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Large yellow croaker iridovirus (LYCIV) poses a growing threat to large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) aquaculture, requiring early diagnosis for effective prevention and control. However, current detection methods are time-consuming, labor-intensive, or require specialized equipment, hindering timely diagnosis. To address this concern, we developed a novel platform combining CRISPR/Cas12a and recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) for rapid and sensitive LYCIV detection. Our strategy targeted the conserved ATPase gene, utilizing specific crRNA and RPA primers for selective detection. Additionally, we employed a lateral flow strip technique for intuitive visual assessment. The performance evaluation demonstrated outstanding specificity and sensitivity, with a limit of detection as low as 5 × 103 copies / reaction of iridovirus. Validation on spiked and clinical fish samples confirmed the accuracy through PCR analysis. Overall, our developed platform offers a convenient, on-site, and user-friendly tool for early diagnosis, prevention, and control of LYCIV-related diseases in large yellow croaker aquaculture. • A CRISPR/Cas12a-powered platform was developed to detect large yellow croaker iridovirus. • The specific crRNAs and RPA primers were designed to target the ATPase gene. • This platform was a convenient, on-site, and user-friendly iridovirus detection tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we are concerned with the Galerkin spectral approximation of an H 1 -norm state-constrained optimal control problem governed by a fourth-order partial differential equation (PDE). In the investigations, the optimality conditions for both the original control problem and its spectral approximation problem are, respectively, established, which are helpful to analyze the solution property of the spectral approximation problem. A priori and a posteriori error estimates of the spectral approximation problem are, therewith, built in detail. Finally, two numerical examples are carried out to validate the theoretical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudomonas plecoglossicida is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes chronic granulomatous diseases in fish. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its pathogenicity are poorly understood. Here, we identified a novel two-component system (TCS) named PvgAS in P. plecoglossicida , which regulates the expression of genes including the type VI secretion system-1 (T6SS-1), a key virulence factor, as well as the type III secretion system (T3SS) gene cluster and several genes associated with metabolic pathways. We showed that PvgAS is essential for bacterial virulence in large yellow croaker (LYC), an important aquaculture species, by controlling T6SS-1 expression, which is crucial for tissue colonization and intracellular survival. In contrast, T3SS was dispensable for P. plecoglossicida virulence in this model. We also confirmed T6SS-1 gene regulation by PvgAS at the transcriptional and translational levels using RNA-seq, RT-qPCR, lacZ reporter, and western blot assays. Our study reveals a regulatory and functional role of PvgAS in P. plecoglossicida pathogenicity and suggests that PvgAS may be a potential target for new therapeutic interventions against this bacterium. • Identified a novel two-component system PvgAS in Pseudomonas plecoglossicida. • PvgAS regulates type III and type VI secretion systems and bacterial virulence. • T3SS is dispensable but T6SS-1 is essential for P. plecoglossicida pathogenicity. • PvgAS is a potential target for developing new therapeutic interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the feedback control system in magnetic confinement devices, aiming to mitigate magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities and optimize plasma confinement within the Keda Torus eXperiment (KTX). The system includes saddle sensors as the input signal, a real-time control system as the core controller, a digital power amplifier (DPA) array as the actuator, and saddle coils as the brake to restrain the MHD instabilities. A flexible, distributed real-time control system based on field-programmable gate array (FPGA) has been developed and implemented for MHD control in KTX. This is the first time FPGA has been used to verify presupposed magnetic field mode, perform data acquisition, real-time calculation, and real-time feedback in KTX. It fulfills the real-time requirements of the experiment completely. The system is presently utilized in MHD control experiments, successfully achieving experiments at the current stage that reach the limit of Ohmic discharge, with good reproducibility. • A novel, flexible, and distributed real-time MHD feedback control was successfully implemented in the Keda Torus eXperiment (KTX). • A FPGA-based real-time system with a feedback frequency of 25 kHz and a total delay of less than 50 μ s was constructed. • The real-time control system effectively suppressed plasma instabilities, significantly extended plasma discharge duration to triple the shell time of KTX. