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The paper presents and describes archival records about Croats in Brazil and consequently on emigrants from Croatia in relation to that country, with the aim to enable easier access to future researchers and interested readers of this subject matter. The starting hypothesis is that the Croatian emigrant community is still relatively invisible in the context of migratory studies, as well as in general terms within the recipient country and the Croatian homeland. This is due to various reasons: the quantity and the accessibility of written records, possibilities of research and financing academic journeys to Brazil or Croatia, presence and activities of emigrants with the purpose of connecting and maintaining relations with the homeland, decreased emphasis on the national identity or lesser awareness of it with many emigrants, economic and political structural imbalance of the community in the new homeland in relation to other ethnic groups, relations of the local leaders and representatives of institutions, late opening and unstable work of consulates and embassies, the ideology of racial mixing and the conceptualization of identity according to the ius solis principle as the dominant model of Brazil's national policy towards immigrants and their integration into the Brazilian national corpus. Also important in that regard is the emigrational policy of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy which mostly favoured emigration of Slavic population, as is that of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia that strived to decrease the number of other minorities that were not part of the contemporary Yugoslav national corpus by favouring the departure for Brazil as a melting pot country. Besides outlining the particularities of the relations between these two countries in which migrations are salient for understanding and closer ties, the paper puts special emphasis on the invisibility of archival records i.e. sources. The invisibility is explained as the result of poor archival policy and failure to register information on immigration, both of which are necessary in order to acquire and preserve records, as well as the result of the forced national cohesion in the 1930s, which became instrumental in shutting down all institutions with ethnic features. Selfcensorship appeared after 1964 due to the policy of Brazilian nationalism, which forced immigrant communities to hide or not to care for their joint and/or institutional past and memory. Bearing all that in mind, this paper can serve as a starting point for future research that will cast light on the complex history of immigrant Croats and their progeny in the largest South American country and at the same time serve as a point of contact between the two countries, since there is a general view that such points do not exist. The paper starts with a brief introduction, followed by three projects that charted and systematised archival records as the first step in creating a consistent database which will be accessible in the future. The main ideas and the context of the creation of the most important scientific works for this subject matter are explained next, ending with the description of archival records relevant for the history of Croatian immigration i.e. immigration from Croatia to Brazil, with the special emphasis on the correlation between primary and secondary sources, as well as the contributions of the community/homes and academic research. The paper presents existing projects, books and papers and by analysing them strives to demonstrate how to reverse the invisibility of the Croatian immigrant community and sources. It also delineates the institutional projects created via different collaborations, including the one between the community and the Unicentro University, archival records that became available because of that, as well as academic papers that deal with records in critical and analytical manner. These records also contain sources that are not widely accessible or quotable. Researching and understanding this topic is a formidable task regarding the approach (both in terms of language and physicality), but it is at the same time very promising. A certain amount of conducted scientific research does exist, but the large part of the records has not yet been systematised and processed. This should be done and then with additional new papers become a part of a wider field of migration studies in Croatia and the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. Crowdsourcing has been used in libraries and archives all over the world for more than a decade, but it has not yet become popular in Croatia. The aim of this paper is to investigate to what extent the Croatian professional community is familiar with this concept of work in heritage institutions, and also if there is any potential for implementing crowdsourcing in Croatian archives and libraries. Approach. The answers to these questions were obtained through a mixed research approach with predominantly quantitative characteristics on a random sample of 201 patrons and 23 employees of libraries and archives in the city of Zagreb. The research was conducted in situ with surveys for the patrons consisting of 17 questions and semi-structured interviews with the employees. In addition to examining the overall interest for participation in crowdsourcing projects and the employees' desire to supervise them, the respondents were questioned about their familiarity with the term "crowdsourcing", and their own thoughts and ideas on this topic. Findings. According to their answers, although patrons were not familiar with the term 'crowdsourcing' and its meaning before, they have shown interest for participating and gave positive feedback on crowdsourcing projects after reading a short explanation. They generally opted out for participating in purposeful games