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Summary: In the current study, polyphenols were extracted from chestnut (Castanea sativa) shells (CSS) by two eco‐friendly techniques, namely microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE). The bioaccessibility, phenolic composition and bioactivity of CSS extracts were explored upon in vitro gastrointestinal digestion considering a future nutraceutical use. The phenolic and flavonoid concentrations, bioaccessibility and antioxidant/antiradical properties of both extracts decreased during digestion. The bioaccessibility was 25% and 26%, respectively, for UAE and MAE extracts. The phenolic profile demonstrated that gallic acid, caftaric acid and catechin were the most bioaccessible compounds for both extraction techniques. The CSS extracts unveiled notable radicals scavenging efficiency, particularly against HOCl (18.32–75.44% inhibition) and ONOO− (16.78–86.11% inhibition), as well as hypoglycaemic (6.95–17.99% α‐amylase inhibition) and neuroprotective (16.44–54.66% AChE inhibition) properties upon digestion. Considering the undigested extracts, the UAE extract revealed better results than the MAE extract. Oppositely, among digested fractions the MAE digests disclosed the most promising outcomes. The remarkable contribution of phenolic compounds to the bioactivity of CSS extracts after in vitro digestion was proved by heatmap correlations, indicating that their pro‐healthy properties were modified after gastrointestinal digestion, being ascribed to the distinct phenolic composition. This study evaluates, for the first time, the impact of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on the bioaccessibility and bioactivity of phenolics‐rich CSS extracts prepared by UAE and MAE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, shrimp consumption has increased, resulting in massive amounts of waste. In this study, different extraction techniques, namely, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), subcritical-water extraction (SWE) and conventional extraction (CE), were tested to evaluate their efficiency in recovering bioactive compounds from shrimp shells. SWE performed at 200 °C was the extraction technique that allowed for the highest recovery of polyphenolic and carotenoid compounds (5.43 ± 0.17 mgGAE/g dw and 59.9 ± 1.0 μg carotenoids/g dw) as well as the highest antioxidant activity in ABTS and FRAP assays (7.93 ± 0.01 and 4.35 ± 0.31 mgAAE/g dw). These results demonstrate the potential of shrimp shells, which can be further incorporated into other products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhodophyta represents the largest seaweed phylum including a wide variety of species, such as Chondrus crispus Stackhouse, with benefits for consumers health due to their nutritional value and bioactive compounds. This work aimed to optimize the extraction of compounds from C. crispus using a three-step optimization process. The first step consisted in pigment extraction using ultrasound-assisted extraction; the performance of an ultrasonic probe (20 kHz, 750 W) and a bath (40 kHz, 120 W) for 20 or 40 min was compared. The second step corresponded to protein extraction and the third step was the carrageenan formation. Step 1 extracts contained two carotenoids (fucoxanthin and lutein), 5 chlorophyll- a derivatives and pheophythin- a , phenolic compounds and revealed moderate antiradical activity against DPPH•, ABTS•+ and O 2 •-, but no activity against •NO and cholinesterases. Proteins and carrageenan's yields were between 3.6 and 41 g/100 g and 29.7–36.1 g/100 g, respectively. Considering all the performed analyses, the use of ultrasonic bath (40 kHz, 120 W) for 40 min is efficient to extract valuable compounds from C. crispus , which is advantageous from an economic point of view and therefore more attractive for industrial purposes. The obtained extracts may find possible future application in human diet or as additives for pharmaceutic and cosmetic industry. • C. crispus bioactive compounds were extracted by a three-step optimization process. • Pigment extract revealed moderate antiradical activity against DPPH.•, ABTS•+ and O 2 •- • Pigment extract had no activity against.