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The adoption of the Global Compacts on Migration and Refugees in 2018 marked a turning point in international migration governance. According to objective 13 of the Global Compact for Migration, States Parties have committed to use immigration detention as a measure of last resort and work towards alternatives. As for the Global Compact on Refugees, States Parties and relevant stakeholders also pledged to contribute to the development of non-custodial and community-based alternatives to detention, particularly with respect to children. Five years later, the enhancement of human rights protection for migrants, refugees, and asylum seekers within national territories remains a challenge. We argue that two states of the Global North – Canada and France – are actually using the Global Compacts to push forward their own agenda on the international scene, as a tool to influence other states. Even if Canada and France have engaged in multilateral discussions on the regulation of migration and the protection of refugees through soft law instruments, we find that national practices have not been altered since 2018. As such, this paper will demonstrate that the implementation of the Global Compacts is, in fact, used to advance foreign national policy for both states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The benefits of employment in resource extraction figure prominently in state rationales for resource extraction. However, in Canada, the site of study, while the worker is a key figure in rationales for extraction, this same worker disappears in state attention to extractive/mine closure. The paper's focus on Indigenous mining labour is driven by a community–university research partnership with Dene communities in the Northwest Territories facing forthcoming closure of diamond mines on their land. Approaching mine closure as a juncture that can both reproduce or resist the settler extractive economy, we argue that the Canadian state responses to the labour implications of mine closure, and its lack of coherence, express the settler‐colonial tension between the reproduction of the (Canadian) settler state and its requisite labour force, and the social reproduction of Indigenous communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family members are essential contributors to the quality of life (QoL) of persons living in residential long-term care (RLTC). This paper analyzes how the system enables or inhibits family involvement with residents in RLTC. Our analysis of 21 policies that regulate long-term care in four Canadian Provinces reveal differences in their portrayal of residents' families. Family roles are characterized procedurally (task-oriented) or relationally (interactive). Operational standards linked to licensing of RLTC homes employ more formal terminology, while RLTC program guidelines, use facilitative language to engage families and build relationships. Examples of orientation procedures, care protocols, living at risk, and end-of-life care reveal inter-provincial variations. We argue that there are opportunities to further engage families within the current regulatory framework and improve their continued contributions in the post-pandemic era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted families across Canada; however, rural low-income mothers and their families have experienced significant challenges due to historical and current social, economic, cultural, and health inequities. These inequities complicated mothers' ability to navigate the pandemic. This paper is based on a study that used a grounded theory framework to explore the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural, low-income mothers in Nova Scotia, Canada, while supporting their families' wellbeing during the pandemic. Through 29 interviews with rural low-income mothers, and three focus groups with community organizations serving these mothers, this study found that mothers and their families were deeply impacted by the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Factors such as inadequate internet and internet access, limited and unaffordable transportation options, food insecurity, social isolation, and mental health challenges emerged from these interviews. Three focus groups with service providers to low-income rural mothers also informed the final results. The inequities faced by rural mothers created additional barriers to accessing services and resources to support their families' wellbeing during the pandemic. The results of the study connect to the importance of addressing inequities through a holistic social determinants of heath model. As a result, the findings of this study have implications on the actions of service providers, policymakers, and researchers, as little has been written about this demographic in relation to social determinants of health and in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detectors is often severely degraded in clutter edge and under multiple target interference. CFAR detection in the above environments often uses generalised likelihood ratio method or mean ratio method to find out the clutter edge demarcation line and suppress the sharp increase of false alarm rate, or remove the interference and modify the threshold factor to suppress the interference and improve the detection performance, but this sacrifices the detection gain from the number of clutter samples. In this paper, the feature information is fused to construct feature vectors, and the edge location is judged by the modulus of the cross product of the feature vector pair (MCPFVP), this edge demarcation line detection method fusing with features can be implemented without the need of clutter statistical distribution information. In addition, this paper reconstructs the sea clutter masked by multiple target interference by fusing the sea clutter amplitude correlation information, and these reconstructed sea clutter samples are used for power estimation together with the unmasked sea clutter without changing the threshold factor. This method can not only suppress the target masking effect of multiple target interference as the censoring type CFAR detector, but also maintain the detection gain from the number of clutter samples, which is not possible with the traditional censoring type CFAR detector. In addition, the relative weighted ratio summation (RWRS) is proposed to detect the multiple target interference, which takes into account the asymmetry of the shape of the statistical distribution. Both simulated and real sea clutter data are used to validate the above methods. The measured data are obtained from radar data collected at Yantai Yangma Island, China, Darmouth, Canada and Grimsby, Canada. (The latter two datasets are collected by the IPIX radar - Ice Multiparameter Imaging X-Band Radar). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reinforced concrete is a commonly used material for constructing basements in low-rise buildings or residential houses in Canada, and as the use of cross-laminated timber (CLT) advances, the door to think of an alternative basement material to offset greenhouse gas emissions associated with reinforced concrete is open. However, the evaluation of CLT durability in below-grade environments, specifically concerning moisture and mould development, remains an unexplored field in research. Hence, this paper aims to analyze CLT's moisture response and mould growth risk in below-grade environments using field and laboratory experiments. A laboratory experiment was carried out to test a waterproofing membrane solution selected to compose the wall assembly in the field experiment. A large-scale experimental CLT basement was built at a cohesive soil site in Edmonton, Canada. The field experiment involved monitoring the relative humidity, temperature, and soil volumetric water content of the CLT panels, which measure 3 m by 6 m in plan and 2 m deep. Data was collected for an extended period from June 2022 to July 2023. The VVT model, developed by Hukka and Viitanen (1999) and updated by Viitanen et al., 2011 to estimate the mould growth level, was used to predict the risk of mould growth. The laboratory experiment showed that the waterproofing membrane is suitable for protection against moisture in a still-water setup. Field experiment results suggested that the primary moisture source was below the basement floor when the floor was finished inadequately. The moisture content of CLT walls was significantly increased by floor flooding and decreased by heating the basement interior. The acceptable mould index of three was surpassed during periods of abundant water below the basement floor due to flood events, showing that the CLT panels were at risk of mould growth development. • CLT use inbasements is in research stage. This paper contains insights for developing future research on this subject. • CLT in basement construction requires robust envelope with waterproofing membranes that perform well below grade. • Elevated moisture levels could pose structural and biological risks to the CLT basement and its occupants. • CLT basement walls take time to dry, and during this period, the walls may be exposed to risky levels of mould growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most people accused of a crime are released into the community pending the resolution of their charges. To manage perceived risk, conditions of release on bail modify and control behaviour while providing a mechanism and justification for state monitoring. Drawing on 120 interviews with accused people in Canada this paper develops a typology to theorize how bail is experienced by accused, providing a framework for understanding what motivates accused to comply or violate their bail conditions and what impact conditioning has on their lives. Our analysis reveals insights into how accused present themselves to the court, navigate conditions of release and evaluate being conditioned in the community under the threat of further criminalization. Consistent with Yule et al. (2023), accused report a complex, variegated experience of social control in the community prior to conviction. Insights from participants suggest that bail is part of a broader criminal court process, that differentiates and marks accused (Kohler-Hausmann, 2018) who lack the requisite docility and discipline as risky and requiring more intensive conditioning and monitoring. • Drawing on 120 interviews with accused people in Canada this paper develops a typology to theorize how bail is experienced by accused, providing a framework for understanding what motivates accused to comply or violate their bail conditions and what impact conditioning has on their lives. • Accused report a complex, variegated experience of social control in the community prior to conviction. • How accused respond to being conditioned and demonstrate their amenability determines if and how much more (if any) conditioning and sanctioning is needed. • Reflecting on their presentation of self, experiences in the pre-trial process and impressions of the system, participants speak to themes of docility and discipline, bail as punishment and release as being better than detention. • The bail process is punishment's testing ground. Bail is part of a broader criminal court process, that differentiates, and marks accused (Kohler-Hausmann, 2018) who lack the requisite docility and discipline as risky and requiring more intensive conditioning and monitoring. • The lived experiences of accused reveals that bail conditions are ineffective tools of behaviour management, control, or change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Many mental health disorders first emerge during early childhood or adolescence. • Wait times for children's mental health services have been an international and widespread problem. • Long wait times prolong the emotional distress of children and/or adolescents and their caregivers which can exacerbate mental health difficulties. • The majority of research in this area has been conducted in the United Kingdom and Canada and focus on one waitlist strategy. • Common strategies include alternative service delivery models, increasing system capacity, and improving intake and assessment processes. Background: Although many mental health disorders first emerge during early childhood or adolescence, there is a significant gap between demand and availability of mental health resources, leading to long waitlists for services. Objective: The objective of this scoping review was to identify and characterize the research literature related to the range of waitlist management strategies that have been implemented in outpatient child and adolescent mental health care. Methods: Electronic databases reviewed included: Medline (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), PubMed, PsychINFO, SCOPUS, CINAHL, and ISI Web of Science. Grey literature databases included: OpenGrey, Conference Papers Index, and Proquest Digital Dissertations. Articles were screened by two reviewers in two steps: first by title and abstract, then full text level. Data were extracted using an a-priori developed data extraction framework, which was piloted and modified iteratively. Results: A total of 119 papers related to waitlist interventions in child and adolescent mental health were reviewed. Of these 119 papers, 11% were reviews, summary, or theoretical papers; 8% used a randomized control trial design and 2.5% were trial protocols. Most studies used less rigorous designs, such as uncontrolled before-and- after designs. The large majority focused on just one waitlist strategy each. The most commonly used approaches included: prioritization/triage and initial assessment; brief consultation and advice or brief therapy approaches; group-based models; interim services; increasing capacity; and strategies to decrease non-attendance. Most studies were conducted in the United Kingdom or Canada. Discussion: While mental health systems are complex, most studies examining waitlist initiatives explored the implementation of single