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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have revolutionized portable electronics, yet their conventional graphite anodes face capacity limitations. Integrating graphene and 3D molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) offers a promising solution. Ensuring a uniform distribution of 3D MoS2 nanostructures within a graphene matrix is crucial for optimizing battery performance and preventing issues like agglomeration and capacity degradation. This study focuses on synthesizing a uniformly distributed paper wad structure by optimizing a composite of reduced graphene oxide RGO@MoS2 through structural and morphological analyses. Three composites with varying graphene content were synthesized, revealing that the optimized sample containing 30 mg RGO demonstrates beneficial synergy between MoS2 and RGO. The interconnected RGO network enhances reactivity and conductivity, addressing MoS2 aggregation. Experimental results exhibit an initially superior capacity of 911 mAh g−1, retained at 851 mAh g−1 even after 100 cycles at 0.1 A g−1 current density, showcasing improved rate efficiency and long-term stability. This research underscores the pivotal role of graphene content in customizing RGO@MoS2 composites for enhanced LIB performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy storage devices (ESD) which are intended to power electronic devices, used in close contact of human skin, are desirable to be safe and non-toxic. In light of this requirement, Zn based energy storage devices seem to provide a viable pathway as they mostly employ aqueous based electrolytes which are safe and non-toxic in their functioning. Additionally, having a flexible ESD will play a crucial role as it will enable the ESD to conform to the varying shapes and sizes of wearable electronics which they energize. In this work, we have developed an inkjet-printed Zinc ion battery (IPZIB) with planar electrode configuration over bond paper substrate. Zn has been used as the negative electrode, MnO2 is used as the positive electrode with Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) as the active binder. Conducting tracks of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) are used to construct the current collector on the paper substrate. The fabricated IPZIB delivered a high discharge capacity of 300.14 mAh g−1 at a current density of 200 mA g−1. The energy density of the IPZIB is observed as 330.15 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 220 W kg−1 and retains an energy density of 94.36 Wh kg−1 at a high power density of 1650 W kg−1. Finally, we have demonstrated the capability of the IPZIB to power a LED at various bending and folding conditions which indicates its potential to be used in the next generation flexible and wearable electronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercial polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) films are widely used as separators for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, owing to the poor thermal stability of PP and PE films, current LIBs suffer from serious safety risks in their practical applications. As an effective path, the design of novel high‐safety composite separators can significantly overcome the safety issues of LIBs. Herein, a universal and cost‐effective strategy is developed to fabricate highly‐thermal‐stable separators via coating natural halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) on both sides of commercial papers or waste newspaper. The resulted separators show superior properties, including thermal stability, heat conduction, wettability, and electrolyte uptake. Compared with commercial PP separators, both HNTs coated A4 paper and waste newspaper composite separators enable better cycling and rate performance for Li/LiFePO4 cells. Even after burning in fire or treating under 180 °C, the composite separators still present a normal structure, and the assembled cell can perform as regular. Furthermore, the nail penetration test of pouch cells illustrates that such separator significantly prevents thermal runaway of LIBs. The inexpensive and environmentally friendly materials with a facile coating process provide a highly‐thermal‐stable separator for commercial LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strength of pigmented coatings is crucial in applications such as paints, lithium-ion batteries, and paper coatings. An ongoing challenge that is driven by cost has been to reduce the amount of latex binders in formulations while maintaining the strength in the coatings. This paper describes the development of an all-cationic coating formulation with lower binder content that has comparable strength to coatings made with conventional anionic formulations with higher binder concentration. Adsorption of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride onto anionic precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) and styrene-butadiene (SB) latexes produced cationic pigments and latexes. The all-cationic coating with 7 parts per hundred (pph) parts pigment latex levels demonstrated equal coating strength to anionic based coatings with 10 pph latex levels when applied as a coating on paper. The increase in coating strength is due to the impedance of migration of cationic binder at the paper-coating interface due to charge interactions between the cationic binder and the anionic paper fibers. As a result, a second strategy comprising layer-by-layer deposition of all-cationic formulations followed by their anionic equivalent resulted in coatings with lower strength because of failure at the coating layer interface due to lack of interpenetration of the coating components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wearable electronic energy storage devices usually require the integration of flexible mechanisms and uncompromising electrochemistry of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Most of the studies in this field have mainly focused on enhancing the electrochemical properties of the material, while the significance of its flexibility and mechanical properties has been relatively ignored. In this study, the 20 wt % carbon fibers (CFs) composite N-doped flexible carbon nanofiber paper (NFCFP) was prepared through a facile PFI refiner and Bauer sieve of pulping and papermaking machinery sieve-assisted methods combined with annealing technology. The NFCFP-700 with high pyridine N content shows good ion transport and storage performance, the specific capacity remained 308 mAh⸱g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.1 C, and even at 1 C, the specific capacity of the electrode material instead increases constantly at 142 mAh⸱g−1. According to density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the coexistence of pyridine N content and defects in carbon materials was found to enhance the adsorption energy (E ad) of lithium, and the N4V2 locally show the most negative electrostatic potential (ESP) distribution, which was more favorable for the adsorption of Li+ being positively charged. This insight from DFT studies combined with experimental data emphasizes the favorable