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Revealing that IGFBP1 and Umod are characteristic genes of cystitis; • Clarified the new mechanism by which IGFBP1 stabilizes Umod expression through m6A modification; • Overexpression of Umod and IGFBP1 genes could suppress cell apoptosis; • As confirmed, IGFBP1 inhibits the generation of pro-inflammatory factors by suppressing the NF-κB and ERK signaling pathways; • Established a rat cystitis model for in vivo mechanism verification. Cystitis is a common disease closely associated with urinary tract infections, and the specific mechanisms underlying its occurrence and development remain largely unknown. In this study, we discovered that IGFBP1 suppresses the occurrence and development of cystitis by stabilizing the expression of Umod through m6A modification, inhibiting the NF-κB and ERK signaling pathways. Initially, we obtained a bladder cystitis-related transcriptome dataset from the GEO database and identified the characteristic genes Umod and IGFBP1. Further exploration revealed that IGFBP1 in primary cells of cystitis can stabilize the expression of Umod through m6A modification. Overexpression of both IGFBP1 and Umod significantly inhibited cell apoptosis and the NF-κB and ERK signaling pathways, ultimately suppressing the production of pro-inflammatory factors. Finally, using a rat model of cystitis, we demonstrated that overexpression of IGFBP1 stabilizes the expression of Umod, inhibits the NF-κB and ERK signaling pathways, reduces the production of pro-inflammatory factors, and thus prevents the occurrence and development of cystitis. Our study elucidates the crucial role of IGFBP1 and Umod in cystitis and reveals the molecular mechanisms that inhibit the occurrence and development of cystitis. This research holds promise for offering new insights into the treatment of cystitis in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The grafting of watermelon plants to rootstocks is common due to the strong capacity of rootstocks to adapt to abiotic and biotic stresses. However, the effect of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) on grafted watermelon plant growth and bacterial structures in root soil is unclear. In this study, the growth and hormone levels of grafted plants were measured, and the bacterial communities under cadmium (Cd) stress and inoculation with PSB were sequenced in three treatments (S1, control; S2, 50 μmol Cd [CdCl 2 ]; and S3, 50 μmol Cd plus inoculation with the Cd-resistant PSB strain 'N3′). The results showed that inoculation with PSB significantly (P < 0.05) improved the total dry weight of the grafted plants. Typically, inoculation with PSB significantly (P < 0.05) reduced Cd content in scions and roots. The level of the phytohormone jasmonic acid increased in treatment S2, but decreased in treatment S3 under inoculation with PSB. The functional annotation of prokaryotic taxa showed that Cd decreased the abundance of nitrogen respiration and chloroplast functional groups. Nevertheless, inoculation with PSB helped restore bacterial community structures. These findings provide a new understanding of the effect of PSB on the promotion of seedling growth and bacterial communities in grafted watermelon plants under Cd stress. [Display omitted] • PSB significantly increased the root length in the grafted watermelon plants under Cd stress. • PSB reduced Cd accumulation in the scion and root by 24.1% and 28.4%, respectively. • Cd increased the level of the plant hormone JA, whereas PSB decreased the level of JA. • Cd reduced the abundance of nitrogen respiration and chloroplast functional groups. • PSB can abate the toxic effect of Cd and restore the bacterial community structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• PGIP can reduce significantly the disease incidence and index of grape and strawberry fruits. • PGIP inhibits the decrease in total pectin and cellulose content. • PGIP regulates transcription factors and cell wall metabolic proteins in response to biological