•NO and cholinesterases • Proteins and carrageenans yields were between 3.6% - 41% and 29.7%–36.1%. • The ultrasonic bath (40 kHz, 120 W) for 40 min was the preferable approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Chestnut shells extract as source of anti-aging molecules for nutraceuticals. • Metabolic profiling by LC-ESI-TQ-Orbitrap-MS done in rat tissues and blood serum. • Correlation of phenolic metabolites with oxidative stress biomarkers was screened. • 50 phenolic compounds and metabolites were identified in rat liver and kidney. • Phenolic acids, hydrolyzable tannins, flavanols, and lignans were detected. The present study attempted for the first time to explore the effects of the daily oral intake of a phenolics-rich extract from chestnut shells (CS) on the metabolomic profiling of rat tissues by liquid chromatography coupled to Orbitrap-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS) targeted to polyphenolics and their metabolites and screen potential oxidative stress biomarkers, validating its use as a promising nutraceutical ingredient with outstanding antioxidant properties for the prevention and co-therapy of lifestyle-related diseases triggered by oxidative stress. The results demonstrated new insights into the metabolomic fingerprinting of polyphenols from CS, confirming their absorption and biotransformation by phase I (hydrogenation) and II (glucuronidation, methylation, and sulfation) enzymes. Phenolic acids were the main polyphenolic class, followed by hydrolyzable tannins, flavanols, and lignans. In contrast to the liver, sulfated conjugates were the principal metabolites reaching the kidneys. The multivariate data analysis predicted an exceptional contribution of polyphenols and their microbial and phase II metabolites to the in-vivo antioxidant response of the CS extract in rats, recommending its use as an appealing source of anti-aging molecules for nutraceuticals. This is the first study that explored the relation between metabolomic profiling of rat tissues and in-vivo antioxidant effects after oral treatment with a phenolics-rich CS extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Extraction of chamomile by subcritical water. • Influence of temperature on chemical composition of obtained extracts. • Biosensor DNA assays for antioxidant potential of extracts. • Influence of temperature on biological activity of the extracts. Abstract The main goal of this research was to determine the relationship among chemical structure, bioactivity and temperature of chamomile during subcritical water extraction in isobaric conditions (45 bar) at seven different temperatures (65–210 °C). The influence of temperature on phenolic profiles was defined by UHPLC-HESI-MS/MS. The overall results indicate that the presence of conjugated double bonds, side chains, glucose moiety or ether moiety in molecules influence the efficiency of polyphenols’ extraction in subcritical water. In terms of antioxidant activity, the extracts were the most active towards ABTS radicals (IC 50 = 7.3–16.8 µg/mL), whereby temperature of 150 °C was optimal. On the other hand, the extracts obtained at 115 °C showed highest cytotoxicity. Inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase was the highest at 65 and 85 °C, i.e. 0.51 and 4.13 mmolAE/g, respectively. Activity against tyrosinase was the highest at 210 °C (17.92 mgKAE/g). The data showed that different non-phenolic compounds may also participate in bio-activities of the extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since annually a high amount of wastes is produced in vine pruning, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of vine shoots from two Portuguese grape varieties ( Touriga Nacional - TN and Tinta Roriz - TR) to be used as a natural source of phenolic compounds. To reach this goal, three techniques were explored, namely microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), subcritical water extraction (SWE) and conventional extraction (CE). The phenolic composition of the extracts, antioxidant and biological activities were evaluated by spectrophotometry and chromatography. MAE and SWE produced the highest concentrated extracts. TR vine shoot variety had the highest antioxidant activity and total phenolic (32.1 ± 0.9 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry sample), as well as flavonoid content (18.7 ± 1.2 mg epicatechin equivalents/g dry sample). For the first time, the biological activity of the vine shoot extracts was tested. Results demonstrated that all of them had antimicrobial potential against different bacteria and yeasts, and the ability of inhibiting α-amylase and acetylcholinesterase enzymes, with MAE TR extracts being the most efficient. HPLC analysis enabled the identification of different phenolic compounds, with gallic acid, catechin, myricetin and kaempferol-3- O -rutinoside being the main contributors to the phenolic composition. Portuguese vine shoot wastes could serve as easily accessible source of natural antioxidants for the food or pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psidium guajava L. have been reported to be a rich source of antioxidant compounds. Its carotenoids have been highlighted by their high antioxidant capacity, which offers several benefits for human health. In this