impact of pyridine N content and defects on the lithium adsorption process in carbon materials, also providing valuable information for the design and optimization of materials for lithium storage applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrode architectures significantly influence the electrochemical performance, flexibility, and applications of lithium‐ion batteries (LiBs). However, the conventional bar coating for fabricating electrodes limits the addition of customized architecture or patterns. In this study, as a novel approach, patterns are integrated into electrodes through large‐scale roll‐to‐roll (R2R) flexographic printing. Additionally, flexible, recyclable, and biodegradable paper are innovatively used as a printing substrate during printing LiBs manufacturing, which exhibited superior printability. Moreover, the paper is modified with a thin‐layer Al2O3 to function as the separator in the printed LiB. The Al2O3‐coated paper enables an admirable wettability for printing, excellent mechanical properties for high‐speed R2R manufacturing, and outstanding thermal stability for the safe and stable operation of LiBs. The assembled paper cells exhibit nearly 100% discharge capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 3 C and outstanding rate performance. This work inspires future large‐scale microbatteries manufacturing integrated with high‐resolution architecture designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose is now considered as an appealing environment friendly material for the development of sustainable separators for rechargeable batteries. This study thus aims to develop high performance paper based ceramic separators with superior electrolyte wettability (>170 %), high thermal stability (>200 °C) and excellent flame safety. While developing paper based ceramic separator, extensive studies are carried out to understand thenature and functionality of different nano-structured ceramic materials (Al 2 O 3 , BaTiO 3 and ZrO 2) impregnated in paper matrix. Nano-ZrO 2 facilitates an effective pathway for Li +-ion transport (t Li + = 0.51), whereas BaTiO 3 and Al 2 O 3 ceramics show moderate Li +-ion transport properties (t Li+ of 0.29 and 0.30 respectively). Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) measurement clearly reveals that ZrO 2 exhibits more interfacial compatibility with the electrodes (MCMB and LiNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2) compared to the other two ceramic separators during full cell operation. The developed paper separators show excellent electrochemical properties in terms of cycling (tested 300 cycles), multi-electrode compatibility and rate capabilities at different current densities of 0.1–1.2 mAcm−2. The pre- and post-electrochemical EIS data reveal that ZrO 2 based impregnation offers significantly lower charge transfer resistance compared to the other two separators. The study thus demonstrates a real promise for its successful application in Li-ion battery towards achieving sustainability and safety. [Display omitted] • Sustainable, flexible and high safety ceramic based paper separators for LIBs. • Separators were developed using easy to scale up wet-coating process. • Ceramic impregnation affects physical and electrochemical properties of the separators. • Paper separators show superior electrolyte wettability and high thermal stability. • Better electrochemical performances and flame safety are other important advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon paper‐supported graphene aerogels are examined as anode electrodes for lithium‐ion batteries, employing a hydrothermal process and a freeze‐drying step. Triethylenetetramine (TETA) and o‐phenylenediamine (OPD) prove to promote graphene aerogel formation and its chemical bonding onto the surface of carbon paper. The electrochemical results demonstrate that the electrode treated with the former diamine has a remarkable rate capability with higher capacities as compared with the electrode treated with the latter diamine and better stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hierarchically porous nitrogen, oxygen-rich carbon material is developed by Mg(NO 3) 2 treatment of filter paper in a one-step pyrolysis. The obtained carbons exhibit high specific surface area (1031 m2 g−1), interconnected micro-, meso-, and macroporous conductive network and attractive heteroatom contents (2.84 at.% nitrogen and 13.82 at.% oxygen). The as-prepared carbon tested as anode for lithium ion batteries displays an excellent reversible capacity (1560 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1), superior rate capability (501 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1) and desired cycling performance (1538 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and 1105 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1after 100 cycles). Moreover, a full battery with an as-obtained carbon anode and a LiFePO 4 cathode delivers a high discharge capacity of 165 mAh g−1 (the theoretical capacity of LiFePO 4 was 170 mAh g−1) and good cyclability (156 mAh g−1 after 20 cycles). Unlabelled Image • A hierarchically porous nitrogen, oxygen-rich carbon was fabricated in a one-step pyrolysis. • The as-obtained carbon delivers superior electrochemical performances for LIBs. • Mg(NO 3) 2 can not only acts as a pore-making agent, but also contributes to the heteroatom doping effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, Cu-doped Co-ZIF nanoplate arrays are uniformly grown on a commercial paper towel substrate first. After a subsequent annealing treatment, well-defined Cu-doped Co/CoO nanoparticles embedded in N-doped carbon hybrid nanoplate arrays supported on the carbon paper substrate (denoted as Cu-doped Co/CoO/NC NPAs@CP) are obtained, which exhibit excellent performance as a low-cost, lightweight and binder-free anode for lithium ion storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TEMPO‐oxidized nanofibrillated cellulose (ONFC) with charged carboxyl groups is introduced for the efficient exfoliation of two‐dimensional (2D) MoS2/graphene composites. As an effective dispersant agent, ONFC can be easily absorbed between the adjacent layers, so as to prevent the accumulation of the exfoliated nanosheets. With the assistance of charged ONFC, the exfoliated MoS2/graphene is gradually increased in the aqueous dispersions with the elongated sonication time. After dewatering, self‐standing MoS2/Graphene/ONFC/CNTs composite films are rationally constructed using ONFC as flexible fibrous skeleton, and CNTs/graphene as 1D/2D interpenetrating electrical networks. Ultrathin MoS2 nanosheets anchored on the 1D/2D heterogeneous networks is directly acted as an ideal paper‐anode for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) without using traditional metallic current collector. The self‐standing flexible electrode materials based on natural cellulose will promote the future green electronics with high flexibility, miniaturization, and increased portability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the digital twin of a Li-ion battery cell based on the MATLAB/Simulink generic model. The digital twin is based on measured