stress in various plants. • PGIP interacts with GLU and PR-4 to regulate the callose layer in the cell wall and chitin in the fungal cell wall. Polygalacturonase inhibitor protein (PGIP) plays an active role in resisting pathogens from degrading cell walls. Strawberry fruit quality is strongly affected by Botrytis cinerea (B. cinerea), so PGIP genes from heterologous species were cloned and analyzed to identify genes having good B.cinerea infection resistance. In this study, a PGIP gene from grape fruit was isolated and heterologously transiently expressed in strawberry fruit. The results revealed that VvPGIP (PGIP O) overexpression in strawberry fruit led to B. cinerea infection resistance, but RNA interference of VvPGIP (PGIP I) made fruit susceptible to B. cinerea infection. qPCR indicated that expression levels of FaPGIP was increased after transient expression of VvPGIP in PGIP O fruit for 48 h as compared to the control and that polygalacturonase enzyme (PG) was significantly down-regulated, whereas PGIP I fruit had the opposite effect, suggesting that VvPGIP may activate the FaPGIP expression levels, thereby reducing the disease incidence and index of strawberry fruits and improving the disease resistance of the fruits. VvPGIP also inhibited the decrease of total pectin and cellulose content. Transcriptome and metabolome results showed that PGIP is widely involved in photosynthesis, signal transduction, and secondary metabolism of fruits. In addition, many enzyme activities and defense reaction were also significantly enriched. Using Y2H and BiFC technology, we screened and verified the interaction protein of VvPGIP with Endo-1, 3-Beta-Glucanase (VvGLU) and pathogen-related protein 4 (VvPR-4) on the cell membrane. Taken together, PGIP as a key protein in plant defense response functions a key role in regulating the strength of cell walls and can inhibit the degradation of plant cell walls by pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Neonicotinoid residue was higher in tributaries than in the mainstream. • Neonicotinoid residue was negatively correlated with river width. • Neonicotinoid residue was positively correlated with water turbidity. • Transport of neonicotinoids from farmland to rivers affected by various factors. • Point source drives spatial distribution of neonicotinoids in Zhejiang rivers. Neonicotinoid insecticides are widely applied in farmland, with high detection rates in soils and surface waters, posing potential risks to biodiversity and human health. As a nonpoint emission, surface runoff is widely regarded as the major source of neonicotinoid pollution in surface waters, but few studies have determined the point source contribution to rivers that may be primarily from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Here, we collected the surface water from eight river basins in Zhejiang Province of China and quantified residual concentrations of eight widely commercialized neonicotinoids. Four of these were detected in all samples, with concentrations of dinotefuran and nitenpyram of 119 ± 166 and 87.6 ± 25.3 ng/L, respectively, representing more than 90 % of the total (282 ± 174 ng/L). Neonicotinoid residues were higher in tributaries due to nearby farmland and more dilution effects in the mainstream, and the residues were higher in lower reaches which can be explained by the water flow direction. Significant spatial differences in neonicotinoid distribution between surface water and agricultural soils result from environmental factors (e.g., water turbidity, precipitation, temperature) impacting migration and transport processes. Neonicotinoid residues in surface water showed a significant positive correlation with total WWTP emissions after adjusting for environmental factors. Conversely, no significant association was observed with cropland density (a nonpoint emission source), indicating that point emission source (contributing 20.6 %) predominantly influenced neonicotinoid residue spatial variation in river basin-scale surface water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Contouring subclavian-axillary veins underestimates grade ≥ 2 RIBP risk in dosimetry. • Significant underestimation of BP doses was observed in patients with PTV-B. • Maximum and 0.3 cc biologically effective doses to BP may be predictors of RIBP. Examine the significance of contouring the brachial plexus (BP) for toxicity estimation and select metrics for predicting radiation-induced brachial plexopathy (RIBP) after stereotactic body radiotherapy. Patients with planning target volume (PTV) ≤ 2 cm from the BP were