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This paper reviews the ixodid tick species that are present in Colombia. The different databases reported 50 species of ticks, of which 29 belong to Amblyomma: A. auricularium, A. cajennense sensu lato (s.l.); for Colombia A. calcaratum, A. coelebs, A. crassum, A. dissimile, A. geayi, A. goeldii, A. humerale, A. longirostre, A. maculatum, A. tigrinum, A. triste, A. mixtum, A. multipunctum, A. naponense, A. neumanni, A. nodosum, A. oblongoguttatum, A. ovale, A. pacae, A. pecarium, A. patinoi, A. rotundatum, A. sabanerae, A. scalpturatum, A. tapirellum, A. varium, A. incisum, A. parvum; two Haemaphysalis species: H. juxtakochi, H. leporispalustris, two Rhipicephalus species: R. (Boophilus) microplus, R. sanguineus s.s., two Dermacentor species: Anocentor (D.) nitens, D. imitans, and 15 species of Ixodes: I. affinis, I. andinus, I. auritulus, I. bocatorensis, I. boliviensis, I. brunneus, I. fuscipes, I. lasallei, I. loricatus, I. luciae, I. montoyanus, I. pararicinus, I. tapirus, I. tropicalis, I. venezuelensis. Some of these species need to be validated, their presence confirmed, and their role as a risk for human and animal health studied. Therefore, a countrywide survey of Ixodidae ticks would be of great value to update the information presented in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies certain forms of violence which occurred during the conquest of Antioquia between 1540 and 1550. As this province was a border area, both because of the aboriginal resistance and because of the confrontation between the governorates of Cartagena and Popayan, war and punishment against indigenous peoples was gruesome, even for the context of the Conquest. The aim of the paper is not to study the uniqueness of Antioquia, but to show that the border war was an imperial problem and that it relaxed morals allowing a punitive system foreign to civilized confrontation but valid in peripheral areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the important role of domestic justice in the protection of the right to access to international justice, and in our case Inter-American justice. Within this purpose, the text explains the existence of a right to an effective international remedy in the Inter-American Human Rights System, and describes some of its peculiarities. Also, it shows the importance of national justice in the effectiveness of the international remedy and addresses certain issues with regard to the implementation of international judgments in the domestic sphere, considering that international rulings are binding and have the same nature of national judicial decisions. Finally, the paper deals with some reflections on possible internal remedies to comply with international rulings in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]