data for constant current/constant voltage charging and discharging cycles with State of Health (SoH) up to 79%, also including fast charging. Mathematical equations used for the digital twin are obtained by 3D data fitting of measured SoH, battery capacity, and battery cell current. The input to the proposed digital twin is only the measured battery cell current, and its output includes State of Charge (SoC), SoH, and battery cell voltage. The designed digital twin is tested and compared with MATLAB/Simulink generic model and battery cell measurements for constant discharging current and dynamically generated discharging current profile. The results show significant improvement in the generic MATLAB/Simulink model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the newer forms of carbon materials being demonstrated as potential anodes for lithium-ion batteries suffer a serious drawback in terms of their commercial perspectives due to their failure in the retention of a flat plateau in the charging/discharging profile. Here we present a facile and low-cost approach for the fabrication of solvent-free, binder-free anode material for the practical usage. A filter paper was coated with graphite using a pencil lead followed by pyrolysis (PyPF) and tested for its electrochemical performance. Galvanostatic charge/discharge experiments as carried out in half-cell configuration exhibited a specific capacity of 342 mAhg−1 with a constant plateau at 156 mAg−1 with 98% coulombic efficiency. This clearly shows the potential and competency of the material to be an inexpensive commercial anode. The role of graphite coating on filter paper was clearly manifested in the comparative studies with only pyrolyzed filter paper. Furthermore, full cell studies were performed using PyPF as anode and carbon coated LiFePO 4 as a cathode. A specific capacity of 120 mAhg−1 at C/5 rate with 141 WhKg−1 energy density with the retention of constant plateau and minimal polarization further emphasize the proficiency of PyPF as an anode for a commercial lithium-ion battery. Image 1 • An eco-friendly, binder-free and freestanding anode is developed for practical lithium ion battery. • Favorable plateau in the charge/discharge profile with minimal polarization is obtained. • A small quantity of graphitic carbon derived from pencil lead remarkably engender excellent charge/discharge profile. • Full cell study puts that this anode in scope of commercial lithium ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Separators are indispensable components in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), providing efficient pathways for lithium ions to travel and isolating the positive and negative electrodes to avoid short circuits. However, traditional polyolefin-based separators exhibit inferior electrolyte affinities, limited porosities, and low thermal stabilities. In this study, a novel method was developed to prepare chitosan micro/nanofiber membranes as LIB separators using natural materials. The pore sizes of the chitosan micro/nanofibers separators were modulated by changing the diameters of the chitosan fibers. The results demonstrated that the chitosan nanofiber separators (CSNFs) had superior electrolyte uptake (281 %), excellent thermal dimensional stability, and electrochemical performance in LiFePO 4 /Li half-cell, as indicated by the higher discharge capacity after 100 cycles, and higher rate capacity than commercial Celgard2325 separator. This study paves the way for the fabrication of eco-efficient and environment-friendly separators for high-performance LIBs. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium-ion batteries have received considerable attention as energy storage tool for modern-life equipments. However, drawbacks like low electric conductivity and volume expansion are the obstacles that hinder its application. To solve these problems, we developed a facile method using waste eggshell as hard template to reduce its particle size and change its morphology by simple hydrothermal process. Then, by utilizing waste paper, conductive paper (CP) current collector with graphene and multiwalled carbon nanotube implanted was prepared and combined with MnO2 anode material. The composite anode shows extraordinary electrochemical performances like much smaller impedance, high reversible capacity of 1767/1762 mAh/g even after 200 cycles at 100 mA/g, superior rate performance, etc. Compared with anode using metal current collectors, this composite anode will reduce weight and can be generalized to other high energy storage applications. Our environment-friendly method has far-reaching referential significance to other active materials and battery systems. A composite electrode, with δ -MnO2 as active material and conductive paper as current collector, has been synthesized and used in lithium-ion battery. Waste eggshell and waste paper were used in the synthetic process to protect environment. The electrode is much lighter and has much better electrochemical performances. This method can be generalized to other active materials and battery systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freestanding tin oxide-boron oxide/reduced graphene oxide (SnO2-B2O3/rGO) nanocomposite anode was produced for Li-ion cells. This binder-free flexible paper anode structure was fabricated by combining SnO2-B2O3 composite and graphene oxide which were synthesized through the sol–gel method and Hummers’ method, respectively. Field emission gun scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction were utilized to characterize anode materials. The Williamson-Hall (W-H) analysis was applied using XRD data to determine crystal size and strain of the lattice. Electrochemical tests, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were performed to determine electrochemical properties of the anodes. The results indicated that the anode formed with SnO2-B2O3 particles anchored on the rGO layers provided higher discharge capacity (838 mAhg-1) than that of SnO2/rGO (395 mAh g-1) after 100 cycles. The electron-deficient nature of boron supplied an effective increase in electrochemical energy storage performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this article, a flexible free-standing MoS 2 based paper-electrode for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) was assembled according to a solution-based papermaking process and subsequent in situ carbonization. The ultrathin MoS 2 nanosheets as active materials were efficiently exfoliated from bulk counterparts using TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) as assistant agents. Meanwhile, the oxidized CNF was utilized both as biobased binder and fibrous skeletons for the fabrication of hierarchical MoS 2 hybrid films. The MoS 2 based nanoarchitectures were finally achieved with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as conductive fillers and further in situ carbonized under argon atmospheres. The in situ carbonization improved the electrical conductivity and specific surface area dramatically. The flexible paper-electrode assembled with ultrathin MoS 2 nanosheets, carbonized CNF (C-CNF) and CNTs exhibited enhanced performance with a high specific capacity, nice rate capability, and long time cycling stability. The carbonized MoS 2 /CNF/CNTs hybrid film can directly act as an ideal paper-electrode for LIBs without using traditional metallic current collector makes it appropriate for the next-generation flexible/wearable electronics in future. Graphical abstract Carbonized MoS 2 nanosheets/cellulose nanofibrils hybrid films with enhanced conductivity can be directly used as ideal paper-electrode for LIBs without metallic current collectors. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous 3-D current collectors have been shown to be the primary choice in replacing classical 2D aluminum foil in applicable developments, especially those using carbon-based current collectors. In this study, we investigated the impact of using a non-woven carbon (NWC) based current collector for sulfur electrodes, in terms of performance and practical use in a commercial battery, keeping in mind the simplicity of electrode preparation method. The benefits of using NWC as a 3D current collector include high sulfur utilization for even highly loaded electrodes, lower polarization, and the provision of an efficient electrolyte reservoir. High discharge capacities up to ∼1200 mAh g −1 can be obtained at moderate C-rates, with relatively good capacity retention (<1% loss per cycle) and practical loadings as high as 8 mAh cm −2 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A facile one-step solid-phase synthesis strategy is developed for synthesizing a binder-free molybdenum disulfide/carbon fibers paper (MoS 2 /CFP) anode. The microstructure, composition, morphology and electrochemical performances were investigated. It is found that the thin MoS 2 layers are well anchored on the interlaced carbon fibers to form MoS 2 /CFP, which has mesoporous structure and large specific surface area of ∼18.8 m2g-1. As a result, the obtained MoS 2 /CFP anode exhibits a reversible capacity of 261 mAh·g−1 with 31.2% loading ratio of MoS 2. After subtracting the capacity of CFP, the MoS 2 in the composite anode delivers a reversible capacity of 539 mAh·g−1 and shows better cycle stability than commercial MoS 2 after 100 cycles at 100 mA g−1. The remarkable electrochemical performances could be attributed to the buffer space among carbon fibers for the volume changes of MoS 2 as well as the highly conductive carbon fibers network, suggesting that the MoS 2 /CFP is a promising binder-free anode for lithium-ion batteries. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • A one-step solid-phase synthesis strategy is developed to fabricate MoS 2 /CFP anode. • The MoS 2 and the carbon matrix of MoS 2 /CFP composite were synthesized synchronously. • The MoS 2 /CFP anode exhibits enhanced cycling performance and high-rate capability. • The mechanism of the enhanced electrochemical properties was discussed for MoS 2 /CFP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MoO 3 -based anodes for lithium storage have attracted more attentions due to the relatively high specific capacity of 1117 mAh g–1 and good chemical stability. Compound MoO 3 with other functional materials and construction of unique micromorphologies have been proved to be efficient strategies for improving the electrochemical performances of MoO 3 -based anodes. Herein, MoO 3 /TiO 2 composites were successfully biosynthesized with different micromorphologies. In the preparation processes, the hydrothermal and solvothermal treatments were carried out successively in the presence of cellulosic filter paper as the biotemplate, followed by calcination of the as-obtained composites in air, resulting in the final MoO 3 /TiO 2 composite materials. The two microstructures of the MoO 3 microfiber with entire TiO 2 nanoparticles coating and the MoO 3 microrod formed by stacking the microsheets with loosely TiO 2 nanoparticles covering were prepared under different pH values of the precursor. Compared with the bare MoO 3 materials, the corresponding MoO 3 /TiO 2 composites showed enhanced electrochemical performances as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Especially the MoO 3 /TiO 2 composite with core-shell microfibrous structure derived from cellulosic filter paper presented relatively better test results for lithium storage, delivering an initial discharge capacity of 1297.6 mAh g−1 with the first Coulombic efficiency of 65.8%, and a reversible specific capacity of 403.6 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles. It is demonstrated that a well-defined TiO 2 coating layer can effectively inhibit the volume variations of MoO 3 matter in the lithiation/delithiation processes. Combined with the porous microfibrous structure that alleviates the stress, provides more reaction sites and reduces diffusion paths of lithium-ion, a promising MoO 3 -based anode material was achieved. This work provides a facile biotemplate-based strategy for the design and fabrication of metal oxide-based composites with adjustable microstructures for energy storage. [Display omitted] • Cellulosic filter paper derived MoO 3 /TiO 2 composites with variable micromorphologies were biosynthesized. • Microfibrous MoO 3 was coated by TiO 2 nanoparticles uniformly using the precursor with original pH value. • It showed enhanced reversible capacity, cycling stability and rate capability as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. • The microstructural feature of biotemplate and the entire TiO 2 coating contribute to the improved lithium storage property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible and foldable devices attract substantial attention in low-cost electronics. Among the flexible substrate materials, paper has several attractive advantages. In our study, we fabricate cellulose/graphene paper by wet end formation (papermaking). The cationic polyacrylamide remarkably improve the retention ratio of graphene of cellulose/graphene slurry. Besides, cellulose/graphene paper exhibits well mechanical properties such as its flexibility and folding endurance. And we replace copper foil collector with cellulose/graphene paper in lithium-ion batteries without collector, and investigate its electrochemical properties. The obtained results show that cellulose/graphene paper presents excellent charge-discharge stability after 1600th cycles as the anode of lithium-ion batteries. These advantages highlight the potential applications of cellulose/graphene paper as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We have developed a new Si-based anode for lithium secondary batteries consisting of a carbon paper substrate and Si/C composite deposited on it (Si/C/CP electrode). The Si/C composite was formed by pyrolysis of a slurry consisting of Si power and THF solution of PVC as the carbon precursor. The electrode contains no additional conductive carbon and binder, which supports the tight contact among the Si particle, pyrolytic carbon and carbon paper. The Si/C/CP electrode with the three-dimensional carbon fiber framework of the carbon paper was also advantageous to absorb severe volume changes of silicon particles. The electrode performance revealed that the Si/C/CP electrode prepared from the mixture of Si and PVC with the ratio of 10:90 by weight had a quite high initial capacity of 1720 mAh g−1 and initial Coulombic efficiency of 90%, and also exhibited excellent capacity retention with a reversible capacity of 1200 mAh g−1 even after 100 cycles. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A filter-paper-derived nanofibrous silica–carbon composite composed of thin silica layer conformally coated on carbon nanofibers is synthesized by employing natural cellulose substance (ordinary laboratory filter paper) as both scaffold and carbon source. When the nanocomposite is employed as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries, it displays improved lithium-ion storage performance compared with the bare silica and carbon counter materials, due to the unique three-dimensional porous network structures of the carbon fiber scaffold and the thin silica layer. For the silica–carbon nanocomposite with 31.2 wt% of silica content and the silica layer with a thickness of ca. 60 nm, it delivers a stable discharge capacity of ca. 400 mAh g −1 after 200 discharge/charge cycles at a current density of 100 mA g −1 . Moreover, improved electrochemical performances are achieved by coverage of an additional carbon layer or deposition of silver nanoparticles onto the silica–carbon nanofibers, which exhibits specific capacities of 488.7 and 477.5 mAh g −1 after 100 discharge/charge cycles, respectively. The current synthetic method provides a facile and low-cost strategy for the large-scale production of nanofibrous silica–carbon based composites as anodic materials for lithium-ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aramid carbon nanotube conductive papers (ACP) were prepared by using multi-walled carbon nanotubes as conductive agent and aramid fiber as the matrix. The ACP were used as the anode current collector of SnO 2 lithium ion batteries (LIBs) instead of copper foil. The structure was characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrochemical performance was characterized by Galvanostatic charge-discharge test. As a result, the ACP performed better than copper foil. After 60 cycles at a current density of 100 mA/g, the specific capacity can be maintained at 876 mAh/g, and the SnO 2 /ACP electrode exhibited excellent rate performance. • Preparation of aramid-carbon nanotube conductive paper as the current collector instead of copper foil of SnO 2 material. • The active material SnO 2 is pressed into the aramid fiber and carbon tube structure by hot pressing process to improve the interfacial properties between them. • The prepared paper aramid-carbon nanotube conductive paper has both excellent mechanical properties of aramid paper and electrical conductivity of carbon tubes. • SnO 2 lithium-ion battery exhibits excellent electrochemical performance and maintains good specific capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A novel and one-pot calcination method is applied for the fabrication of SnS nanoparticles coated by ultrathin carbon layer on carbon paper, resulting in a SnS/C-carbon paper free-standing electrode for lithium ion batteries. In this hierarchical structure, the carbon layer has dual function of buffering the volume change of SnS and anchoring SnS nanoparticles on the substrate compactly. Besides, it also can boost charge transfer kinetic in the electrode. Meanwhile, the carbon paper with three-dimensional structure allows for fully absorption of electrolyte and provides efficient transport pathways for electrons. Benefiting from these structure features, the binder-free SnS/C-carbon paper electrode exhibits excellent cyclability and delivers a reversible capacity of 696.2 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1 after 200 cycles. Besides, SnS/C-carbon paper free-standing electrode achieves a reversible capacity of 562.3 mAh g−1 at a current density of 2.0 A g−1, demonstrating a promising rate ability which is significant for high power applicants. Such one-pot and novel route to synthesize SnS/C-carbon paper free-standing electrode with excellent electrochemical performance can pave the way for the development of low-cost and time-saving fabrication of free-standing anode for high-performance lithium ion batteries. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • The carbon-coated SnS nanoparticles are directly assembled on carbon paper. • The composite is prepared by novel and one-pot calcination method. • Carbon layer anchor SnS on the substrate compactly and buffer the volume change. • The carbon paper provides sufficient transport pathways for electron and Li ion. • The electrode shows extended cycle life and excellent rate performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Lithium-Sulfur (Li-S) batteries are known for their high energy density and cost-effectiveness. However, the Li-S chemistry is a challenging topic due to the shuttle effect and the use of highly reactive lithium metal anode. To solve these issues, ultra-lightweight multilayered graphene coated paper separator is proposed as an interlayer. The interlayer is firstly coated on nickel foil by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) method followed by transferring to the paper by fishing process. By employing this unique technique, a very light (∼8 μg/cm2) graphene coating layer is obtained which does not further imply lowering the entire energy density of the cell. As a whole, the cell with graphene coated paper exhibits 610 mAh/g discharge capacity at C/5 after 100 cycles, while the cell without interlayer exhibits much poorer performance. The improved performance is mostly associated with the interaction between graphene and polysulfide species which is proven by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy measurement as well as the excellent electronic conductivity of graphene layer which behaves as a secondary current collector resulting the cell resistance decrease. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Graphene is conformally coated on nickel foil by Chemical Vapor Deposition. • Graphene is transferred to paper in water by fishing process. • Graphene coating has one of the lowest weight (8 μg/cm2) used in Li-S batteries. • 610 mAh/g discharge capacity is gained after 100 cycles with graphene coated paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple, scalable approach is developed to fabricate a flexible hybrid paper electrode composed of the polyaniline/graphene and the carbon fiber (CF)-reinforced bacterial cellulose. The prepared hybrid paper presents high areal capacitance of 4.145 F cm−2 at 5 mA cm−2 and an extremely low sheet resistance of 29.7 Ω sq.