sense, lycopene isomers need to be identified. In this work, the comprehensive chemical characterization, by HPLC‐DAD, MS/MS, and NMR, of lycopene isolated from P. guajava L., antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of lycopene extracts and isolated lycopene are evaluated. The FTIR results reported a structure with Z configuration, confirmed by UV‐Vis, with λmax = 448, 473, and 505 nm for 5‐Z lycopene. Furthermore, MS/MS positive ionization shows one fragment m/z 309 [M‐227]+, relatively abundant for isolated lycopene. Experimental and Theoretical NMR studies revealed that guava may contain 5‐Z lycopene because of the similarity found among the peaks. Lycopene extracts presented higher antioxidant activity than isolated lycopene, from both P. guajava L. and tomato, when measured by ABTS and ORAC (r2 = 0.9995 and r2 = 0.9992, respectively). In addition, lycopene extract shows antibacterial efficacy against E. coli, S. aureus, and L. innocua, presenting MBC values of 20 mg mL−1. These results suggest that lycopene extract have potential applicability for food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industry. Practical Applications: Lycopene from P. guajava L. is characterized by HPLC‐DAD, MS, NMR, FTIR, and X‐Ray, presented antioxidant capacity by ORAC and antibacterial efficacy against food pathogens. Lycopene is isolated from P. guajava L., and lycopene extracts produced are characterized by HPLC‐DAD and ESI‐MS/MS. Lycopene isolated from P. guajava L. following the process may be 5‐Z isomer of lycopene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The amphibian skin plays an important role protecting the organism from external harmful factors such as microorganisms or UV radiation. Based on biorational strategies, many studies have investigated the cutaneous secretion of anurans as a source of bioactive molecules. By a peptidomic approach, a novel antioxidant peptide (AOP) with in vitro free radical scavenging ability was isolated from Physalaemus nattereri . The AOP, named antioxidin-I, has a molecular weight [M+H] + = 1543.69 Da and a TWYFITPYIPDK primary amino acid sequence. The gene encoding the antioxidin-I precursor was expressed in the skin tissue of three other Tropical frog species: Phyllomedusa tarsius, P. distincta and Pithecopus rohdei. cDNA sequencing revealed highly homologous regions (signal peptide and acidic region). Mature antioxidin-I has a novel primary sequence with low similarity compared with previously described amphibian's AOPs. Antioxidin-I adopts a random structure even at high concentrations of hydrophobic solvent, it has poor antimicrobial activity and poor performance in free radical scavenging assays in vitro , with the exception of the ORAC assay. However, antioxidin-I presented a low cytotoxicity and suppressed menadione-induced redox imbalance when tested with fibroblast in culture. In addition, it had the capacity to substantially attenuate the hypoxia-induced production of reactive oxygen species when tested in hypoxia exposed living microglial cells, suggesting a potential neuroprotective role for this peptide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nine plant infusions were assessed in terms of their polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity properties by performing a “battery” of assays. Bioactive compounds (total phenolic and flavonoid content) were measured using spectrophotometric procedures and the total antioxidant capacity was determined by DPPH -RSA, FRAP and DNA-based biosensor against the reactive oxygen species: HO and H 2 O 2 . Although the optical methods are based on the donation of hydrogen or electrons between antioxidants and radicals, the DNA-based biosensor intends to simulate an in vivo assay by exposing DNA layer to biological ROS and antioxidants. In general, green and black tea showed higher polyphenolic content and antioxidant capacity evaluated by the described methods. All the analysed plant beverages showed to be a good source of bioactive compounds, particularly the green and black tea, peppermint and senna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) on the qualitative and quantitative composition of extracted bioactive phytochemicals are strongly dependent on specific operational conditions. The impact of temperature, extraction time, and solvent dielectric properties on the MAE of antioxidant compounds from goji berry is hereby reported and discussed. Results were evaluated in terms of antioxidant capacity (ascertained by ABTS and ORAC assays), complemented with quantification of total phenolics content (TPC), and characterization of extracts through HPLC. Furthermore, the effect of storage temperature was also studied. Results revealed that temperature and solvent properties