Traditional Tile Art", "Traditional Turkish Archery", "Meddah Tradition", "Alevi-Bektashi Ritual Semah", "Traditional Ceremonial Keskek" and "Traditional Intelligence and Strategy Game: Togyzqumalaq, Toguz Korgool, Mangala/Göçürme". Based on these findings, in order to increase the awareness level of intangible cultural heritage elements and to keep them alive, it is thought that it is necessary to use the media effectively, to raise awareness of the society from childhood, and the state to encourage and support activities in this direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers CSR as a tool of neoliberal governance and examines the CSR activities in Turkey from this perspective. Relying on four axis, the paper argues that CSR is considered as a tool of neoliberal governance: First, CSR activities can be seen as complementary to 'the minimal state' claim of neoliberal politics. Secondly, CSR activities function as a tool to integrate local economies into the global economy with the help of the international organizations. Thirdly, these practices are considered as a solution to the financial, ecological and legitimacy crisis of neoliberalism. Fourth, philanthropic approach associated with CSR is seen as a strategy of dealing negative effects of neoliberal economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve current account deficit, exchange rate policy has been frequently used by policymakers. Therefore, the effect of exchange rate on exports has been well-studied in literature. This paper aims to estimate real exchange rate elasticities of export outcomes (unit value, quantity, and value) using six-digit HS product level data for Turkey and selected countries. Our results show that price elasticity of exports is low, but quantity elasticity is high in most selected countries. This indicates that the exchange rate is affected by export amount. On the other hand, these results vary among different sub-sectors and destination country groups. These findings imply that exchange rate policy should be cautiously designed to avoid unexpected consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important actors in the scholarly communication process is scientific journals. Scientific journals are the most important environment, where research findings are presented, and thanks to these environments, it is possible to share scientific information all over the world. However, thousands of scientific journals are published and there are many question marks about the quality of these journals for the last couple of decades. Many countries develop journal classifications with various levels to overcome the quality problem. These lists are used for academic incentives and promotions, as well as to guide the researchers on journals where they can publish. In Turkey, one of the most important journal lists is provided by TÜBİTAK Incentive Program for International Scientific Publications (UBYT). The main objective of the program is to increase the number of high-quality publications authored by Turkey addressed scholars and to increase the visibility of the publications. The journals are grouped into four basic levels in the UBYT program, and the authors are awarded by the program in terms of the levels of the journals. The main aim of this study is to reveal whether the UBYT journal list considers regional and disciplinary differences. To achieve this aim, statistics and bibliometric data on the journals included in the 2018 and 2019 UBYT journal lists are obtained. The countries of origins of the journals and the subject areas are taken into consideration for the analyses. According to the results, most of the Turkey-addressed publications are published in low-level journals. With the change of the calculation method, significant changes are determined in the positions of the journals in 2018 and 2019 journal lists. In addition, it is concluded that not all disciplines are represented equally in the Program's levels. It is discovered that almost all the top-tier journals are the journals of North America and Europe. All Turkey-addressed journals are classified into the low-level journals. The results of the research provide findings that may help TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM to improve the processes in the existing UBYT system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the history of Islamic philosophy, the soul, similar to other sciences, has been discussed based on various factors such as human efforts for self-knowledge, the relationship between the human and the soul, whether the soul would be returned in the next world. Sufis were interested in this topic and tried to explain the problems associated with the soul such as its existence, nature, its relationship with the body, and the conferment and punishment of the soul. Ubaid Allah al-Samarkandi, who was not indifferent to this, discussed his ideas about the soul in Risale fi’r-ruh.The paper aims to clarify the views of Ubaid Allah al-Samarkandi, who was an expert in the sciences of Sufism, Fiqh ( Jurisprudence), and Kalam (Science of Discourse), based on his analyses of soul. Furthermore, the study discusses the data on his explanation of the human nature within the framework of the soul. Ubaid Allah al-Samarkandi opposes the views of the philosophers by defending the perspective of Ahl al-Sunnah in his risala. In the risala, the author analyzes the nature of the soul, its ancient and traditional properties, its meaning as “nafs”, and whether a human consists of only the soul or he/she is assumed as whole with the soul and the body together [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial markets tend to be affected by political developments. As analysts' forecasts, market announcements, political and corporate news shape the expectations of investors, affect the stock markets. Reports prepared by international organizations are reviewed by investors and taken into account in investment decisions. The European Union, evaluates positive and negative developments in social and individual issues by presenting various progress reports on countries where the membership process. In today's communication age, it is expected that the positive and negative developments in the reports will affect the financial markets and investment decisions. Türkiye is in the category of developing countries and makes reforms to continue the process. Throughout the EU negotiation process, the European Commission publishes reports evaluating the performance of the candidate countries in the autumn months within the scope of the Copenhagen criteria. Are European Union progress reports taken into account by capital markets like financial reports? In study, the answer to the question mentioned was sought. The purposes of the study are to investigate whether the European Union progress (country) reports are priced in the Turkish capital markets. By using the daily MSCITürkiye stock index data, the reaction of the investors to the reports in the 2005-2022 periods was determined by the event analysis method. According to the findings of the paper, while 8 reports did not have a significant effect on the stock market index, statistically significant abnormal returns were observed in 9 reports. Therefore, the result of the study shows that progress (country) reports are taken into account while making investment decisions and priced in Turkish capital markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health systems are human based systems comprising a high number of stakeholders who interact with each other in complex ways. Due to the stochastic nature of health systems and the complex dynamics and interactions of their inputs, processes and outputs; providers of health services require tools tat allow them to comprehend the said complexity and improve system performance. Intensive care units (ICUs) may fall short in treating patients due to insufficient capacity and