−1. The CF endows the paper electrode remarkable foldability with no mechanical destruction. Even after being repeatedly bent 180° up to 1000 times, the initial capacitance can be retained up to 98%. A fabricated all-solid-state supercapacitor based on the resulting paper electrode has an excellent areal capacitance of 630 mF cm−2 and energy density of 2.8 mWh cm−3. The results confirm that this approach can fabricate the highly foldable and shape-tailorable energy storage devices and may have wide potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducing the sophisticated morphologies and structures of natural substances into artificial materials provides a promising strategy for the fabrication of functional materials with tailored structures and functionalities. Herein, our recent advances achieved in the fabrication of hierarchically structured functional materials derived from natural cellulose substances (e.g., ordinary laboratory filter paper) for lithium-ion batteries are reviewed. The surface sol–gel process was employed to fabricate metal oxides (Sn, Ti, Fe, etc.), silica and silicon based nanocomposites by using the corresponding metal alkoxides as the precursors, which faithfully inherited the unique porous network structures of the initial cellulose substances. However, the nanomaterials synthesized as such are limited to the above-mentioned species due to the limitation of specific metal alkoxide precursors used. To break this limitation, specific polyoxometalate clusters were employed as the building blocks to be assembled onto the surfaces of cellulose nanofibres and eventually to obtain the corresponding molybdenum based nanomaterials with three-dimensional porous network structures and specific properties. These cellulose derived nanocomposites exhibit improved lithium storage capacities and cycling stabilities when applied as anodic materials for lithium-ion batteries, resulting from the unique hierarchically porous network structures inherited from the initial cellulose substance and the strong synergistic interactions among the components contained therein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although possessing well‐defined nanostructures and excellent multi‐electron redox properties, polyoxometalate clusters have poor intrinsic electrical conductivity and are prone to aggregation due to large surface energy, which makes them difficult to be fully utilized when applying as electrode materials for lithium‐ion batteries. In this paper, monodisperse K7MnV13O38 (MnV13) clusters are achieved by rationally utilizing nano‐sized high conductive carbon dots (CDs) as stabilizers. Benefiting from the fully exposed redox sites of MnV13 clusters (high utilization rate) and sufficient interfaces with carbon dots (extra interfacial energy storage), the optimized MnV13/10CDs anode delivers a high discharge capacity up to 1348 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A g−1 and exhibits superb rate/cycling capabilities. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations verify that ionic archway channels are formed between MnV13 and CDs, eliminating the bandgap and greatly improving the electron/ion conductivity of MnV13 and CDs. This paper paves a brand‐new way for synthesis of monodisperse clusters and maximization of extra interfacial energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a novel approach for rapidly balancing lithium-ion batteries using a single DC–DC converter, enabling direct energy transfer between high- and low-voltage cells. Utilizing relays for cell pair selection ensures cost-effectiveness in the switch network. The control system integrates a battery-monitoring IC and an MCU to oversee cell voltage and ensure battery protection. A prototype circuit with twelve lithium-ion batteries demonstrates the method's efficacy, achieving a remarkable balancing time of 48 min during charging with a maximum efficiency of 89.85%. Comparative analysis with other methods underscores the superior performance of the proposed balancing circuit in terms of balancing time and implementation cost. Furthermore, this paper delves into hardware aspects of battery management systems (BMSs) for electric vehicles and stationary applications. It offers an overview of prevailing concepts in state-of-the-art systems, aiding readers in assessing considerations essential for BMS design in various applications. The discussion includes examples of battery packs sourced from commercially available electric vehicles. Subsequently, the manuscript addresses implementation aspects concerning the measurement of critical physical variables such as voltage, current, and temperature, alongside balancing strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of 'energy shortage', developing a novel energy-based power system is essential for advancing the current power system towards low-carbon solutions. As the usage duration of lithium-ion batteries for energy storage increases, the nonlinear changes in their aging process pose challenges to accurately assess their performance. This paper focuses on the study LiFeO4(LFP), used for energy storage, and explores their performance degradation mechanisms. Furthermore, it introduces common battery models and data structures and algorithms, which used for predicting the correlation between electrode materials and physical parameters, applying to state of health assessment and thermal warning. This paper also discusses the establishment of digital management system. Compared to conventional battery networks, dynamically reconfigurable battery networks can realize real-time monitoring of lithium-ion batteries, and reduce the probability of fault occurrence to an acceptably low level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) is a widely used lithium (Li) salt that is extensively studied in the field of electrolytes for Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) to improve their performance. A thorough understanding of its underlying mechanisms in LIBs is crucial for gaining deeper insights into its future development. This paper provides an extensive review of the role of LiTFSI in enhancing battery performance, including its benefits for negative electrode protection, the facilitation of fast charging capabilities, and the promotion of battery operation across a wide temperature range. It also highlights the specific drawbacks of LiTFSI in the electrolyte domain and examines potential solutions. By leveraging the unique properties of LiTFSI, the strategies for its effective utilization in current research are outlined. Finally, the paper discusses the lack of research into the mechanism of LiTFSI in interface protection, particularly the evolution mechanisms of multi‐component Li salts at the positive and negative electrode interfaces, and it reasonably anticipates the potential applications of LiTFSI in the realm of non‐liquid batteries. This study not only provides a more comprehensive and profound understanding of LiTFSI but also aids in the exploration of novel electrolyte systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advancement of new energy vehicles has led to more demanding standards for detecting defects in cylindrical coated lithium batteries. The current research lacks robustness and has low performance. This paper seeks to provide real-time defect identification in cylindrical coated lithium batteries and improve the object detection method of the YOLOv5s model. This paper presents an MGSEC3 module with multi-scale feature extraction and integration of the SENet network in the YOLOv5 Backbone network. This module aims to reduce computational burden and enhance feature extraction efficiency as much as possible. At the same time, the CARAFE operator