eligible. The BP was contoured primarily according to the RTOG 1106 atlas, while subclavian-axillary veins (SAV) were contoured according to RTOG 0236. Apical PTVs were classified as anterior (PTV-A) or posterior (PTV-B) PTVs. Variables predicting grade 2 or higher RIBP (RIBP2) were selected through least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression and logistic regression. Among 137 patients with 140 BPs (median follow-up, 32.1 months), 11 experienced RIBP2. For patients with RIBP2, the maximum physical dose to the BP (BP-D max) was 46.5 Gy (median; range, 35.7 to 60.7 Gy). Of these patients, 54.5 % (6/11) satisfied the RTOG limits when using SAV delineation; among them, 83.3 % (5/6) had PTV-B. For patients with PTV-B, the maximum physical dose to SAV (SAV-D max) was 11.2 Gy (median) lower than BP-D max. Maximum and 0.3 cc biologically effective doses to the BP based on the linear-quadratic-linear model (BP-BED max LQL and BP-BED 0.3cc LQL , α/β = 3) were selected as predictive variables with thresholds of 118 and 73 Gy, respectively. Contouring SAV may significantly underestimate the RIBP2 risk in dosimetry, especially for patients with PTV-B. BP contouring indicated BP-BED 0.3cc LQL and BP-BED max LQL as potential predictors of RIBP2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional (3D) porous carbon-based materials are commonly considered to be a hopeful microwave absorbing materials owing to their lightweight and broadband absorption. However, the structure between dissipation mechanism is still not clear. Therefore, in this work, the nitrogen-doped porous Fe 3 C@C nanocomposites derived from Fe(NO 3) 3 ·9 H 2 O and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) were fabricated through pre-blowing followed by in situ carbonization method with various temperatures. The obtained material treated at 600 °C, which the content of N was 4.07 %, exhibits the most excellent microwave absorption (MA) property with the minimal reflection loss of − 63.1 dB at 5.0 GHz while the matching thickness is 4.6 mm. The MA performance of the composite is originated from the synergy of magnetic-dielectric loss and improved interfacial polarization. This research provides a way to prepare high-property MA absorbers. [Display omitted] ● Fe 3 C@ porous carbon was successfully synthesized via a facile strategy. ● The microstructure and Fe 3 C particles ensure the excellent absorption performance. ● The RL min of PC-600 with 4.6 mm thickness is − 63.1 dB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• For the first time, we identified the factors influencing EDRIC and evaluated the role of EDRIC in ES-NSCLC patients who were treated with SBRT with a relatively large number of clinical cases. • Our study population was not interfered with chemotherapy or immunotherapy, therefore, EDRIC can be better used to assess the effects of RT on the immune system. • In the present study, multivariate analysis found that EDRIC was the most important prognostic predictor associated with DMFS and CSS. • We found that EDRIC was affected by GTV and tumor location. GTV showed a positive correlation with EDRIC (r = 0.707, P = 0.000), and central tumors had significantly higher EDRIC compared with peripheral ones. • The effects of SBRT on the immune cells were confirmed by changes of peripheral blood lymphocyte count at different time points during radiation therapy, and a significant inverse correlation was observed between lymphocyte nadir and EDRIC (r = −0.691, P < 0.001). Although the effects of estimated dose of radiation to immune cells (EDRIC) in stage III NSCLC, LA-NSCLC, LS-SCLC and esophageal cancer on clinical outcomes have been studied, its impact in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (ES-NSCLC) is unknown. In this study, we evaluated the role of EDRIC and identified the factors influencing EDRIC in this population. We retrospectively analyzed 211 pathologically confirmed ES-NSCLC patients who were treated with SBRT between 2007 and 2020. EDRIC was calculated based on the model developed by Jin et al. and improved by Ladbury et al. Kaplan–Meier method and Cox proportional hazards regression were adopted to estimate CSS, PFS, LPFS, and DMFS. Pearson correlation was used to assess the correlation between variables. We further validated our findings in an independent cohort of 119 patients with ES-NSCLC. A total of 211 patients were included with median follow-up of 48 months in the training cohort. The median EDRIC was 2.178 Gy (range: 0.426–6.015). GTV showed a positive correlation with EDRIC (r = 0.707, P = 0.000). In