patients may be transferred to other hospitals under certain circumstances, and waiting times can get longer. Efficient use and management of a scarce resource such as the ICU is of critical importance for trouble-free operation of a hospital. Capacity planning, in other words, determination of optical bed configuration based on current knowledge of future demand and capacity, is very difficult due to high uncertainty in both bed capacity and demand. The paper at hand proposes a simulation model to allow an easier decision-making process in the planning of bed capacity in ICU. The study focuses on improving the capacity planning of a level III university hospital in Turkey that specializes in education and research. The objective of the study is to determine optimal bed requirement by matching the resources of the ICU with demand. We provide forecasts of ICU capacity by evaluating the simulation models based on patient waiting times and bed quantity. Considered in the context of the vital importance of intensive care units and the uncertainties in their management, it is thought that the use of simulation modeling in the making of capacity decisions can prove useful for decision makers in assessing their resource allocation strategies under different regional and hospital conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child marriages are not historical issues or a thing of the past. This issue, which has legal, social, economic, psychologic, and anthropological roots and should be examined in this context, stands as a global and burning problem that awaits a solution not only in Turkey but also in all parts of the world including developed countries. Moreover, child marriage did not exist only in Ottoman-Islamic legal regulations but also in Chinese, Japanese, Indian, Roman, Egyptian, and Athenian civilizations. It has also been part of Hebrew or Christian traditions. Therefore, this phenomenon should not be reduced to a single society, culture, civilization, or religious tradition. Child marriage is related to the meaning associated with the concept of marriage and rather than an application that takes religion as a reference. Thus, it is necessary to accurately understand the meaning associated with the concept of child in Ottoman-Islamic law in order to comprehend this phenomenon in the Ottoman history. Those who are considered children in the 21st century was considered adults in the 19th or early 20th century. They were treated as individuals who claimed social and legal responsibilities. Therefore, one should pay attention to historical meanings of childhood in order to understand the teen marriages in the past rather than looking at the present meaning of the term. Otherwise, a contextual understanding of practices of previous centuries will be obscured. In the Ottoman Empire, Hanafism, the official Islamic school of law, had not set an age limit for the eligibility of marriage until 1917 when reformists passed a new regulation, i.e., the Family Law. Again, according to the Hanafi perspective, extended family members or relatives had been empowered to marry off younger members of the family, which is called "velâyet-i icbâr." Consequently, it allowed grandfathers, fathers, or other senior members of an extended family to marry off children. In the Ottoman society marrying off young women was already a custom and it was usual to marry off young girls as well. Various factors played a role for child marriages. Economic considerations were part of familial motivation but there were also considerations of "sexual purity" before marriage or family reputation. In some cases, grooms did not want to miss an opportunity to marry a girl whom they wanted to unite their lives with. In other cases, families simply wanted to ease their "financial burden" on their family budget. The number of orphans among the early marriages in the Ottoman society amounted to a significant rate and it should not be underestimated in general evaluation of the subject. In order to secure the welfare of the orphan girls their guardians usually married them off at an early age with a noble intention. However, ill-tended relatives also involved in marrying orphan girls and abused their legal powers. This paper examines such an abusive case on Nesibe's marriage in the 19th century. When young Nesibe's father passed away, a legal guardian was assigned a legal while her mother Hayriye hanim was alive. When Nesibe was visiting her older sister in Beykoz, her sister married off Nesibe. When her mother and legal guardian were informed about this marriage, Hayriye hanim went to Zaptiye Nezâreti (Ottoman Police Department) along with the guardian Hafiz Halid Efendi to petition about the marriage. In their petition they expressed that they had also married off Nesibe to a "honorable and moral" man three months ago. In this situation, Nesibe was thirteen years old when her mother and legal guardian married off her three months before her sister married off her to another man again. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that how "velâyet-i icbâr," the power of an extended family members or relatives to marry off young members of the family, had been abused in the Ottoman empire as the case of Nesibe's marriage provides some evidence. Islamic jurisprudents, especially those of the Hanafi school of law, drew a very broad framework for the velâyet-i icbâr, which provided the basis of many teen marriages in the Ottoman history. In this regard, this article presents a useful case study to the Ottoman practices of teen marriage. The paper examines the story of Nesibe, a thirteen-years-old girl, who had been married off twice by her elders, and analyzes the subsequent complaints made by petitions to the Ottoman police department. The issue is traced from the official correspondence between Ottoman administrative institutions. Relevant documents are located in the President's Ottoman Archives in the Council of State section by the 782nd file and 26th cover comprising eleven documents in total. Teen marriage is the subject of religious studies because of its direct relation to Islamic law and social history of the Ottoman Empire. The question of teen marriage has already been the subject of detailed discussion among the jurisprudential corpora and books. For instance, the texts on teen marriage constitute a great extend among the published works of Islamic jurisprudence such as "Ahkâmu'l-Tıfl" (Regulations on Minors) and demonstrates the significant relevance of the topic for religious studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

City brand benefits, affecting the creative class' choice regarding place to live, are examined in this paper. In this context, an exploratory research design was conducted. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with the participants who have moved to the Menteşe district of Muğla province by their own choice and who are considered (scientist, engineer, physician, researcher, lawyer, etc.) in the creative class. Thematic analysis method was used in the analysis of the data and it was determined that the participants took into account three main themes, 'Aegean culture, natural beauty and location', as city brand benefits in their decision processes. On the other hand, the theme of Aegean culture consists of two sub-themes: lifestyle and human profile. The results revealed what city brand benefits affect the selection of city to live in Turkey by creative class. Thus, this paper contributed to the literature on how the preferences of the creative class are formed in different cultures. In addition, decision makers in the city brand management were allowed to develop strategies and tactics that would reinforce the mentioned themes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the history of teaching Turkish as a foreign language dates back centuries, there is not enough information about which approach and method was used in teaching in which years. Based on this problem, the aim of this study is to examine the book Spoken Turkish, which was published in the United States in 1944-45, as method and content. In the scope of the examination, besides the content, the basic approach of the method, the techniques used and measurement-evaluation features were used as criteria. The book is divided into a total of 30 units and a theme is determined in each unit. Intense grammar teaching is also striking in the units in which dialogues suitable for these themes take place. While the themes of the units are mostly limited to daily communication, there are also dialogues that give information about Turkey. Unit themes and grammar topics were determined within the framework of the paper, and the features and techniques required by the method were also tried to be determined. As a matter of fact, memorizing the dialogues, forming sentences from the words in the dialogue, repeating after the teacher, chaining (a selected dialogue progresses in a chain in the whole class), filling single / multiple gaps, transforming (changing the sentence in grammatical terms), question-answer, similar pairs (pronunciation) It is noteworthy that techniques such as stating the difference between similar words by pronouncing them), completing the dialogue... are deliberately included in the book. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to explore the causal relationship between lending efficiency and capital adequacy through panel cointegration analysis and regression. The effects on that relationship of both such specific financial variables as total asset value and volume of hedging transactions and two additional categorical variables separating banks as state-owned versus privately owned and as foreign versus domestic are investigated. It is further debated whether duration of operating in the sector significantly influences assumed efficiency-capital adequacy relationship. For that, panel cointegration tests have been conducted on and some cointegration models have been constructed for the quarterly data of 13 deposit banks in Turkey for the 2013-2019 period. Panel cointegration test results suggest significant cointegration only from banks' lending efficiency scores calculated via Data Envelopment Analysis to their capital adequacy ratios. The panel cointegration regression models provide some evidence that capital adeqaucy is positively affected by lending efficiency. Furthermore, there exists no connection between total asset value and relative capital adequacy performance. However, it is evident that more engagement in hedging transactions improves bank's capital adequacy performance. But, state-owned and privately owned banks are not superior to one another in terms of efficient-based capital adequacy performance while domestic banks outperform foreign banks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basic words have an important place in the vocabulary of languages. Basic words and therefore organ names are among the frequently used word categories in the Turkish word formation system. Studies on organ names constitute an important material about the language studied. In this study, the definition of organ names has been made by emphasizing the importance of basic words in the mother tongue, and the studies on these names in Turkey Turkish have been examined. Theses, books, book chapters, and articles and papers are listed. In the conclusion part, a brief evaluation of the studies is given and it is aimed that the bibliography will be a source for those who work on organ names and those who will do it. In the study, it was seen that organ names were included in separate sections in vocabulary studies, especially in studies on medical terms. While scanning, organ names studies, which constitute an important data for medical science and other sciences as well as Turcology, were limited to the field of social sciences. Explanations were made about master's and doctoral theses, books and book chapters, articles and papers were listed alphabetically according to the names of the authors. The abundance of articles and theses on the subject draws attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinema is affected by the political, economic, social, and, cultural changes of the society it is in. For this reason, cinema, especially comedy, is one of the oldest and most important types, besides reflecting changes of the country it is in. Since 1960Õs radical social-economic changes have happened in Turkey. This paper examines the impact of the social upheavals on comedy cinema (1970-2010) in Turkey. The article is to provide analysis of the reflections of the social upheavals that occurred in the aftermath of two dramatic periods (1960-1980/1980-2010) in the country. The paper first discusses the main characteristics of the eras when the films were made. Then, selected samples of Turkish comedy films are examined drawing upon Norman FaircloughÕs critical discourse analysis. The study proves that there is close and meaningful relation between comedy movies and changes in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this paper is to demonstrate the dynamic interaction between urbanization and transportation. This paper provides an empirical evaluation of dynamic connectedness between urbanization and air transportation mobility. The empirical part uses annual time-series data for Turkey, Germany, France, Italy, and United Kingdom according to data availability for the period 1970-2019. The variable of interest includes the share of urban population as urbanization, and the mobility of freight and passenger with air transportation. Urbanization and transportation measures have been obtained from World Bank statistical database. Dynamic connectedness approach provides various spillover parameters such as, from one to all, from all to one, net, pairwise, and total connectedness indexes, which might bring different perspective to the determination of the linkage between air transportation mobility and urbanization. Our findings show that air transportation is related to urbanization in terms of freight and passengers. According to the dynamic nature of transportation with urbanization and the spreading results, while transportation is receiver, urbanization is in a transmitter position. The fact that there is a transfer from urbanization to transportation is especially important in terms of the effectiveness of transportation policies in urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses Abide-i Hürriyet as a place of memory. The subject is the construction, reshaping and reproduction of the monument. The place has been an implement for remembering or forgetting for every political power it is the object of. Remembering or making one forget as the socialization of memory means experiencing the space constructed by power. Experience a place is both participatory and exclusionary. Abide expresses a historicity in which we can follow these experiences. Monument's authenticity highlighted certain moments. These moments, from the 1908 Revolution to Turkey, have been the moments when the political power took decisions and was forced to take decisions about place. The funeral of Mahmut Şevket Pasha, the transfer of the bodies of Talat Pasha in 1942, of Mithat Pasha in 1951, and of Enver Pasha in 1996 to Hürriyet Hill are moments that reconstruct the place. As the burials of the historical identities of the revolution were moved to the shadow of the monument, a timeless historical block emerged. The historical block is the continuity between those who construct the place and those who shape it. This study discussed Abide-i Hürriyet as the symbolic place and pursued its spatial existence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm in 1972 both triggered the organization of environmental management in many countries and brought about the formation of an understanding of environmental