initiatives. It is unlikely that a single waitlist strategy can be effective in managing wait times for children's mental health. Rather, consistent and systemic approaches to address wait times that consider the impact of the reduction approach on the patient, the program, and the community are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pulp and paper industry use biomass residues, such as paper sludge and bark as fuel to provide energy for their plants. However, issues such as high-water content or low heating value limit the amount of energy that can be utilized. Processes to improve heat generation include biomass densification, which facilitates transportation and handling and can increase energy yield. However, the technical feasibility of briquetting is a function of the feedstock and preprocessing. This study introduces a novel approach to briquette production from biomass residues by utilizing wet biomass with water as a natural binder, contrasting with conventional methods that require forced drying and/or the addition of binders. The objective of this research was to investigate the impact of briquetting both unprocessed biomass and post-hydrothermal carbonization. The study focused on manufacturing briquettes derived from different sources, including bark (Balsam fir), paper sludge, and hydrochar of paper sludge. The feedstock was characterized for ash content and higher heating value. Biomass particle size (range), moisture content (range), process temperature (range), process pressure (range), and process residence time (range) were varied in briquetting experiments to determine conditions to produce high-quality briquettes with minimal energy input. Moisture content as high a 50 wt% in feedstock produced technically feasible briquettes, with appropriate physical-mechanical properties (durability, volumetric expansion and apparent density), and energetic potential (calorific value). The addition of heat (pressing temperature of 150 °C) during the pressing process resulted in briquettes with enhanced physical-mechanical, and energetic properties, surpassing those produced at room temperature. Further tests with additional steps in the production process are required to meet commercialization standards in Canada, but the treatments conducted in this study effectively improved the energy potential of biomass for internal industrial energy gains. • Wet briquettes (20 wt% and 50 wt%) production was technically feasible. • Briquettes with added heat (150 °C) exhibited superior properties. • All biomass briquettes exhibited improved energy potential. • Hydrochar briquettes showed superior energy content and durability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benthic invertebrates are important trophic links in food webs and useful bioindicators of environmental conditions, but long‐term benthic organism abundance data across broad geographic areas are rare and historic datasets are often not readily accessible. This dataset provides densities of benthic macroinvertebrates collected from 1930 to 2019 during surveys in Lake Erie, a Laurentian Great Lake. The surveys were funded by the governments of the United States and Canada to investigate the status and changes in the benthic community. From the total of 21 lake‐wide and basin‐wide benthic surveys conducted in Lake Erie from 1929 to 2019, we were able to acquire data for 17 surveys, including species‐level data for 10 surveys and data by higher taxonomic groups for seven surveys. Our amassed Lake Erie dataset includes data from 11 surveys (including five with species‐level data) conducted in the western basin in 1930–2019, seven surveys (six with species‐level data) in the central basin, and eight surveys (seven with species‐level data) in the eastern basin (1973–2019). This Lake Erie dataset represents the most extensive temporal dataset of benthic invertebrates available for any of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Benthic samples were collected using Ponar or Shipek bottom dredges and taxa densities were calculated as individuals per square meter using the area of the dredge. Density data are provided for taxa in the Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Cnidaria, Nemertea, and Platyhelminthes phyla. Current taxonomy was used for most groups but, in a few cases, older taxonomic names were used for consistency with historical data. Analysis of this dataset indicates that eutrophication, water quality improvement, and dreissenid introduction were the major drivers of changes in the benthic community in the western basin, while hypoxia was a major factor in the central basin, and dreissenid introduction was the most important driver in the eastern basin. Considering the rarity of high taxonomic resolution long‐term benthic data for lake ecosystems, this dataset could be useful to explore broader aspects of ecological theory, including effects of eutrophication, hypoxia, invasive species, and other factors on community organization, phylogenetic and functional diversity, and spatial and temporal scales of variation in community structure. In addition, the dataset could be useful for studies on individual species, including abundance and distribution, species co‐occurrence, and how the patterns of dominance and rarity change over space and time. Use of this dataset for academic or educational purposes is encouraged as long as this data paper is properly cited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated by large oil price swings, high economic and geopolitical uncertainties, and the financialization of oil, this paper examines the frequency spillovers and co-movements between oil shocks (risk and demand) and the stock markets of top oil-producer and consumer countries, namely, Canada, China, Russia, Saudi Arabia, and the US. The analysis uses the time-domain spillover index of [1], the frequency-domain spillover of [2]; and the wavelet coherence approach. The findings reveal that spillovers run from the U.S., Canada, and, to a lesser extent, Russia to oil shocks. On the other hand, oil shocks, Saudi Arabia, and China constitute net receivers of shocks. The intensity of spillovers is heavier in the short-term frequency than in the intermediate- and long-term. Furthermore, the direction of spillovers is more defined in the long-term. The U.S. stock market exerts a strong impact on oil risk in general, but the impact is stronger in the short-term. Conversely, an oil demand shock is susceptible to innovations from Canada and Russia that are stronger in the long-term. This means that oil risk shock stemming from innovations in financial markets is short-lived and dissipates quickly due to quick reactions from market participants. On the contrary, long-term links characterize the relationship between oil demand shock and financial markets, mirroring the macroeconomic nature of the linkages. Finally, while the 2008 crisis, EDC, oil price crash, and the COVID-19 pandemic coincided with strong spillovers in the short-term, the COVID-19 era was marked by higher