multivariate analysis, higher EDRIC was significantly associated with worse CSS (HR = 1.468, P = 0.009) and DMFS (HR = 1.491, P = 0.016). Considering each EDRIC quartile, there was a significant difference in CSS between 1st and 4th and 1st and 3rd quartile (P = 0.000, P = 0.004, respectively); and DMFS between 1st and 4th,1st and 3rd, and 1st and 2nd quartile (P = 0.000, P = 0.000, P = 0.008, respectively). In the subgroup and validation cohort, EDRIC was also the important prognostic predictor of CSS and DMFS using multivariate analysis. EDRIC was an independent predictor of CSS and DMFS in ES-NSCLC, and it was affected by GTV and tumor location. Though EDRIC is a critical determinant of treatment outcomes, it is quantifiable and potentially modifiable. Additional researches exploring the feasibility of achieving lower EDRIC while maintaining adequate tumor coverage during radiotherapy are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• High DSi concentration occurring in the Xinfengjiang Reservoir were contributed from intense weathering of the widely distributed silicate rocks in the basin. • The most prominent DSi retain in the Xinfengjiang Reservoir occurs in the Riverine zone, and contributes to the overall DSi sink of the Xinfengjiang Reservoir within a complete hydrological year. • The riverine DSi change in the Xinfengjiang Reservoir was controlled by multiple factors, such as the input, assimilation into biogenic silica, sedimentation/re-decomposition of phytoplankton and water regulation of the reservoir. Damming significantly influences silicon (Si) biogeochemical cycles in river system. Its mechanism, however, is still not clear to date. We here carried out spatial and temporal field observations over a complete hydrological year in the Xinfengjiang Reservoir on a tributary of the Pearl River to explore the influence of the reservoir on the biogeochemical cycles of Dissolved Silicon (DSi) by exploring in different functional zones. The results showed that DSi concentration was temporally and spatially different, showing variable behaviors in different functional zones. In the Riverine zone, the DSi concentration was largely controlled by input from chemical weathering of silicate minerals in the watershed and seasonal changes in precipitation. In the Transition zone, the biological activity of phytoplankton was the key to control the DSi change, especially during the wet season. In the Lacustrine zone, the effect of the 'biological pump' was limited but some other factors influenced the Si and C cycle, such as phytoplankton settlement/re-decomposition, input of terrigenous substances. In the Dammed zone, the spatial distribution of DSi concentrations was significantly influenced by water regulation of the reservoir. Based on these observations, the DSi interception efficiency of the Xinfengjiang Reservoir was estimated to be about 40.5% and 16.3% when selecting Up-Dammed zone and Down-Dammed zone as output endmember, respectively, over a complete hydrological year. Such DSi sink significance was mainly contributed from the Riverine zone during the wet season. Our studies benefit the understanding of the spatial and temporal heterogenic effects on DSi biogeochemical cycles in a reservoir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudomonas plecoglossicida is a facultative Gram-negative bacteria that causes 'visceral granulomas disease' (VGD) in large yellow croaker (LYC; Larimichthys crocea) and several other fish species leading to high economic losses. Currently, there are no commercial vaccines against VGD. Thus, we evaluated the efficacy of a live attenuated vaccine (LAV) made by our laboratory in LYC administered orally in alginate-coated LAV-loaded feeds. To evaluate the tolerance of the LAV in the acidic environment of the stomach, we treated the alginate-coated LAV with a simulated gastric juice without pepsin. There was a 10-fold decrease in the number of viable LAV cells after treatment with the simulated gastric juice (pH 2.0). Despite so, we found a significant increase in LAV cells in the liver and hindgut within 4 h post first feeding of oral vaccine (hpff), which increased to high levels by 24 hpff indicating that LAV cells that survived the stomach acidic environment reached the hindgut for adsorption. Although there was a transient change in the composition of the gut microbiota at 24 hpff, analysis using the Shannon and β-diversity indices showed a similarity in the bacterial composition found before and after vaccination indicating that the LAV had no long-term adverse effect on the gut microbiota. Systemic