is utilized to enhance the up-sampling operator in order to reduce the loss of feature information. In addition, enhancements to the loss function enhance both the detection performance and convergence speed. The enhanced YOLOv5s model achieved an average detection rate of 82.4% on the custom cylindrical coated lithium battery dataset, 2.3% higher than the original YOLOv5s. This paper significantly enhances the precision and efficiency of flaw identification in cylindrical coated lithium batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we design a binder GG-CA-GLY (abbreviation: GGC) for silicon negative electrode by guar gum as the backbone chain with self-healing function, combing and straightening the guar molecular chain of guar gum through the plasticizing effect of glycerol. The condensation reactions between the exposed hydroxyl sites of guar gum and the carboxyl groups of citric acid create a stronger hydrogen bond, so as to achieve the effect of self-healing and cope with the serious volume expansion effect of silicone-based materials. [Display omitted] • A easy polycondensation reaction is used to create a mechanically strong self-healing polymer (GGC). • GGC adhesives have excellent mechanical properties and facilitate rapid self-healing. • GGC@Si electrodes were prepared with excellent rate capability and higher cycling stability. • GGC adhesives have the ability to repair cracks and other damage on prepared silicon anodes, returning them to their original state. Silicon is a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries with its superior capacity. However, the volume change of the silicon anode seriously affects the electrode integrity and cycle stability. The waterborne guar gum (GG) binder has been regarded as one of the most promising binders for Si anodes. Here, a unique steric molecular combing approach based on guar gum, glycerol, and citric acid is proposed to develop a self-healing binder GGC, which would boost the structural stability of electrode materials. The GGC binder is mainly designed to weaken van der Waals' forces between polymers through the plasticizing effect of glycerol, combing and straightening the guar molecular chain of GG, and exposing the guar hydroxyl sites of GG and the carboxyl groups of citric acid. The condensation reaction between the hydroxyl sites of GG and the carboxyl groups of citric acid forms stronger hydrogen bonds, which can help achieve self-healing effect to cope with the severe volume expansion effect of silicone-based materials. Silicon electrode lithium-ion batteries prepared with GGC binders exhibit outstanding electrochemical performance, with a discharge capacity of up to 1579 mAh/g for 1200 cycles at 1 A/g, providing a high capacity retention rate of 96%. This paper demostrates the great potential of GGC binders in realizing electrochemical performance enhancement of silicon anode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is is to investigate the critical speed and back-layer length of smoke propagation during fires of lithium-ion battery vehicles in tunnels. The combustion of lithium-ion battery vehicles in tunnels is numerically simulated. This article uses heat release rate (HRR) and ventilation rate to predict the length of smoke counterflow in tunnel fires with new energy vehicles. Temperature is an important parameter for calculating smoke counterflow. The temperature in the tunnel is measured by thermocouples. The results showed that dimensionless critical velocity influences dimensionless HRR. The numerical simulation results indicated that there is a certain correlation between the HRR variable, which corresponds to the dimensionless smoke counterflow length and the critical speed in the tunnel. This article proposed a computational model for predicting the length of smoke counterflow. This paper contributes to the prevention of tunnel fires and reduction of social and economic losses. Therefore, this paper guides the propagation of smoke under the roof of lithium-ion battery vehicle fires in tunnels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract The results from electrochemical testing show that binder-free and self-standing core-shell N-doped C@SnO 2 fibers exhibit large initial capacity and excellent flexibility as anode for Li-ion batteries. Highlights • Core-shell N-doped C@SnO 2 fibers were prepared from electrospun technique. • N-doped C@SnO 2 fibers deliver a large initial capacity of 1799 mAhg−1. • N-doped C@SnO 2 fabrics exhibit good electrochemical behavior and flexibility. • N-doped C@SnO 2 fabrics remain high reliability after harsh mechanical operation. Abstract Electrochemically active SnO 2 materials are prospective alternatives for graphite toward better flexible LIBs. However, significant volume changes and structural pulverization restrict the cycling stability and high capacity of SnO 2. Here, we report a binder and conductive additive free core-shell N-doped carbon @SnO 2 hybrid paper by a subtle coaxial-electrospinning method. Core-shell N-doped C@SnO 2 fibers not only offer rapid ionic transport and sufficient buffer space for the volume expansion during the Li insertion and extraction reactions, but also enable high flexibility against both compression and bending deformation. As an anode for LIBs, the hybrid materials delivered a large initial capacity of 1799 mAhg−1 with capacity retention of 729 mAhg−1 after 100 cycles at a current rate of 390.5 mAg−1. More importantly, flexible N-doped C@SnO 2 fabrics exhibit excellent electrochemical performance even after a rough treatment, suggesting a facile strategy for the fabrication of electrochemically stable electrodes for flexible LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Tin on a carbon paper (CP) was investigated by repeated galvanostatic cycles with time-limited charges to insert different amounts of lithium per Sn atom, and tin electrodeposited on copper was also investigated for comparison of the cyclic stability. The results demonstrated that, unlike Sn electrodeposited on Cu foil, Sn on CP can undergo several tens of lithiathion/delithiation cycles with Li/Sn atomic ratio ≤2 at high current density (0.70mAcm-2), thus confirming that carbon paper is a good current collector-substrate which is able to improve the cycling performance of tin by preserving the electric contact over cycling, in spite of the great volume changes during the lithium insertion/removal processes in tin. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Repressing the hampers of poor electrical conductivity and pulverization is central for the applications of metal oxides anode materials, yet remains big challenge. To meet the target, pie-like graphene paper@Fe 3 O 4 nanorod arrays@carbon film is designed and fabricated as high-performance integrated electrode for lithium ion batteries. Graphene paper is selected as binder-free integrated substrate, which could accelerate electron transfer, buffer volume changes of Fe 3 O 4 , contribute to additional capacity, and endow the electrode with flexibility. The carbon film serves as the package to prevent the dissolution of Fe 3 O 4 into the electrolyte, extending the cyclic life of the integrated electrode. The architecture of Fe 3 O 4 nanorod array offers void space for volume buffer and fluid electrolyte infiltration. Based on the combined structural advantages, the present pie-like electrode with interior array architecture therefore exhibits excellent electrochemical lithium storage properties, especially large, stable, and durable cyclic performance at high current density (852 mA g −1 after 1000 cycles at 2 A g −1 ), making it a promising candidate as high-performance flexible electrode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A flexible, lightweight, and high conductivity current collector is the key element that enables fabrication of a high-performance, flexible lithium-ion battery. Here, we report a thin, lightweight, and flexible lithium-ion battery that uses graphite papers deposited with nano-sized metallic layers as the current collector, LiFePO4 and Li4Ti5O12 as the cathode and anode materials, respectively, and a PE membrane soaked in LiPF6 as the separator. Using thin, flexible graphite paper as a substrate for the current collector instead of a rigid, heavy metal foil enables us to demonstrate an ultra-thin lithium-ion battery (total thickness including encapsulation layers of less than 250 μm) that also features a light weight and high flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile strategy is designed for the fabrication of flexible and free-standing ternary CoSnO 3 /graphene/carbon nanotubes (CoSnO 3 /GN/CNTs) composite papers through a simple filtration, followed by annealing process. The CoSnO 3 /GN/CNTs composite papers with high flexibility and tailorability can be easily fabricated. The CoSn(OH) 6 nanoparticles/graphene oxide/carbon nanotubes (CoSn(OH) 6 /GO/CNTs) composite papers obtained by a simple filtration method are transformed into CoSnO 3 /GN/CNTs composite papers after a thermal treatment process. In this unique composite structure, CoSnO 3 nanoparticles (nanocubes and nanoboxes) are embedded homogenously into the 3D framework of graphene and carbon nanotubes, respectively, in which offers not only a 3D conductive network and a dual restriction on the aggregation of CoSnO 3 nanoparticles, but also accommodates the large volume expansion of CoSnO 3 nanoparticles. When used directly as binder- and conductive agent-free anodes for lithium-ion batteries, the CoSnO 3 /GN/CNTs composite papers exhibit superb electrochemical properties including extraordinary reversible capacities, superior rate capabilities and stable cycle performances compared to CoSnO 3 nanoparticles and GN/CNTs paper, suggesting a new pathway for the rational engineering of anode materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible and lightweight reduced graphene oxide wrapped Si/carbon fibers paper (Si@RGO/CFP) anodes have been prepared by pyrolysis of the common filter paper, which was soaked into the suspension containing graphene oxide and Si. The reduced graphene oxide wrapped Si nanoparticles (Si@RGO) homogeneously distributed on the interlaced carbon fibers and void among the carbon fibers. The Si@RGO/CFP as a flexible binder-free electrode exhibits an initial reversible capacity of 2055 mAh g −1 and 1092 mAh g −1 after 100 cycles for Si@RGO at 100 mA g −1 along with good rate performance. The superior electrochemical performance of the Si@RGO/CFP is attributed to the interconnected carbon fibers substrate, which provides electronic conduction pathways and works as mechanical support, and the void among carbon fibers accommodates the volume changes of Si and maintains the integrity of the electrode materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A paper-supported inorganic composite (PIC) separator is prepared by spraying Al 2 O 3 particles onto both surfaces of a commercial paper substrate. The as-prepared PIC separator shows excellent thermal stability without any shrinkage at 130 °C for 30 min, superior wettability towards the electrolyte, with a contact angle of 0°, and high ionic conductivity compared with that of the conventional polyethylene (PE) separator. The graphite|LiCoO 2 full-cells with the PIC separator exhibit good cycling and rate performance. In the nail penetration tests, the pouch cell assembled with the PIC separator shows high safety characteristics. Given the advantages of the PIC separator, it is a good potential replacement for the polyolefin separators used in high-safety lithium-ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tin-based compounds are potential anode materials for high performance lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Due to the low melting point of metallic Sn, it is hard to maintain the crystal morphology of Sn during the as-follow process of carbon coating for high performance anode. In this work, the core@shell composite of SnO x @carbon (SnO x @C) is successfully fabricated on the substrate of carbon paper (CP) through electrodeposition and carbonization based on the precursor of Sn nanoparticles. A passivation shell is essentially grown onto Sn particles to obtain a stable structure of SnO x @C, otherwise the Sn particles will be pulverized and fell off the substrate of CP during the subsequent process of carbonization. The as-produced CP/SnO x @C film has excellent flexibility and mechanical stability to be directly served as electrode for LIBs. Carbon shell prevents the detachment and agglomeration of the active particles during lithiation/delithiation processes and maintains the stability of the conductive network. After 100th cycles, CP/SnO x @C electrode delivers 0.8 mAh cm −2 , much higher than the capacity 0.37 mAh cm −2 of CP/Sn electrode operated at the current density of 0.1 mA cm −2 . These features enable the flexible film of CP/SnO x @C to be attractive applications in energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose paper-based energy storage devices have spurred significantly intrinsic advantages compared with the traditional batteries due to environmental benignity, recyclability and easy processing. In this work, the binary functional materials, which contains linear N-doped carbon nanotube (N-CNT, one-dimensional) and spherical C-coated MoS 2 (MoS 2 @C, zero-dimensional), are embedded into the porous recycled paper (RP, two-dimensional) derived from wastepaper via a facile and low-cost vacuum filtration method, and then the N-CNT/MoS 2 @C/RP film (N-M-RP film) featuring a unique compacted “point-line-plane” structure is obtained. In favor of the synergistic effect of high-conductive N-CNT, high-capacity MoS 2 @C and porous RP network, the prepared freestanding N-M-RP film presents a high strength of 35.2 MPa and a comparably low sheet resistance of 127.39 Ω sq −1 , and as an anode material for LIBs, the N-M-R film delivers a high reversible capacity, good cycling performance, superior rate capability and excellent electrochemical kinetics. Besides, the synergistic effect of “point-line-plane” structure on the improved electrochemical performances is also investigated. All the results indicate that the N-M-RP film comprised of 0D-1D-2D materials could be a potential candidate as a freestanding anode for LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]