protection on a national and international scale. Similarly, the Conference has been a starting point in terms of institutionalizing environmental management, creating legislation, and developing environmental policy practice in Turkey. When the institutional structure is examined, a process comes to the fore in which the central government is the main actor in terms of institutional, legal, and representation. Parallel to this, when the environmental protection perspective of the environmental management organization in question is considered, an understanding that prioritizes economic development draws attention. The main argument of this paper is that environmental management has a institutionally centralized, practically developmentalist nature that displays a continuity. In order to illuminate the centralist and developmentalist continuity, this process which started in 1973, is handled over a period of 50 years and changes in the institutional structure of environmental management are discussed. Afterwards, the legal sources that support environmental policies and the institutional structures are discussed, and their positioning on the axis of protection-development is debated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical facts proved that it is impossible to be hegemon power without having domination on seas. Soviet rulers very-well aware of that fact, since the first years of the Cold War, tried to compete with Western Blok in the world seas especially on Mediterranean Sea where they recognized as their interest area. Due to problems occurred because of the shortages in the Soviet System, Soviets faced with grave challenges, tried to generate some ship building programs in order to lower that gap. The passage regime in the Turkish Straits which has been put into use by Montreux Convention, affected Soviet Mediterranean policy directly, Soviets struggled to solve that problem by establishing bases on coastline countries. Soviet Mediterranean Fleet Pyadyy Eskadra has been established under above conditions. The aim was to achieve Soviet hegemony in the Mediterranean. Soon after the deployment of Pyadyy Eskadra, Soviets struggled to transform emerging crisis in the south and southeastern Mediterranean coastline countries to empower their basis. Turkey's policy to liberally comment and implement Montreux, contributed continuance of Soviet organic existence in the Mediterranean. The most challenging long lasting problem of Soviet Mediterranean Fleet Pyadyy Eskadra was absence of aircraft carrier. Despite aircraft carrier passage has been prohibited by Montreux, Turkey permitted Soviet aircraft carriers' one way north-south passages which were built in the Black Sea shipyards and named with different classes. In this paper, considering Cold War rivalry conditions, Soviet Mediterranean Fleet Pyadyy Eskadra, Turkish Straits' passage regime and US Mediterranean policies will be analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coordination of Directional Over Current Relays (DOCR) is an important issue in the protection of power systems. In this paper, DOCR coordination, which has the problem of nonlinear and high constraints, is discussed The object function, reported in the literature, has been re-written by adding relay setting constraints multiplied by a weight factor to ensure optimum coordination of DOCRs. At first, the Evaporation Rate Controlled Water Cycle Algorithm (ER-WCA) and Harris Hawk Optimization (HHO) algorithms were used to compute the optimum coordination of the DOCR problem. The proposed algorithms are applied to the 9-bus test system. In addition, the results obtained using ER-WCA and HHO were compared with those obtained using other algorithms in the literature. Then, a new adaptive protection method, which adapts to changing power system conditions in power grids with Distributed Generation (DG) system, is proposed. In this new adaptive protection method, the HHO algorithm has been used to ensure optimum coordination of DOCRs. Also, in this new adaptive protection method, a structure with Fault Current Limiting (FCL) mechanism, which determines the critical fault point based on the both of the current and voltage index, is proposed in power systems. Then, by applying this new adaptive protection method to 10 bus Turkey distribution system, the effectiveness of the study was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2003 UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage reflects a safeguarding approach that aims to ensure the viability of the intangible heritage (ICH) as a whole with the cultural object, within and with the community, integrated with the heritage objects to which it is associated. This holistic safeguarding approach, in addition to research, documentation and archiving processes, also includes the processes of making it livable in wider contexts, transmitting correct knowledge/awareness raising through education and training, and supporting capacity building related to information sharing. It draws attention as an important emphasis in the text of the Convention that teaching activities focusing on the relationship between heritage, space and time will strengthen the transmission of intangible heritage and, hence the success of its safeguarding. The text of the Convention, the Operational Directives and the Code of Ethics have a humanoriented protection perspective in which individuals, groups and communities are centered on a participatory basis. The purpose and content of studies in the fields of history and geography teaching are also human-oriented and both are social sciences that place importance on the concepts of space and time. Therefore, discussing how both subject areas should be reflected in the socio-spatial-based perspective on teaching practices and instructional content designs in curricula will make important contributions in the context of understanding the attention to the evaluation of the intangible cultural heritage without isolating it from its material context with the physical environment and placed in its time dimension position. In this context, in order to explain the historical continuity and shared experiences in the intergenerational transmission of the Turkish Archery Tradition within the framework of the interdisciplinary programming approach, the spatial context in which the collective mentality hidden in the cultural geographic history of the tradition is built is associated with the socio-political context and it made visible in this paper. Then, the importance of the recommended approaches to be followed in order to strengthen the intergenerational transmission of the heritage that has been passed on from the pre-Christ Central Asian cultural circles to the present day, in terms of holistic conservation processes is evaluated in the context of Traditional Turkish Archery which was inscribed on the Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2019 by Turkey. This article has been structured by taking into account the goal of raising awareness, which considers it important to determine the framework of the knowledge and cognitive process dimensions of the goal-achievements included in the transdisciplinary teaching designs within the formal education system of UNESCO with reference to the past. In addition, this paper also addresses the meaning of the intangible cultural heritage in today's context in the case of Traditional Turkish Archery. Literature research has been carried out within the scope of academic works, geography and history teaching programs, research works prepared by using Chinese, Islamic and Western sources and primary data sources in which the texts produced within the framework of the Convention, which evaluated the intangible cultural heritage as a learning resource have been examined at national and international level. Content analysis, one of the techniques frequently used in research in the field of social sciences