and mucosal humoral responses were characterized by high serum antibody levels and upregulation of the pig and sign while activation of cell-mediated immunity was characterized by upregulation of MHC-Iα, MHC-IIβ, Prf1 and IFNγ genes. The overall protection in vaccinated LYC was estimated at relative percent survival (RPS) of 60%. Altogether, this study has shown that LAVs can be used as oral vaccines to confer protective immunity without impacting adverse effects on the fish microbiota. • P. plecoglossicida causes 'visceral granulomas disease' (VGD) in large yellow croaker. • This is the first report of a promising live attenuated vaccine against VGD by oral administration. • Oral vaccination confers protective immunity without impacting adverse effects on the fish microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudomonas plecoglossicida is an important pathogenic bacterial species in aquaculture, causing visceral granulomas in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) and several other economically important fish species. The GacS/GacA is a two-component regulatory system (TCS) primarily found in Pseudomonads for its role in virulence, quorum sensing, and biofilm formation. To investigate the potential role of GacS/GacA system of P. plecoglossicida , a gacS deficient mutant (Δ gacS) was generated based on a clinical isolate XSDHY-P. Compared to the wild-type (WT) strain, the Δ gacS strain showed almost no growth defect in vitro but was impaired in swimming motility and biofilm formation. Furthermore, the Δ gacS strain exhibited significantly more sensitivity to the bactericidal action of normal fish serum mediated by the complement system. In a cell model originating from the head-kidney of large yellow croaker, the Δ gacS showed lower capacities of adhesion, invasion, and intracellular survival compared to the WT strain. In addition, the virulence of the Δ gacS and WT bacterial strains were evaluated in large yellow croaker. The results showed that the deficiency of gacS drastically decreased bacterial tissue loads and substantially attenuated P. plecoglossicida virulence in fish. Furthermore, a comparative transcriptome was performed between the Δ gacS and WT strains by RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). Transcriptomic analysis results revealed 25 upregulated and 273 downregulated genes in the Δ gacS strain compared with the WT strain, and the downregulated genes were mainly involved in flagellar assembly, metabolism, bacterial chemotaxis, and biofilm formation, which are consistent with their respective phenotypic traits. These findings will provide functional insight into the role of GacS/GacA in P. plecoglossicida. • The Δ GacS was impaired both in swimming motility and biofilm formation compared to the P. plecoglossicida WT strain. • The GacS plays a contributing role in the adhesion an invasion to LYC-hK, and in immune escaping of P. plecoglossicida. • Deletion of the GacS gene drastically attenuated the virulence of P. plecoglossicida to fish. • The results of the comparative transcriptomic analysis are consistent with their respective phenotypic traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudomonas plecoglossicida is a temperature-dependent opportunistic pathogen mediating visceral granulomas in many piscine species including the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. RpoE is an alternative sigma (σ) factor involved in regulated intramembrane proteolytic (RIP) cascade, enabling bacterial pathogens to coordinate the expression of genetic traits associated with stress adaptation and virulence determinants in response to diverse stimuli in vitro and in vivo of the hosts. In this study, genes associated to RIP cascade in P. plecoglossicida were identified and characterized to show various sequence similarities to their counterparts in Escherichia coli and P. aeruginosa. The expression of P. plecoglossicida RIP locus was induced by higher temperatures. Moreover, RNA sequencing approach revealed that RpoE regulated the expression of ∼297 and ∼261 genes at virulent (18 °C) and non-virulent (28 °C) temperatures, respectively. RpoE regulon genes are involved in various processes associated with bacterial signal transduction, membrane homeostasis, energy metabolism and virulence. In particular, RpoE positively controlled expression of csrA encoding an RNA binding protein essential for central carbon metabolism. In addition, P. plecoglossicida RpoE was validated to regulate type VI secretion system (T6SS) expression, bacteria competition, biofilm formation and