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The research question of the present paper is the following: to what degree (if any) is gender relevant as an explanatory factor in, firstly, the process of assimilation and later, the process of (re)vitalisation of indigenous and minority languages in northern Fenno-Scandia (the North Calotte)? The assimilation of the ethnic groups in question was a process initiated and lead by the authorities in the three different countries. Finland, Sweden and Norway. Nevertheless, members of the indigenous and minority groups also took part in practicing, though, not necessarily promoting, the official assimilation politics, for different reasons. (Re)vitalisation, on the other hand, was initially – and still is – mostly a process stemming from the minority groups themselves, though the authorities to a certain extent have embraced it. The paper thus addresses the question of whether gender played a role in the two different processes, assimilation and (re)vitalisation, and if that was the case, how and why. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the size and importance of Chicago's Polish community, the Chicago story, as pridefully told in this book, stands in for the history of Polish America, interweaving the affairs of neighborhood parishes and local organizations with the general history of Poles in the United States, which those parishes and organizations played a great role in making. Pacyga demonstrates that a Polish Chicago still exists, but shows that it is a new Polish Chicago comprising Solidarity- and post-Solidarity-era immigrants and ethnic Poles who have moved to Chicago's suburbs. But wishful liberal nostrums which paper over the long history of racialism in America or rely upon rainbow fantasies to transcend it fail to appreciate how deeply entrenched white racism still is in American society and American institutions; how deeply white supremacism has penetrated portions - perhaps large - of contemporary America, despite no less palpable racial progress; and how difficult it will be to root these out when, it appears (in the wake of the 2020 presidential election) that sizable numbers of white Americans would rather keep racial matters in America much as they have been since the end of slavery days. "Chicago's Polonia lives on", Pacyga writes, "not simply in memory but as a vibrant Polish American community in both the city and suburbs... Chicago's Polonia has been yet again resurrected anew" (p. 267). [Extracted from the article]

The multicultural character of Macedonian society is reflected in the diversity of its ethnic, religious and overall cultural collective entities. Heterogeneous composition is represented on different levels of social interaction and social inclusion. Regional disparities are also characteristic of a specific Macedonian interethnic model. The northwest part of the country is dominated by the second largest ethnic group, the Albanian population, and in the rest of the country, Macedonians are the dominant ethnic group. Also, throughout the country other ethnic groups as Turkish, Roma, Serbian, Vlah and other communities are present. Regarding this composition, different patterns of social interethnic inclusion can be traced, as well as models of building stereotypes and levels of ethnic distance. This paper will use data of research conducted in 2015, comparing similar previous research published in 1997 and 2004. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entering the debate over segmented assimilation, this paper seeks to refocus discussion on a core, but neglected claim: that inter-group disparities among immigrant offspring derive from differences in a contextual feature shared by immigrant and immigrant descendants: a nationality's mode of incorporation. The paper engages in both theoretical and empirical assessment. We critically examine the concept of mode of incorporation, demonstrating that its operational implications have not been correctly understood; consequently, the core hypothesis has never been appropriately tested. The second part of the paper implements those tests, making use of the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Survey. We do so by using nationality as a proxy for mode of incorporation, systematically contrasting more advantaged against less advantaged nationalities. We show: (a) that tests systematically varying modes classified as more or less advantageous yield inconsistent outcomes; (b) that positive or negative modes of incorporation are associated with few long-lasting effects; (c) that differences in governmental reception are particularly unlikely to be associated with interethnic disparities; and (d) that compared to theoretically relevant nationalities, neither Mexicans, a nationality assigned to a negative mode of incorporation, nor pre-Mariel Cubans, a nationality assigned to positive mode of incorporation, prove distinctive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates how ethnic diversity, measured by immigrants' nationalities, influences the well-being of the host country. Using panel data from Germany from 1998 to 2012, we find a positive effect of ethnic diversity on the well-being of German natives. Our finding is robust to alternative definitions of ethnic diversity and to the non-random selection of natives and immigrants into regions. The positive effect of ethnic diversity is stronger for immigrant groups that are culturally and economically closer to Germany. Consistent with this result, we document the existence of two mechanisms explaining the influence of ethnic diversity on well-being: productivity-as captured by immigrants' skills and assimilation-and social capital-particularly in relation to the creation of a multicultural environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper concerns Chinese Muslims in Malaysia, and attempts to explain the phenomenon behind the shift in their identities towards either religion or ethnicity. It proposes that, upon arriving in Malaysia, the Chinese Muslims, finding themselves overwhelmed between a majority non-Chinese Muslim community and a majority non-Muslim Chinese community, have, for survival purposes or by political design, rather quickly assimilated into one group or the other. The paper takes as examples a few Chinese Muslim clans or families from different regions of Malaysia. It also briefly narrates the situation of the Chinese converts, and discusses the development in their status from a ‘social anomaly that exists in an ethnic limbo’ to a small community of Malaysian Chinese who are Muslim, and who are accepted as such by all segments of society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnolinguistic vitality theory asserts that Status, Demographic, Institutional Support and Control factors make up the vitality of ethnolinguistic groups. An assessment of a group's strengths and weaknesses in each of these dimensions provides a rough classification of ethnolinguistic groups into those having low, medium, or high vitality. Low vitality groups are most likely to go through linguistic assimilation and may not be considered a distinctive collective group. On the other hand, high vitality groups are likely to maintain their language and distinctive cultural traits in multilingual settings. Compared to other models, Ethnoliguistic Vitality Theory (EVT) and its accompanying instruments provide a broader and more inclusive framework for the investigation of language maintenance and shift. However, the empirical evidence obtained in a number of contexts point to an underestimation of the actual vitality of some minority groups. In this paper, based on the findings on ethnolinguistic vitality perceptions of Turkish immigrants in Australia, France, Germany and the Netherlands, a critical evaluation of EVT will be presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Are predictions that Hispanics will make up 25 per cent of the US population in 2050 reliable? The authors of this paper argue that these and other predictions are problematic insofar as they do not account for the volatile nature of Latino racial and ethnic identifications. In this light, the authors propose a theoretical framework that can be used to predict Latinos' and Latinas' racial choices. This framework is tested using two distinct datasets - the 1989 Latino National Political Survey and the 2002 National Survey of Latinos. The results from the analyses of both of these surveys lend credence to the authors' claims that Latinas' and Latinos' skin colour and experiences of discrimination affect whether people from Latin America and their descendants who live in the US will choose to identify racially as black, white or Latina/o. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Singapore is a city-state in Southeast Asia which, like much of the rest of the region, has a population that is ethnically and culturally diverse because of migration before and during colonial rule. Migration has continued with the rise of modern nation-statehood, particularly as the countries in the region sought to integrate more closely with the global economy. So for some centuries now, Singapore's polyglot population has lived often cheek by jowl in relatively high-density urban conditions generally without major problems. There have, however, been incidents of racial rioting that have been stimulated as much by political opportunists as well as the political tensions arising from transitional periods in the government particularly during the changeover from colonial regime to self-rule in the 1950s to the 1960s. Singapore's multi-ethnic population comprises a majority of Chinese, 77 per cent and two smaller ethnic groups, the Malays, 15 per cent and Indians 8 per cent together with other small groups like the Eurasians and Arabs. The state has played a major and dominant role in the management of interethnic relations in Singapore. This paper discusses the role that the state has played and the status of relations between the Chinese and Malays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]