is used in the review of the literature document. Following the document review process carried out within the framework of the stated purposes, the 9th grade history lesson includes the Turkic World in the First and Middle Ages and the 11th grade geography lesson Global Environment, Regions and Countries unit, which include steps for the use of thinking and learning contexts that support each other. An interdisciplinary teaching content methodology is presented focusing on the integration of the Turkish archery tradition's living nature which includes the change into the current education programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social entrepreneurs mitigate the crisis effects by offering innovative solutions in situations where states and markets fail. This paper analyzes the effects of the COVID-19 crisis in Turkey on social enterprises, their adaptation process, and their need for support. In this framework, a questionnaire is administered to Turkish social entrepreneurs. The findings are evaluated, taking into account the results of work done on social enterprises, commercial enterprises, and civil society organizations in Turkey and worldwide in close time intervals. Policy recommendations are developed to increase social enterprises' resilience. Research results suggest that the pandemic has negative economic, social, and operational effects on social enterprises like all other socio-economic actors. Main recommendations for policy makers include providing legitimacy (trust) to social enterprises, carrying out awareness and visibility activities, providing financial and non-financial support, and strengthening communication over networks. This paper contributes to the literature as it is the first study examining the initial impact of the crisis on social entrepreneurs in Turkey and forms the basis for observing the changes in crisis effects in future work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When the literature on the relationship between public expenditures and economic growth is examined, two different thoughts appear, namely the Wagner law and the Keynes hypothesis. Since there are two different arguments on public expenditures and economic growth in the literature, discussions about whether public expenditures can be used as a policy tool for economic growth, or not, have been going on for many years. In this paper, the relationship between education expenditures and economic growth in Turkey, are analyzed in the framework of Keynes hypothesis by using time series data for the period of 1980-2015. Within the scope of the paper, determining the effect of education expenditures, which has an important share in public expenditures, on economic growth is considered to be important for policy makers. In the empirical part of the paper, the Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lags (NARDL) model, in which asymmetric effects are taken into account, is utilized. In this paper, choosing an asymmetric cointegration method is important in terms of revealing the hidden cointegration problem by decomposing positive and negative shocks. According to the analysis findings, positive shocks in education expenditures present results in favor of economic growth in both the short and long run and negative shocks, on the other hand, present results against economic growth only in the short run. The obtained findings support the positive externality of education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to study the impact of diversification of Turkish banking industry. The study covers the period of between 2010 and 2018 for 21 commercial banks that operate in Turkey. To find banks performance, several indicators were used to see their relation with the ratios of ROA and ROI. While Return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) are used as dependent variable, a widely used income diversification index (HHI) is used as independent variable. The capital adequacy ratio, asset ratio, liquidity ratio, deposit growth rate, loan and provision ratio, which are considered to have an impact on the performance of the bank, are determined as control variables. The annual data of the banks included in the study for the period in question were subjected to panel data regression analysis and modeled using the Driscoll-Kraay (1998) estimator. The results of the paper suggest that the income diversification that banks have been conducted gives a positive contribution to their performances. More explicitly, it is observed that the diversification in their income sources which banks have been conducted by tending from interest income to out of/non-interest income has increased both their return on equity and return on assets. When the analysis findings are analyzed in terms of control variables, it is concluded that capital adequacy ratio, liquidity management and provision ratio have a meaningful effect on bank profitability. Among these factors, it has been observed that the effect of the capital adequacy ratio is positive whereas that of liquidity and reserve ratio is negative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pedestrian traffic has less priority than vehicle traffic in Turkey’s transportation system. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in understanding pedestrians’ behavior. This paper investigates high school students’ (15-18 age range) gap acceptance behavior at unsignalized midblock crossings by designing a before and after study. The midblock crossing is conventional in the first situation. But after, the midblock crossing is raised. This paper aims to find the effect of raised midblock crossing on pedestrians’ acceptable gap behavior. In this study, a midblock crossing near a high school in Izmir City was chosen. Data was gathered by using two video cameras in the morning (7.00-8.00 AM). The obtained data were extracted from the footage. The data were analyzed by performing two-way and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The legal crossing rate of the students increased with the installation of the raised midblock crossing. Also, average vehicle speed and 85th percentile speed determined for both situations. Thus, the number of acceptable gaps increased as well as the waiting time decreased significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cruise tourism is growing in popularity. Currently, the Mediterranean Region stands as the second most visited destination by cruise lines, following the Caribbean. However, the Black Sea has lots to offer in terms of potential as well. Six countries border along it, and all have ports that visited by cruise ships. Türkiye has 25 such ports - the city-provinces of Trabzon, Sinop, Samsun, and Bartın being particularly popular. This paper aims to delve deeper into this particular topic, and offer ideas about where and how Türkiye could improve. for the improvement of the current potential. We've used both quantitative and qualitative data based on field research that involved travel and observation in Trabzon and Samsun. We also conducted a literature as well to access national and international statistics. Our findings show us that Türkiye's Black Sea offer sufficient potential for cruise tourism, but international issues (e.g. the Russia-Ukraine crisis) as well as domestic issues (e.g. terror acts or infrastructural inadequacies) prevent that potential from being tapped. Hence, we feel that effort needs to be made in order to render the Black Sea safe for cruise lines. Other improvements that ought to be made concern the urban qualities, technical, and operational infrastructure required for cruise tourism in and around ports. The same goes for advertising and branding as well in order to cruise to the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of studies on the "historical geography" discipline, which is developing in Turkey, is phenomenally finite. Especially, studies on the historical geography of Anatolia in the Middle Ages are very limited. For this reason, it is important to determine and evaluate the sources concerning the historical geography of Anatolia in the Middle Ages. The aim of this study is to determine that Danishmend Gazi Epic can be used as a historical geography source. Because our country of the sources of the historical geography is very limited regarding the Middle Ages of Anatolia, especially concerning the periods when Anatolia was conquered by the Turks. As a result, the knowledges of geographical features about the period are insufficient. Danishmend Gazi Epic has been discussed in many studies in the light of literature and history. however, the epic has not been evaluated with regard to historical geography till now. İn this paper, It will be given the information regarding the geographical features of the Central Black Sea region (especially the provinces of Tokat, Amasya, Çankırı and Çorum) based on the Danishmend Gazi Epic between XI.