spillovers in the long term. The findings provide important information for investors and policymakers in terms of diversification, risk management, and efforts to mitigate contagion. • This paper examines the frequency spillovers and co-movements between oil shocks and the stock markets. • We use the time-frequency spillover index method and the wavelet coherence approach. • Spillovers run from the U.S., Canada, and, to a lesser extent, Russia to oil shocks. • Oil shocks, Saudi Arabia, and China constitute net receivers of shocks. • The intensity of spillovers is heavier in the short-term frequency than in the intermediate- and long-term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scandals have always been a highly salient problem in politics. In judging politicians for their misconduct, voters may arguably be biased – they may evaluate scandals based on individual motivations, such as partisanship and self-interested concerns. In this paper, we examine these two considerations in the case of two real-world corruption scandals involving a single incumbent government. In addition to testing for the effects of partisan motivations in authentic situations, we consider how scandals associated with policy goals interact with personal motivations, shaping the degree to which people penalize a scandalous government. Across two survey experiments that prime respondents about real-world corruption scandals, we manipulate question wording for some participants and measure their evaluations of a scandalous leader's performance. We find an effect for self-interested concerns when the benefits associated with the scandal are concentrated and tangible. Our findings suggest that voters hold public figures accountable for misbehaviour and that there are limits to partisan loyalties in political scandals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the relative importance and effect of conventional and unconventional Canadian monetary policy surprises on housing prices. Using a credible approach to identify structural monetary policy shocks in Canada and a comprehensive Bayesian VAR model to analyze their effects on financial and macroeconomic variables, we find that both conventional monetary policy and quantitative easing shocks have a significant and persistent effect on housing prices in Canada. However, the inflationary effect of a quantitative easing shock is more pronounced than that of an easing target monetary policy surprise. Specifically, the peak effect of a 25-basis point expansionary conventional monetary policy shock is a 2.30% increase in real housing prices while a comparable quantitative easing surprise leads to a peak of 4.56% increase in real housing prices. We conclude that expansionary monetary policy in various forms has had significant inflationary effects on Canadian housing prices. But quantitative easing surprises stand out as the most prominent contributory factor to the escalating Canadian real estate price. Quantitative easing impact consistently outweighs the effects of forward guidance and conventional monetary policy shocks. • Identifies Canadian monetary policy shocks, both conventional and unconventional. • Analyzes impact on housing prices using Bayesian VAR for new insights. • Quantitative easing (QE) impacts housing prices more than conventional shocks. • A 25bps conventional shock raises housing prices by 2.30%; QE by 4.56%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the relationships among the important process parameters that impact Post-combustion Carbon Capture (PCC) carbon dioxide (C O 2) separation. A better understanding of the complex relationships among those parameters can support optimization and performance enhancement of the separation process. Being able to precisely predict the process parameters will enable the operator to determine the current state of the process, forecast any potential changes or events, and adjust process parameters to enhance the plant's performance. With the objective of studying the process parameters' correlations in the amine-based PCC process, we modeled the multi-year historical production data of the Clean Energy Technologies Research Institute (CETRi) (formerly known as the International Test Center for PCC or ITC) in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada, using a Decision Forest approach. The model validation process revealed that the Decision Forest model produced higher predictive accuracy than previous efforts. The Decision Forest models we developed also represent knowledge about the importance of parameters involved in the capture process, and such knowledge is useful for further optimization of the capture process in the future. • Modeling the parameters of the Carbon Capture process with machine learning (ML). • The ML models used Decision Forest with Gradient Boosting and Oblique Split. • The ML models achieved superior predictive accuracy compared to past efforts. • The ML models support interpretability by visualizing weights and prediction paths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The monitoring of forest ecosystems is significantly affected by the lack of consistent historical data of low-severity (forest partially disturbed) or gradual disturbance (e.g. eastern spruce budworm epidemic). The goal of this paper is to explore the use of a subset of Landsat time series and deep learning models to identify both the type and the year of disturbances, including low-severity and gradual disturbances, in the boreal forest of eastern Canada at the pixel level. Remote sensing data such as the spectral information from Landsat time series are the best available option for large scale observations of disturbances that go back decades. Traditional modeling approaches, like LandTrendr, require substantial handcrafted pre-processing to remove noise and to extract temporal features from the image sequences before using them as input to a classical machine-learning model. Deep-learning models can autonomously discern which features are relevant within the coarse temporal and spectral information from the Landsat annual dense time series. We evaluated the performance of TempCNN and Transformer model in detecting and classifying the type and the year of the forest disturbance using Landsat time series subsequences. Our findings resulted in the generation of four disturbance maps outlining the forest history from 1986 to 2021 within the eastern Canadian boreal forest. Our experimental outcomes demonstrate several significant benefits of employing deep learning models. Firstly, using noisy Landsat time series they achieve comparable accuracy for classifying fire and total harvesting than existing publicly available disturbance maps. Secondly, the use of shorter time series subsequence with deep learning models enables to map adequately different overlapping disturbances occurring in the complete time series. Finally, they increase the number of distinguishable disturbance classes by adding partial harvesting, gradual disturbances, and forest recovery from older