exert a significant effect on TPC and ORAC assays, whereas irradiation time plays a key role in the preparation of extracts to be evaluated through ABTS. The effect of solvent properties is tentatively explained considering the dielectric properties of methanol and water, whereas the observed effect of temperature could be explained by its influence on the solubility of phenolic compounds. Industrial Relevance A careful selection of operational conditions during MAE, designed for a specific antioxidant assay, allows an increase in the bioactivity of the resultant extracts, which may become important in terms of industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eruca sativa(rocket salad) has been intensely consumed all over the world, insomuch as, this work was undertaken to evaluate the antioxidant status and the environmental contamination (positive and negative nutritional contribution) of leaves and stems from this vegetable. Antioxidant capacity of rocket salad was assessed by mean of optical methods, such as the total phenolic content (TPC), reducing power assay and DPPH radical scavenging activity. The extent of the environmental contamination was reached through the quantification of thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCP) by using gas chromatography coupled with electron-capture detector (GC-ECD) and compound confirmations employing gas chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The OCP residues were extracted by using Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) methodology.The extent of the environmental contamination was reached through the quantification of thirteen OCP by using gas chromatography coupled with electron-capture detector (GC-ECD) and compound confirmations employing GC-MS/MS. The OCP residues were extracted by using Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) methodology. This demonstrated that leaves presented more antioxidant activity than stems, emphasizing that leaves contained six times more polyphenolic compounds than stems. In what concerns the OCP occurrence, the average recoveries obtained at the three levels tested (40, 60 and 80 µg kg−1) ranged from 55% to 149% with a relative standard deviation of 11%, (except hexachrorobenzene). Three vegetables samples were collected from supermarkets and analysed following this study. According to data, only one sample achieved 16.21 of β-hexachlorocyclohexane, confirmed by GC-MS/MS. About OCP quantification, the data indicated that only one sample achieved 16.21 µg kg−1of β-hexachlorocyclohexane, confirmed by GC-MS/MS, being the QuEChERS a good choice for the of OCPs extraction. Furthermore, the leaves consumption guaranty higher levels of antioxidants than stems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eight tropical fruit pulps from Brazil were simultaneously characterised in terms of their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Antioxidant activity was screened by DPPH radical scavenging activity (126–3987 mg TE/100 g DW) and ferric reduction activity power (368–20819 mg AAE/100 g DW), and complemented with total phenolic content (329–12466 mg GAE/100 g DW) and total flavonoid content measurements (46–672 mg EE /100 g DW), whereas antimicrobial activity was tested against the most frequently found food pathogens. Acerola and açaí presented the highest values for the antioxidant-related measurements. Direct correlations between these measurements could be observed for some of the fruits. Tamarind exhibited the broadest antimicrobial potential, having revealed growth inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Escherichia coli , Listeria monocytogenes , Salmonella sp. and Staphylococcus aureus . Açaí and tamarind extracts presented an inverse relationship between antibacterial and antioxidant activities, and therefore, the antibacterial activity cannot be attributed (only) to phenolic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium is a priority hazardous substance, persistent in the aquatic environment, with the capacity to interfere with crustacean moulting. Moulting is a vital process dictating crustacean growth, reproduction and metamorphosis. However, for many organisms, moult disruption is difficult to evaluate in the short term, what limits its inclusion in monitoring programmes. N-acetyl-β- d -glucosaminidase (NAGase) is an enzyme acting in the final steps of the endocrine-regulated moulting cascade, allowing for the cast off of the old exoskeleton, with potential interest as a biomarker of moult disruption. This study investigated responses to waterborne cadmium of NAGase activity of Carcinus maenas originating from estuaries with different histories of anthropogenic contamination: a low impacted and a moderately