-XIII. centuries. Danishmend Gazi Epic gives significant information concerning the physical and human geography especially earthquakes, floods, plant species, important settlements, place names, physical conditions of settlements, topography of settlements, plant and animal species. Danishmend Gazi Epic between XI.-XIII. centuries with the study. These datas indicate us that Danismend Gazi Epic to can be used as a source about the historical geography of Anatolia in the Middle Ages, when the resources were limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to assess the conformity of customs union between Turkey and the European Union with the provisions of Art. XXIV in full. The discussions upon the customs union that is not achieved in a reasonable length of time, which is foreseen in the agreement, and also the exclusion of the whole agricultural sector from the range of the customs union that should cover the substantially all trade between the parties will be analyzed. For this purpose, the original GATT/WTO documents examined from a historical perspective. This paper concludes that the customs union between Turkey and the European Union neither in the past, when the agreement was signed nor today, meets the provisions set forth in Art. XXIV of GATT. As accepted in the Uruguay-round negotiations, the examination of GATT- Conformity is not a static or one time action. It is a dynamic one and could be conducted in any stage of the customs union when needed. Today and in the future, any WTO-Member who feels affected from the functioning of a customs union could claim this contradiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main reasons why the government intervenes in market is to get rid of imbalances in income distribution. In this context, the most important instrument used by governments to provide equality on income distribution is taxation policies. In the study, classification of taxes as direct and indirect is considered for income distribution. It is a known fact that direct taxes are more efficient than indirect taxes in income distribution. However, this fact is disregarded in developing countries. In Turkey, the share of indirect taxes in total tax revenue is much higher. The aim of the study is to investigate the impact of direct and indirect taxes on income distribution in Turkey and 28 EU countries. In the study, after covering the concepts of income distribution and tax theoretically, the impact of direct and indirect taxes on income distribution is empirically analyzed for Turkey and 28 AB countries. In the paper, the impacts of tax policies implemented in Turkey and 28 EU countries on income distribution imbalances are investigated by using new generation panel data analysis methods for 2006-2018 period. According to the paper analysis, the increases in the share of indirect taxes in total tax revenues rise income inequality while the increases in the share of direct taxes in total tax revenue decrease this inequality. It is also determined that improvement in human development index has declining impact on income inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the precautions taken in building industry in order to minimize the results of increasing energy consumption in the world is energy efficient design of the utilization process of the buildings. In order to ensure energy efficiency in buildings, heat loss through building envelope is tried to be minimized. In Turkey, recently, external thermal insulation applications have been proliferating with the effect of legal obligations and the needs of providing fuel preservation within residences. In this paper, it is researched how hygrothermal performance of the existing building walls would be affected by external thermal insulation applications. In the first chapter of this paper, external thermal insulation composite system (ETICS) applications observed in Istanbul Capa district are dealt with. In this region, it has seen that there are impermeable coatings on the existing wall surface of buildings where external thermal insulation is applied. In the second chapter, changes in water content, relative humidity rate and temperature of different wall types are calculated via simulation method. According to the results, when thermal insulation materials are applied on impermeable coatings on the walls, the moisture amount in the wall layers may reach critical levels in winter and this situation can cause deteriorations in the wall layers in the long term. For these reasons, it is important to handle external thermal insulation applications on existing buildings with a holistic approach and expertise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ottoman tombstones, which have documentary value concerning the history of art, reveal the social and cultural characteristics of the period they belong. They are also important cultural assets, exhibiting a complete work of art concerning motifs, ornaments, and writings. However, due to some factors as being built in open fields, being exposed to renovations and expropriation, the destruction of tombstones has increased day by day. Despite their status of immovable artefacts, the tombstones were removed from their original places by legal or illegal procedures, thus resulting a detachment from their context. Today, auctions are used as a method of presenting theme as first-class artworks, thus tombstones are exhibited in some prestigious museums. Although there are a growing scholar and professional attentions paid to tombstones, headstones, graveyards, and decorations in Turkey, it is noteworthy that there is a paucity of studies on museums, exhibitions, and historical artefacts. This paper aims to focus on the ethics of some of the Ottoman tombstones exhibited abroad from the context of their historical artefacts and the display of "sensitive" quality works such as tombstones in museums. The paper has also aimed to draw attention to even immovable artefacts that are included in various museums, actually supposed to be buried in the ground, such as tombstones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rock Art have been studied by scientists in various research institutions for many years, and studies on this subject, as well as the publishing of papers, have occurred in Türkiye in recent years. The Yandaklıdere petroglyphs that can be found within the borders of Çağa village in the Güdül district of Ankara, constitute the main theme of the study. While the Yandaklıdere petroglyphs have been mentioned in other publications, no scale drawings and individual explanations of the depictions in the petroglyphs are available, and current comparative evaluations of the inscriptions are also limited. This study serves to address that lack with scale drawings of the panels and depictions of the Yandaklıdere petroglyphs. Necessary explanations for identifying the figures are provided by assigning a unique number to each figure. Relevant explanations of