events, making them useful approaches for obtaining the first remote sensing-based map for areas affected by the eastern spruce budworm. • TempCNN, Transformer tested on Landsat time series for disturbance classification. • The type and the year of disturbance events were classified with good accuracy. • Deep learning effective for identifying partial and progressive disturbances. • Landsat subsequences extract overlapping disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geothermal systems installed at intermediate depths (∼1–2 km) in sedimentary basins represent an attractive option to provide low-carbon heat in cold countries, even where the geothermal gradient is low, using either closed- or open loop systems combined with heat pumps. However, the installation of such systems is costly and risky due to the uncertainty associated with the geological, hydrogeological and thermal properties of the targeted unit(s). Additionally, the performance of different types of systems is seldom compared in the literature for a given geological context. This paper presents a numerical approach to readily assess the maximum energy that could be produced by different geothermal systems (a deep borehole heat exchanger (DBHE) and three types of doublets) and compare their performance for preselection purposes. Since deep formations are often poorly characterized, the sensitivity of these systems to the most impactful site properties is evaluated. For each scenario of site properties, the systems were simulated for different operation flow rates. The maximum usable flow rate is determined from simulation results. The flow rate maximizing net energy production is used for the DBHE, while the maximum flow rate ensuring safe injection pressure has been selected for the doublets. The heating power produced per length drilled and system COP are calculated for each simulation and interpolated for the maximum usable flow rate to fairly compare the systems' performance. An illustrative case using the Bécancour area (eastern Canada) highlights that, even if the site stratigraphy and properties have been relatively well characterized previously, uncertainty regarding key properties significantly affects simulation results and, consequently, the choice of the geothermal system to install. Our numerical approach is intended as a decision-making aid in order to properly plan the installation of these expensive systems. [Display omitted] • New method for pre-selecting 1–2 km geothermal systems and assess heating potential. • Compares the DBHE and geothermal doublet performances for various designs. • Includes a sensitivity analysis to permeability, thermal conductivity and heat flux. • Determines the maximum usable flow rate for each system and scenario. • An application demonstrates the need to consider the uncertainty of rock properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• First trends analysis of data from the national Canadian Cannabis Survey. • Past-year cannabis use increased since non-medical cannabis legalization in Canada. • The proportion of past-year consumers using cannabis frequently is unchanged. • Past-year use of edibles, drinks and vape pens/cartridges has increased. • Legal purchasing is displacing the illicit cannabis market in Canada. Cannabis use for non-medical purposes was legalized and regulated in Canada through the Cannabis Act in October 2018. This paper examined trends in use of cannabis for non-medical purposes and related indicators from pre- to post-legalization in Canada (2018–2022). Data from 5 years of the Canadian Cannabis Survey, an annual web-based survey administered to Canadians 16 years of age or older, were used in the analysis (n 2018 =12,952; n 2019 =11,922; n 2020 =10,821; n 2021 =10,733; n 2022 =10,048). Cannabis measures include questions about use, types of products, sources, risk perceptions and beliefs, and exposure to public education campaigns and health warnings. Adjusted logistic regression models tested differences in outcomes over time. Past 12-month cannabis consumption increased among Canadians from 22 % in 2018 to 27 % in 2022 (AOR=1.41;99 % CI:1.28–1.54). Similarly, daily/almost daily (DAD) consumption increased from 5 % in 2018 to 7 % in 2022 (AOR=1.36;99 % CI:1.16–1.59). Consumption of dried flower, hash/kief, and concentrates/extracts (e.g., wax, shatter, budder) decreased since 2018, whereas consumption of edibles, beverages and vape pens/cartridges increased (p < 0.001). Legal purchasing increased from 4 % in 2018 to 69 % in 2022, while accessing cannabis through social and illegal sources decreased over time (p < 0.001). More Canadians are reporting cannabis consumption since legalization and regulation of cannabis for non-medical purposes, continuing a pre-existing trend despite an increase in awareness of the risks of consuming cannabis. Trends in product use indicate a transition from dried flower and concentrates/extracts towards consumption of cannabis foods, drinks and vape pens/cartridges. The legal market is increasingly displacing the illicit cannabis market in Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of the response to Canada's worsening overdose crisis driven by a toxic, adulterated drug supply, there has been increased attention to and expansion of drug treatment, options, including injectable opioid agonist treatment (iOAT). iOAT typically involves the, witnessed daily injection of opioids under healthcare provider supervision. There is a robust, evidence base on iOAT; however, there has been less focus on how people engage with this; treatment outside of clinical trials. This paper examines how people engage with iOAT programs, in expanded treatment settings in Canada, focusing on how the broader socio-structural context, shapes patient subjectivities in treatment. This study draws on critical ethnographic and community-based research approaches, conducted with people accessing four iOAT programs in Vancouver's Downtown Eastside; neighbourhood from May 2018 to November 2019. Data included in-depth baseline and followup, interviews and approximately 50 h of observation fieldwork conducted in one iOAT, program and with a subsample of participants in the surrounding neighbourhood. Analysis, leveraged the concepts of biological citizenship and structural vulnerability. This analysis characterized three narrative frames— regular long-term engagers, pain, patients, and sporadic and short-term engagers —through in-depth case presentations of participants with distinct types of engagement with iOAT programs. Participants within these, narrative frames described a dominant form of iOAT citizenship, an autonomous patient who, regularly engages in treatment and avoids pleasure. However, structural vulnerabilities, including, homelessness and housing instability, entrenched poverty, criminal-legal system engagement, and unmanaged pain, shaped the ability of participants to make claims to this normative model of citizenship. This study examined how structural vulnerabilities impact people's construction and