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The metabolism of ectotherms is temperature-dependent, and the exponential nature of the metabolic rate- temperature relationship means that warmer temperatures are disproportionately affecting the energy balance. T SB a sb (standard met.) temperature deviation from microclimate ambient nest temperature was -3.6 °C in I P. dominula i , -2.4 °C in I P. gallicus i , and -3.3 °C in I P. biglumis i ). The energetic calculations were conducted using temperature-dependent metabolic rate models of the three I Polistes i species, I P. dominula i , I P. gallicus i and I P. biglumis i [[17], [29]], and adequate body temperature models [[4], [17]]. The nest ambient air temperatures in the three habitats were clearly elevated above the meteorological standard ambient temperature recorded by the nearest weather stations (temperature difference, I P. dominula i : 3.6 °C, I P. gallicus i : 2.4 °C, I P. biglumis i : 3.3 °C; Figure 2). [Extracted from the article]

Winter in climatic regions with low temperatures is a challenge for overwintering insects. They are exposed to temperature extremes, which directly cause mortality or lead to energy depletion. The winter hibernaculum of paper wasp gynes protects from predators and rain, but only poorly from ambient temperature. In order to detect physiological adaptations to differing climates, we compared the respiratory metabolism of overwintering gynes of two polistine species from the Mediterranean climate in Italy (Polistes dominula and Polistes gallicus), and of one species from the temperate climate in Austria (Polistes dominula). The wasps' CO2 emission was measured with stop‐flow respirometry in a temperature range from 2.5 to 20 °C. The mass‐specific standard (resting) metabolic rate, the main type of metabolism of the dormant insects during overwintering, increased exponentially with ambient temperature but was suppressed in comparison to individuals measured in the summer, which conserves the energy stores. In addition, it was lower in the Mediterranean species (P. dominula and P. gallicus) in comparison to the temperate species (P. dominula), especially at higher temperatures. The active metabolic rate was suppressed to a similar amount. The suppressed metabolism of the overwintering Mediterranean gynes could be an adaptation to the higher winter temperatures to prevent a premature depletion of the energy resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is expected to produce shifts in species distributions as well as behavioural and physiological adaptations to find suitable conditions or to cope with the altered environment. The paper wasps Polistes dominula and Polistes gallicus are closely related species, native in the European Mediterranean region and North Africa. P. dominula has expanded its range to the relatively cooler climates of Northern and Eastern Europe, but P. gallicus remained in its original distribution area. In order to reveal their metabolic adaptation to the current climate conditions, and the impact on energy demand at future climate conditions, we investigated the respiratory metabolic rate (CO 2 production) of P. dominula from Austria and P. gallicus from Italy. In contrast to the metabolic cold adaptation hypothesis their standard metabolic rate was nearly the same and increased in a typical exponential course with increasing ambient temperature. The metabolic rate of active wasps was higher than the standard metabolic rate and increased with the wasps' activity. There was no obvious difference in the active metabolism between the two species, with the exception that some P. gallicus individuals showed some extraordinary high values. A simultaneous measurement of metabolic rate and body temperature revealed that increased CO 2 production was accompanied by endothermic activity. The two investigated populations of paper wasps are quite similar in their metabolic response to temperature, although they live in different climate regions. The spread of P. dominula into cooler regions did not have significant influence on their active and standard metabolic rate. Unlabelled Image • A comparison of the standard and active metabolic rate of Polistes dominula and P. gallicus from different climates revealed similarities. • The metabolic rate was nearly the same in both species. • Simultaneous measurement of metabolism and body temperature revealed that increased CO 2 production is accompanied by endothermic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]