reproduction in macrophages. Collectively, RpoE-centered RIP cascade appeared to play important roles in control of the expression of genes involved in adaptation in vivo and in vitro niches by thermal sensing in P. plecoglossicida. These results facilitates to reveal the pathogenic mechanisms of P. plecoglossicida causing fish diseases and provides new perspectives to control bacterial infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • NF can simultaneously remove traditional PFOS/PFOA and emerging PFAS homologous. • MW and logK ow are the most significant molecular parameters affecting PFAS removal. • Membrane intrinsic structural characteristics affect the PFAS removal significantly. • Adsorption and rejection of PFAS may occur via similar driving forces. Although nanofiltration (NF) has been widely reported for removing long-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from water, little is known about the correlations between removal efficacy and PFAS/membrane characteristics, especially for emerging PFAS with shorter polyfluoroalkyl chain or containing fluoroether moieties. A systematic study of treatment of structurally diverse PFAS by NF can help predict the behavior of more unknown compounds during NF process. In this study, we conducted filtration experiments with five commercial NF membranes. Results show that seven legacy PFAS, three emerging perfluoroalkyl ether acids (PFEA) and two fluorotelomer sulfonates (FTS) can be removed simultaneously during the NF process, with rejection ranging from 66.0% to > 99.9%. The removal efficiency of five membranes decreased successively as DK > NF90 > XN45 > NF270 > DL. Rejection of FTS and PFEA by DK membranes were 88.3% to 97.1% and 81.7% to > 99.9%, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed that PFAS molecular structure and membrane characteristics significantly affect PFAS rejection. PFAS molecular weight (MW) and hydrophobicity (logK ow) and membrane intrinsic structural characteristics (e.g., molecular weight cut-off (MWCO), water permeability, and salt selectivity) are among the most significant parameters impacting PFAS removal. The findings imply that both steric hindrance and hydrophobic interactions contribute to PFAS rejection. Moreover, the mass of PFAS adsorbed on the membrane was positively correlated with their molecular parameters (i.e., MW and logK ow) and weakly correlated with membrane properties, suggesting that the adsorption and rejection of PFAS have similar driving forces. This study provides critical insights into the application of NF for emerging PFAS removal for both the scientific community and private industry, concerning water purification processes and remediation of thousands of PFAS-impacted sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Soil loss rates derived from 137Cs inventories and erosion plots are well correlated and comparable. • Soil loss rates are higher in cultivated soils than uncultivated soils. • Soil loss rates are positively correlated with slope gradient and slope length. • 137Cs loss ratio is the largest source of variations for 137Cs inventory derived soil loss rates. A large area of lands are subject to soil erosion, which affects the soil ecosystem service by causing soil degradation and soil organic carbon (SOC) changes. Robust estimations of soil loss rates are of key importance to understand relevant controlling factors as well as reducing soil losses. This study utilized complied data derived from 137Cs inventories and erosion plots to quantify soil loss rates in China as well as investigating controlling factors of soil loss rates. Comparison between results from different methods was also conducted to understand the advantages of each method. Our results showed that soil loss rates of cultivated soils derived from both methods were significantly higher than those of uncultivated soils, and soil loss rates were generally positively correlated with the slope gradient and the slope length. There were discrepancies between soil loss rates derived from 137Cs inventories and those from erosion plots due to the different erosion processes and spatio-temporal scales that these two methods focused on. The 137Cs loss ratio was identified as the largest source of variations in the estimated soil loss rates by conversion models. Existing studies have failed to collect enough soil samples to correctly estimate the reference 137Cs inventory, and considerably overestimated the soil loss rates by assuming a default value of unit for the particle size correction factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]