ability to make iOAT citizenship claims. Findings point to the need for changes within and outside of iOAT programs, such as lower threshold treatment models, improved social services (e.g., secure housing), and pain management support. • Biological citizenship used to examine how people engage with iOAT. • Narrative frames used to explore patterns of iOAT engagement. • These served as alternate to iOAT citizenship framed by treatment. • Unmanaged pain, housing instability, and poverty impacted treatment engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural Health Monitoring has the potential to enhance the safety and serviceability of our aging infrastructures by detecting anomalies at an early stage. Bayesian Dynamic Linear Models (BDLM) have been shown to be effective at detecting anomalies by extracting structural patterns and latent variables from complex and noisy time series. However, the autoregressive component modelling the stationary prediction errors in most BDLM has a tendency to wrongfully capture patterns that should be attributed to anomalies, and thus hinders their detectability. This paper proposes a new bounded autoregressive (B A R) component, which imposes constraints on the autoregressive latent process with a new mixture Rectified Linear activation Unit. The B A R component is probabilistically verified on synthetic data using a new F1t metric, and is validated using real observations collected on a bridge and on a dam located in Canada. The experimental results demonstrate that the B A R model surpasses the performance of the existing autoregressive component with (1) an improved accuracy at estimating hidden states, (2) an early detection of anomalies, (3) a capacity to detect smaller anomaly magnitudes, and (4) the ability to control the tradeoff between the anomaly detectability and the false alarm rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper mainly discusses exponential synchronization of nonlinear CDN via intermittent pinning control on T. By using Lyapunov and time scales theory, a novel sufficient condition to guarantee the synchronization of CDNs is obtained. The method of intermittent pinning control is adopted in designing controllers to ensure the realization of synchronization of CDNs. Unlike most existing results, our results are an extension of previous results, integral delay and coupling disturbance are considered in the time-delay nonlinear CDNs. Therefore, our results are less conservative but more persuasive. Moreover, our model can be applied not only to continuous/discrete CDNS, but also to mixed CDNs. Finally, we give numerical simulations to demonstrate the feasibility of our theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The suburbanization of poverty has been a concerning trend in many urban regions. While research has described patterns of suburbanization of poverty at regional and neighbourhood levels, there are open questions about how lower-income households have agglomerated in the suburbs in recent history. Is suburban poverty primarily a result of 1) the movement of low-income residents from central to suburban neighbourhoods (e.g., via processes of gentrification and displacement), 2) migration between Census Metropolitan Areas and the immigration of low-income groups to suburbs, or 3) becoming and remaining poor while staying in the suburbs? The objective of this paper is to describe and quantify the propensity of these predominant individual geographic pathways to suburban poverty. We do so via a cluster analysis of census and land use data to define neighbourhoods as either central or suburban, and then link this categorization to a large-scale panel dataset representing 20 % of tax filers in Canada (from 2006 to 2016). These data allow for analyzing different pathways within the context of large Canadian metropolitan areas, specifically to what extent poverty in suburban neighbourhoods stems from intra-urban residential mobility, immigration, and becoming poor in-place. We find that becoming and remaining poor while staying in the suburbs encompasses a greater proportion of suburban poverty than immigration and centre-to-suburb residential mobility combined. Overall, this research expands our understanding of the sources of suburban poverty while also providing pertinent information to aid preventative policy aimed at reducing suburban poverty in Canada. • The largest source of suburban poverty in Canada is from getting poor in place. • Immigrants to Canada face the highest risk of becoming part of the suburban poor. • Migration from more accessible parts of the city represents a small share of suburban poverty growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global call to address climate change and advance sustainable development has created rapid growth in research, investment, and policymaking regarding the renewable energy transition of Indigenous communities. From a rightsholder perspective, Indigenous Peoples' vision of sustainability, autonomy, and sovereignty should guide research on their energy needs. In this paper, we present a multi-method, inductive examination to identify gaps between Indigenous communities' expressed needs and rights, and the questions researchers and policymakers investigate in energy transition research conducted in the context of Indigenous communities located in Canada. We combine a systematic review of the extant literature, a scoping review of the grey literature on off-grid communities by Indigenous and non-Indigenous governments and non-governmental policy bodies, qualitative primary data collected via fieldwork, and an in-depth study of an Indigenous-led renewable energy transition study conducted by Haíɫzaqv Nation's Climate Action Team. We holistically examine these different perspectives and identify emergent themes to recommend ways to bridge the gaps between off-grid renewable energy research and stated Indigenous community priorities. Specifically, we recommend designing equitable research practices, understanding community worldviews, developing holistic research goals, respecting Indigenous data sovereignty, and sharing or co-developing knowledge with communities to align with community priorities closely. • There is a research-practice gap in Indigenous communities' energy transitions. • We used a multi-method inquiry integrating Indigenous and Western approaches. • Renewable energy literature diverges from the Indigenous community vision and goals. • Indigenous research methods can reduce the research-practice gap in high-tech fields. • Community-based approaches can use traditional laws to yield actionable outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community renewable energy is increasing globally, but many northern and remote Indigenous communities remain energy insecure. Community appropriate sustainable energy solutions requires more than building renewable energy projects – it requires local socio-technical capacity to design, implement, and maintain renewable energy projects. Yet, notwithstanding advances in