the character of the figures are also included in the text. Depictions of similar forms and body shapes are examined under the following categories: Shamans, Riders, Horses, Goats, Deers, Plants/Trees, Nets/Cages/Traps, Tamgas and Inscriptions. Depictions which are not in these groups are included in the category of Unidentified Depictions. Other examples similar to the Yandaklıdere petroglyphs were first looked for in Central Asia, then in regions where Turkish tribes migrated, and finally in Türkiye. Yandaklıdere petroglyphs, such as the petroglyphs with period names such as Proto-Turk, Saka, Hun, Taştik, Göktürk, Akhun, etc. in the geography of Central Asia, were also examined, and yielded data that indicated that the Turks were very early arrivals in Anatolia. Techniques used in the drawings are presented, as well as their estimated production dates, and the study also examines findings that show that the Turks continued their rock drawing traditions under Shamanism and Tengrism by discussing the meaning of petroglyphs for Turkish tribes separately for each depiction. As a result of these examinations, which contain examples from possibly the Bronze or Iron Age, it can be seen that the petroglyphs were made by using pecking and engraving techniques. It is suggested that the petroglyphs were made in different periods, but mainly in the Middle Ages. These dating suggestions, based on similar examples, are also explained in the study within the chronicles and the illustrated examples included in the depictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to determine the effect of person-job fit and occupational social status on the intention to leave the occupation, and to determine the mediating role of professional accountants’ commitment in these relationships. Data are obtained from 257 professional accountants working in the Western Black Sea region in Turkey via a questionnaire and analyzed by structural equation modeling path analysis. The findings show that the increase in the perception of person-job fit and occupational social status decreases the intention to leave the occupation. Occupational commitment has a partial mediating role on both relationships in intention to leave the profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serious risks are likely to arise in a linked credit relationship where the goods or services demanded by the consumer are financed by a third-party creditor and therefore the sales contract and the credit contract are separated. Foremost among those risks is the possibility for the sellers/service providers, who act in an economic unity vis-à-vis consumer, to hide behind the separation of those contracts by arguing the privity of contract in case there is a breach. Considering the prevalence of linked credit in the economy, those risks could cause serious harm both to the consumers and to the efficiency in the markets. Being aware of such risks, legislators in many countries, including Turkey, enacted various provisions to protect consumers. Those provisions pose complicated but interesting legal questions within the context of the triangular relationship created by the linked credit, both from the perspective of the general principles of law of obligations and the consumer protection law. In this paper, those legal questions will be analyzed with an aim to strike a sensible balance between the goals of protecting the consumers and not causing unnecessary deterrence for the creditors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most popular and narrated texts in Turkish folk narratives are fairy tale texts. Although the fairy tale is called an imagination, those who listen to the tale will surely find something of their own. "Heroes ones presence of some animals and supernatural events tale territory that occurs, an oral expression can be convinced listeners in case it is imaginary." In on the tales described as Turkey have been many studies to date. These studies are very important for our fairy tale history. Tales are people's cultural accumulation and carry on their existences by transferring from generation to generation. Tales generally deliver to listener the regulation of people's cultural and moral with fanciful motifs and surreal heroes. For this reason, tales educational function is given importance. Especially, the benefits of feeding of children with tales in terms of their growth are frequently emphasized. Tale is a literary genre that broadens one's horizon and enriches their imaginary world, that helps become creative individuals. It also is a genre that children make acquaintance the day they are born. Individuals crack a door open to new worlds and start leraning and discovering new things through tales. The doors of tales which are opened slightly with the phrase Once upon a time is quite important in order to bring people certain fundamental values. Tales which children love and evoke a sense curiosity and discovery in their world are a significant means in order to get them to attain the feeling of empathy and fundamental values and to know the world around them. Considering that children's favorite genres are animal tales in the fairy tale texts, it will be better understood how important these tales are in terms of education. In this paper, examples of how animal tales that children fondly listen or read have a function in children's education will be evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research assessment and incentive systems (RAIS) aim to measure the quality and the impact of scientific studies. For, the quality of research outputs increases not only the welfare of the people but also the socio-economic development and competitiveness of countries. Lately, the quality tends to get overlooked almost completely and the scientific works are assessed solely by the quantitative measures. Researchers are awarded based on some numbers such as numbers of publications or citations. Yet, RAIS based solely on numbers encourage researchers, in time, to develop rent-seeking behaviors. This exploratory case study investigates the effects of existing RAIS in Turkey on the rent-seeking behaviors of academics. It analyzes the changes in academic titles of authors who published papers in a journal with a very low impact factor as well as if they received monetary support from TÜBİTAK. Findings show that a significant portion of the authors was rent-seeking by taking advantage of the deficiencies of the existing systems; that some authors obtained academic titles with only one article published in this journal, which was later removed from the Web of Science (WoS) due to some ethical problems; and that they published articles with one or two authors at most at very high rates to benefit from TÜBİTAK’s support. Yet, they quickly stopped publishing in this journal once it was removed from WoS. Existing RAIS triggering rentseeking behaviors in academics should be discontinued, and, instead, the new ones highlighting the quality of research should be developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kırşehir is one of the important crossroads and passageways in Anatolia; In this respect, it has become one of the centers where different elements of Turkish culture meet, melt and distill. In this geography, great events ranging from the Seljuks to the Ilkhanians, from the principalities to the establishment of the Ottoman Empire, from great revolts to constructivism and state establishment have been experienced. Şeyh Edebalı, who made and kneaded the will that founded the Ottoman State, is a person of these places. The pioneers of the Babâî revolts emerged from these lands, Âşık Paşa who was the son of those pioneers, participated in the foundation of the Ottoman, and historian Aşıkpaşaoğlu was nearby Yavuz in Chaldoran, Marjedabik and Rhidâniye. Within this paper, it will be put with examples that the state of separation in Old Turkish, which is a language feature reflected in this historical,geographik and social structure, is met with the presence of the suffix. Besides; the words such as samağır/samağar; tuhran/tufran

