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In this study, we used the Disaggregation based on Physical And Theoretical scale Change (DISPATCH) algorithm under very wet soil conditions in Western Canada for the disaggregation of coarse resolution 40-km soil moisture derived from the Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite. The algorithm relies on the Soil Evaporative Efficiency (SEE), which was estimated using the 1-km resolution data from the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectoradiometer (MODIS). The study aimed to: (i) evaluate DISPATCH under wet soil conditions, (ii) test the linearity/non-linearity of the relationship between soil moisture and SEE, and (iii) propose a more robust procedure to calibrate the SEE model under very wet soil conditions. The disaggregated soil moisture values were compared to 0–5 cm in situ measurements and the soil moisture derived from the L-MEB (L-band Microwave Emission of the Biosphere) model from airborne brightness temperature at 1.4 GHz collected during the Canadian Experiment for Soil Moisture in 2010 (CanEx-SM10) field campaign. The results show a correlation between 0.7 and 0.8 and bias values ~ 0 m 3 /m 3 . The DISPATCH algorithm shows better disaggregation results under very wet soil conditions when a non-linear relationship is considered between SEE and soil moisture instead of a linear model. This is mainly due to the small variability of surface temperature inside the area covered by the SMOS pixel under very wet soil conditions, and the difficulty in accurately estimating the maximum soil temperature ( Ts max ), which is a driving factor for SEE. A sensitivity analysis was conducted and it shows that the linear model performs well only if Ts max can be determined more accurately. The possibility to determine Ts max using high resolution MODIS data over a larger area than the SMOS pixel is examined and discussed in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A Survey is conducted on 693 EV owners in Canada pertaining to the EV usage. • Blockchain's smart contracts allow decentralized energy trading among EVs. • User preferences make the charging scheduling model adaptive to various conditions. • Peer-to-peer trading and ancillary services provision are increased by up to 90%. • Charging costs could be offset by external transactions revenue by up to 100%. Electric vehicles (EVs) are witnessing increased utilization throughout the world as an alternative to fossil–fueled vehicles. The extensive deployment of EVs can bring challenges to the grid if not properly integrated. Such challenges, however, could be exploited as opportunities if the huge unused capacity of the battery storage in millions of EVs are utilized for ancillary services to the grid and peer–to–peer (PtP) energy trade. Given that there is at least one human user per vehicle, human input must be considered to improve the scheduling process. To that end, this paper presents a new algorithm for bidirectional smart charging of EVs considering user preferences, PtP energy trade, and provision of ancillary services to the grid. The preferences of an EV user as input to the model are embedded into the scheduling process enabling the model to be adaptive to various conditions. Optimization slack variables are utilized for optimal management of EV battery SOC and energy allocation for multiple services. New indices are developed and introduced for quantification of the EV participation in ancillary services and PtP transactions. Real–world data has been collected and utilized for model specification and simulation to make the assumptions more realistic. The efficacy and feasibility of the proposed model are validated using numerical studies. The results indicate that incorporating users' preferences into the scheduling process would improve the aggregated revenue generated by the EV scheduling model which in turn could offset the charging costs by up to 100%. Further, an increase of about 90% in peer-to-peer energy transactions among EVs and 11% in ancillary services provision to the grid are achieved through the developed user-centric smart charging model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]