renewable energy technology there is limited understanding of the socio-technical capacity of northern and remote Indigenous communities to engage in energy transitions. Based on a review of energy transitions scholarship and northern contexts and informed by a workshop engaging northern and Indigenous community members from Canada and Alaska, this paper presents foundational pillars for assessing the socio-technical capacity needs of communities to pursue and sustain local energy transitions. These pillars are inter-dependent and emphasize the importance of local energy champions and inter-local energy networks to enable innovation and capacity building; community values that articulate immediate and longer-term goals for energy transition, including the social and economic opportunities to be realized by a more sustainable energy system; community knowledge of local energy resources, technologies, and opportunities, and embedded skills to support transitions; and the skills innovation to pursue and manage new energy systems, coupled with youth engagement as future community energy leaders. The proposed framework is intended to support the early stages of community energy transition planning. • Energy transition in remote communities involves more than building new projects. • Socio-technical capacity is critical to renewable energy security in remote off-grid areas. • Seven pillars are proposed to guide local capacity assessment for community energy. • Renewable energy in remote communities means self-sufficiency and self-determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The northwest coast of North America exhibits highly variable patterns of relative sea-level (RSL) change following the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) that reflect proximity to the Cordilleran glacial ice loading and local rates of deglaciation. In this paper we present postglacial RSL histories for four coastal zones in a transect across northern Vancouver Island, Canada, derived from multiple proxies (isolation basin cores, geological exposures, archaeological sites, GIS-based landform interpretation), and relate these to the timing of glacial retreat after the LGM. Notably, parts of the west coast of northern Vancouver Island were ice-free by ∼18,200 years ago, earlier than much of the rest of Vancouver Island and the broader region. These four RSL reconstructions demonstrate substantial variation across the north end of Vancouver Island, which we attribute to regional differences in glacial isostatic processes. Additionally, some RSL curves reveal the likely effects of global glacial meltwater pulses. Documenting late Pleistocene and early Holocene coastline change in this region of Vancouver Island is significant for understanding the late Quaternary history of western North America more broadly: the RSL histories help delimit potential refugia and postglacial expansion of plants and animals (including humans) as the ice retreated. • We present four new relative sea level curves for Northern Vancouver Island, Canada. • RSL histories vary from east to west, related to glacio-isostatic processes. • Radiocarbon ages constrain timing of glacial retreat, landscape change. • Some parts of northern Vancouver Island have been ice-free for ∼18,200 years. • Past shoreline positions help understand postglacial expansions of plants/animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Permylene™ demonstration system (PDS), a membrane-based pilot unit for olefin/paraffin separation, is designed and fabricated by Imtex Membranes Corp. (Imtex). The PDS, equipped with pilot-scale Permylene™ elements, is capable of treating up to 3 kg/h of olefin/paraffin mixture. The PDS unit is installed in Imtex's testing lab in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. Various plant-collected and lab-blended olefin/paraffin mixtures involving ethylene/ethane (C2), propylene/propane (C3), and butene/butane (C4) have been assessed on the unit. This paper is focused on the application of PDS for C3 separation, and a series of remarkable performances that have been achieved by the Permylene™ membrane and PDS unit. Propylene purity of over 98.5 vol% in the permeate/product stream has been reached over a wide range of propylene recovery rates, which could offer significant flexibility to meet various industrial operation conditions. Furthermore, the PDS unit demonstrates its stability and efficiency with 1200 hrs of continuous C3 permeation. Finally, a case study of recovering 90 % of propylene from 15,000 kg/h of C3 is performed to estimate energy consumption in commercial applications. The energy consumption of the Permylene™ process is calculated and compared with that of the distillation process. The result indicates that the energy consumption in PDS is extremely low, equal to only 8 % of that required in distillation. The study undeniably validates Permylene™'s remarkable capability for C3 separation, highlighting its potential as a viable and energy-efficient alternative to traditional distillation. [Display omitted] • The asymmetric membrane and solution replenishing overcome the instability. • This pilot unit is capable of treating up to 3 kg/h of olefin/paraffin mixture. • Propylene purity of 98.5 vol% is reached over a wide range of recovery rates. • Stable performance is shown in 1200 h of continuous C3 permeation. • The energy consumption in PDS equals 8 % of that required in distillation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reliable construction project cost estimation relies on accurate quantity takeoffs (QTOs), traditionally done with error-prone 2-D drawings, but the emergence of Building Information Modeling (BIM) has improved QTO speed, accuracy, and reliability. However, the quality of BIM models can influence quantity accuracy, an aspect often overlooked in research on automating QTO with BIM. This paper develops an integrated framework to automatically extract and visualize construction quantities from BIM models. The system includes a Quantity Precision Check (QPC) module for automating more accurate QTO outputs. These outputs are then automatically transferred to an external database and visualized through a user-friendly dashboard on the Microsoft Power BI platform. This dashboard allows for comparisons between 2-D and BIM quantities and helps track changes in quantities over time due to design changes. The system was successfully validated in an infrastructure construction project in Canada, where it identified a 39% inconsistency in wall elements' material quantities and reduced steel quantity by 10% due to design changes. Overall, the system offers a speedy, reliable, and efficient tool for construction estimators, site managers, and cost control teams to provide accurate quantities to the procurement team and make swift decisions in response to design change impacts on construction costs. • This study introduces an automated QPC/QTO system for architectural and structural BIM models. • A QPC/QTO system workflow was developed to automatically calculate their quantities and check their accuracy in the BIM model. • The Data Extraction and Analysis Module was developed to automatically calculate, and check the accuracy of the quantities of each category. • The Data Visualization Module was developed to visualize the final QTO results and inconsistencies in BIM parameters after each update. • The system can be used as a fast and reliable tool for construction estimators to provide accurate quantities to the procurement team. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on professional socialization focuses on how students adopt and internalize professional identities and values, and assumes that boundary work is essential to learning how best to practice their profession. However, a focus on boundary work in the context of midwifery training - which is embedded in the gendered and hierarchical landscape of maternity care - is lacking. Thus, this article examines how Canadian student-midwives learn to navigate and negotiate interprofessional boundaries. Grounded in a symbolic interactionist approach, it draws on 31 semi-structured qualitative interviews from a mixed-methods national study on midwifery retention, explores how midwifery students make sense of the tensions among midwives, physicians, and nurses, and describes what strategies they utilize when navigating boundaries. Our analysis, based in constructivist grounded theory, revealed that participants learned about interprofessional tensions in clinical placement encounters via direct or indirect interactions with other healthcare professionals, and that strategies to navigate these tensions included educating others about midwifery training and adopting a learner identity. This article proposes that the process of professional socialization enables to reshape professional boundaries and that students are not only learners but also agents of change. These findings may yield practical applications in health education by highlighting opportunities for improving interprofessional collaborations. • Boundary work is part of professional socialization process. • Professional boundaries are ambiguous in midwifery but they are understudied. • This paper examines boundary work among 31 Canadian midwifery students. • The boundaries were clear with physicians but blurred in communication with nurses. • Learning about boundaries, students recreated them but also became agents of change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fate of the carbon stored in frozen peatlands in Canada's Hudson Bay Lowlands (HBL) depends strongly on water, with wetter conditions favoring long-term storage. Dynamic surface water products generated from historical Landsat data exist to inform surface water trends in the HBL based on binary classifications of land vs water at 30 m spatial resolution. However, the HBL contains many water features smaller than 30 m, including streams and patterned fens that require a sub-pixel mapping approach to fully capture their dynamics. In this paper, we leverage an existing binary dynamic surface water product to generate a spatially and temporally comprehensive Landsat sub-pixel surface water time-series over the HBL. We first generate Landsat Red, NIR and SWIR composites from 1985 to 2021 and evaluate data-driven machine learning and physical models to derive sub-30 m water fractions across the entire mapping domain. Data-driven models were calibrated on 30 m water fractions obtained from 16 of 17 WorldView scene water fraction maps and assessed on the 17th held-out scene in a jackknife validation. Data-driven models were also calibrated by relating scaled Landsat reflectance to water fractions obtained from binary water masks at corresponding scales from 90 to 270 m. Physical models involved simple linear unmixing using a new approach that samples land endmembers in the vicinity of each pixel to represent land reflectance, and a global water endmember sampled beneath permanent water in each image. The assumption of linear scaling was verified at sub-30 m to 270 m resolution for NIR, SWIR and NDVI, which were all highly correlated with water fraction and had no significant differences among water fraction – spectral feature relationships across the full range of scales. Each of 11 different methods and input spectral features were evaluated against WorldView water fractions and ranked based on nine criteria. We found that machine learning using all spectral features including local NIR land endmembers performed best among data-driven approaches, and linear unmixing of the NIR band using local land endmembers performed best among physical. Both best-performing methods were applied to the entire time-series and surface water area trends were calculated and compared with trends obtained from binary water masks. All three methods agree on the direction of surface water change towards wetting, with sub-pixel inter-annual variation agreeing with stream discharge noted in other studies. • Physical and data-driven Landsat water fraction methods tested in the Hudson Bay Lowlands. • Physical methods perform linear unmixing between local land and global water endmembers. • Data-driven methods consist of machine learning calibrated using high-resolution water. • Best methods applied to 1985–2021 Landsat time-series reveal overall wetting trends. • Spatial trends generally suggest drying in bogs and wetting in fens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In light of public scandals and legislative pressure, Canadian universities have instituted sexualized violence policies in an attempt to curb harm on campus. As the first step, policy-making committees and task forces were established to spearhead institutional change. Using data from 49 qualitative interviews with feminist faculty across Canada, we examine how these policy-making committees utilized feminist expertise, particularly whether feminists with intersectional positionalities and expertise were invited to the table and if their expertise was used to inform the resulting institutional policies. As our findings illustrate, even though policies profess to seek or incorporate intersectionality, experts in intersectionality– particularly those with intersectional positionalities– are rarely invited or heard. As we argue in this article, post-secondary institutions actively work against intersectionality by narrowing the mandates of committees and siloing task forces from other Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion (EDI) concerns. Additionally, invitations to serve as experts on sexualized violence committees are often reserved for feminists deemed by administrators to be palatable, and those invited who embody diversity are used to rubber stamp the process of creating sexualized violence responses instead of informing the policies. This article illustrates the various ways in which PSI committees' constitutions and their mandates tend to make intersectionality a performative rather than informative guiding principle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]