The Turkish National War, which has been waged against the imperialist states in Turkey since 1919, has been closely followed by the Soviet Russia. Since 1920, Soviet administration established diplomatic relations with the new government in Ankara, officially recognized the new state and provided material and moral support to the struggle for independence. Especially 1921 was an important year in Turkish-Soviet relations. A series of victories on the Western Front of the Turkish War of Independence in the year in question brought both countries closer to each other. As a result of this rapprochement, the Treaty of Kars was signed on March 16, 1921 and the Treaty of Moscow was signed on October 13, 1921. Thus, Turkey and Soviet Russia provided a strong alliance. The principles of diplomatic relations to be developed with Russia in 1921 were carefully discussed by the deputies in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, important ideas were put forward about the agreements to be made, and discussions were held. While some deputies claimed that the sincerity of the Russians should not be trusted, that they did not provide enough help, and that they hid their true ambitions, others believed wholeheartedly in the friendship of the Russians. There were also those members in the Turkish Grand National Assembly who thought that communism would spread in Anatolia with the Turkish-Russian rapprochement. On the other hand, the members of the Turkish delegation, who met with Russia, tried to persuade those who were opposed to Turkish-Russian friendship by suggesting that the country would never slip into communism in their speeches in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. There were essential information in 1921 Parliament minutes publication regarding both Turkish-Soviet relations as well as Azeri, Georgian and Armenian relations. In order to understand the atmosphere of the period in a healthy way, it is very important to examine the parliamentary minutes. The aim of this study is to reveal different ideas about Turkish-Soviet Relations based on the Parliamentary minutes and to give information about the Turkish-Soviet Treaties in this period. The main source of this study will be the open and secret hearing minutes of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Likewise, books, theses and articles on Turkish-Soviet relations in the National Struggle Period will also be main sources for the preparation of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we analyze the saving and consumption behavior model of Turkish households, using the TURKSTAT Household Budget Survey microdata between 2002 and 2013. The aim of this study is to contribute to the understanding of household income dynamics, consumption and saving behaviours in Turkish households and to investigate the validity of the Life Cycle Hypothesis and Precautionary Saving Hypothesis in the Turkish economy. In this study, cohort techniques are used as the econometric methods following Deaton (1985) and log linearized Euler equations are estimated by two-step system-GMM techniques as well. According to all estimation results, the predictions of the Life-Cycle Hypothesis do not hold for Turkey due to the excess sensitivity of consumption to income. Finally, when we tested the validity of the Precautionary Saving Hypothesis by estimating log linearized Euler equations for Turkey, the results show that households will postpone their current consumption and increase their saving level in order to keep their lifetime consumption constant when future (labour income) uncertainty occurs. Therefore the empirical analysis results support the validity of the Precautionary Saving Hypothesis for Turkey, using the TURKSTAT Household Budget Surveys data for the period 2002-2013. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to determine the problems of web citation accessibility in the Turkish Librarianship journal. Method: For this purpose, bibliographic records of the peer-reviewed studies published in the Turkish Librarianship journal between the years 2005 and 2020 were downloaded from the DergiPark archive and web citations were obtained according to the selected publication types. Then, usage rate of web citations, their access levels, the half-life of URLs, and accessibility of top-level domain names were identified and analyzed. Findings: It has been observed that web citations are frequently used in peer-reviewed articles in the Turkish Librarianship journal, and it has been understood that the usage trend has been increasing continuously in recent years. The average half-life of web citations in data is three years. In addition, the accessibility rate of web citations used in recent articles is higher than earlier ones. Implications: The findings indicate that there have been persistent decay and accessibility issues in the web citations of the Turkish Librarianship journal, and support policies encouraging the use of persistent identifiers should be developed to increase the accessibility of web citations. Originality: This is the first study in the Turkish academic literature to investigate the status of web citations of articles based in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Born as a product of Turkey’s modernization efforts, the institute of muhtarlık is an indigenous and unique organization that has been able to protect its presence since 1829 to date. Muhtars (headmen of neighborhood) are elected for a certain period of time by direct votes of local people, mostly from local people. This leads them to build closer ties with the local community, to know closely local problems and needs, and to become a rich source of data on their neighborhoods. With these characteristics, muhtars have the potential to become important actors in community-based disaster governance and in its essential stage of preparedness. But to what extent do muhtars play or are allowed to play this role? Are muhtars natural partners of governance in terms of disaster preparedness? These questions constitute the problematic of this paper. The paper aims to examine special status of community-based disaster management in Turkey within the framework of a case study of Balikesir, which is one of the provinces where of many natural disaster risks are felt intensely. In doing so the study is focused on muhtars whose role in natural disaster governance is generally neglected. The paper uses data obtained from 50 muhtars using an in-depth interview technique with a phenomenological methodology. The most important finding is that due to the tendency of the political elite to ignore and not include local knowledge, the muhtars are excluded from the disaster preparedness processes and their potential contribution is limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2002, Turkey has actively been seeking a regional power status in the Middle East through the articulation of regional roles based on historical legacy and liberal experience. Theoretically, the paper seeks to contribute to regional power literature by integrating role theory with status-seeking theory and examining the interactions between them. This integrated approach suggests that the role orientations of aspiring regional power and regional counter-roles determine the level of status recognition of that regional power in a given regional power hierarchy. Using this approach, the paper examines the fluctuations in Turkey's pursuit of regional power status in the Middle East over two uneven stages before and after the Arab Spring. It shows that Turkey was able to play regional cooperative roles and improve its regional power status during the first stage (2002-2011) while has stumbled over the period since the Arab Spring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]