polluted one. Crabs from both sites were individually exposed for seven days to cadmium concentrations ranging from 1.3 to 2000 μg/L. At the end of the assays, NAGase activity was assessed in the epidermis and digestive gland. Detoxification, antioxidant, energy production, and oxidative stress biomarkers implicated in cadmium metabolism and tolerance were also assessed to better understand differential NAGase responses: activity of glutathione S -transferases (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) glutathione reductase (GR), levels of total glutathiones (TG), lipid peroxidation (LPO), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and NADP + -dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH). Animals from the moderately polluted estuary had lower NAGase activity both in the epidermis and digestive gland than in the low impacted site. NAGase activity in the epidermis and digestive gland of C. maenas from both estuaries was sensitive to cadmium exposure suggesting its usefulness for inclusion in monitoring programmes. However, in the digestive gland NAGase inhibition was found in crabs from the less impacted site but not in those from the moderately contaminated one. Altered glutathione levels were observed in cadmium-treated crabs from the contaminated site possibly conferring enhanced tolerance to these animals through its chelator action. Investigation of enhanced tolerance should thus be accounted for in monitoring programmes employing NAGase as biomarker to avoid data misinterpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority of works about vine-canes are focused on the evaluation of their chemical composition and antioxidant potential. To the best of our knowledge, the possible applications of produced extracts in cosmetic formulations have never been explored. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant properties of vine-canes subcritical water extracts for use as active ingredients in the cosmetic industry. For that, the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of six vine-cane varieties, namely Alvarinho and Loureiro from the Minho region and Touriga Nacional and Tinta Roriz (TR) from both the Douro and Dão regions, were evaluated through spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods. All extracts presented similar antioxidant activity and the highest phenolic content was reported for TR variety from the Douro region (33.7 ± 1.9 mg GAE/g dw). The capacity of vine-cane extracts to capture reactive oxygen species superoxide (O2∙−) was also studied, with the highest IC50 value being obtained for Loureiro variety (56.68 ± 2.60 µg/mL). Furthermore, no adverse effects on HaCaT and HFF-1 dermal cell lines in concentrations below 100 and 1000 μg/mL, respectively, were determined. Finally, Loureiro vine-cane extract was incorporated into a topical formulation, and physical and microbiological properties were within expected values, demonstrating that vine-canes extracts can be successfully incorporated in cosmetic products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine physicochemical and phenolic profiles as well the antioxidant and antimicrobial capacities of monofloral bee pollen samples from Brazil. Traditional methods were used. The phenolic profile was determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (HPLC‐MS). The protein (10.6–33.9 g/100g), lipids (3.2–8.3 g/100g), ashes (2.6–3.8 g/100g), total phenolic (5.6–29.7 mg GAE/g), and total flavonoid (0.3–19.0 mg QE/g) values were variable, even between products with the same botanical origin. The minerals analyzed were found in amounts varying between 10 mg/kg and 9.1 g/kg. Each product presented specific color parameters. Myrcia bee pollen presented the greater antioxidant capacity, and Mimosa scabrella bee pollen from Santa Catarina state was the most efficient in inhibiting bacteria and yeasts. Among the compounds identified by HPLC‐MS, flavonoid 3‐O‐glycosides predominated. The physicochemical and phenolic profiles of each sample were distinct, and there was no pattern between monofloral products of the same pollen type. Practical applications: This manuscript reports physicochemical parameters, the biological potential, and the phenolic profile from HPLC‐MS of some unknown monofloral bee pollen produced in Brazil. In addition to the possibility of the identification of phenolic compounds using a reliable technique, the current study helps to clarify one of the main questions of apicultural product researchers: Would monofloral bee pollens of the same botanical origin have similar profiles? Besides this, these results can increase consumer interest in this product and thus have positive impacts on apiculture in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]