and projects of text correction and/or transcription. The results of this research have shown that, in addition to the willingness of patrons to participate as potential volunteers, there is also certain interest among employees as potential organizers of such projects. The employees have expressed concerns about the quality of that kind of amateur work, and emphasized the necessity of project supervision and work results monitoring as key elements for a successful project. In conclusion, a successful crowdsourcing project needs to be organized with the content and activities that would be appealing to potential volunteers and target the enthusiastic patrons who have shown interest in participating in various heritage institutions' activities and projects. Research limitations. This research was conducted only in the city of Zagreb, and although it included a number of city's archives and libraries, its results cannot be generally applied to other regions of Croatia. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct further research in order to gain more insight into the potential and possibilities for implementing crowdsourcing in heritage institutions in all parts of Croatia. Originality. This paper provides better insight into the potential for implementation of crowdsourcing projects in Croatia based on findings of the research conducted among users and employees of archives and libraries in the city of Zagreb. There has not been research in this area prior to this paper, focusing on the interest of the respondents in organizing and participating in such activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Counsellings with the public are in the Croatian context a relatively new instrument of public participation in legislating regulations and other general acts whose characteristics and effects have not been scientifically researched in practice to a greater extent. The aim of the paper is to contribute to these perceptions by the elaboration of a subject i.e. analysing the participants of e-counsellings on regulations and planning documents that concern organizing and performance of the public archival service in Croatia. The subject is suited for a complete elaboration, since in the period from 2017 to 2020 the competent Ministry of Culture (renamed in July 2020 Ministry of Culture and Media) had carried out counsellings via the central internet portal on 8 such legal acts (two laws, five ordinances and one planning document). Apart from the new ordinance on registers and other official archival documentation that has yet to be regulated, this constitutes a comprehensive normative and planning framework of the public archival service coordinated with changes in the surroundings where public archives work. The data had been gathered by the method of quantitative analysing of the content of individual reports on conducted counsellings available on e-Counselling portal, as well as additional documents. The Data on the number and structure of participants (natural persons, various categories of corporations) and amount of comments they sent (in total and for each e-counselling) are interpreted as an important indicator of the public interest for the public archival service i.e. the work of the state archives who are intrusted with performing it. On the other hand, the participation of individual professional archival societies, state archives and their administrative and professional employees on e-counsellings is interpreted as the indicator of interest for strengthening of normative infrastructure pertaining to their own service. The total of 412 comments was sent to the analysed e-counsellings, submitted by 56 participants. Since individual procedure of e-counselling is conducted for each legal act, the same natural person or corporation can appear as a participant in several counsellings. Therefore, in the total number of 56 participants individual natural persons or corporations were counted more than once, depending on the number of e-counsellings they participated in. Further analysis established that 40 different natural persons and corporations participated in e-counsellings. The largest number of participants, as far as 30 or 75 %, participated in just one e-counselling. Six participants took part in two counsellings (15 %), whereas three counsellings had three participants (7.5 %). Four counsellings had no participants, whereas only one person (2.5 %) took part in five of them, which is also the largest number of noted participations by the same participant. Research results further show that from the total of 40 various participants of e-counsellings 30 of them are natural persons and only 10 corporations. In the process, the natural persons had 43 and the corporations 13 participations. The same number of persons from the professional archival community (administrative and professional employees in archives, state archives and professional archival associations) and persons from social environment i.e. interested public in the broad sense participated in e-counsellings. The former comprises of 21 participants and the latter has 19 of them. The biggest difference between the two groups concerns the number of participations. The professional archival community had 35, whereas other interested public 21 participations. The presented results indicate a rather low level of interest of the general public, as well as the professional archival community, for the normative infrastructure of the public archival service. This conclusion is supported by the comparison of the number of participants from both groups with other relevant data, such as the number of creators of documental and archival records under the jurisdiction of state archives i.e. the number of employees in state archives. The authorised ministry and state archives should use this as the basis for re-examination of the current approach in implementing e-counsellings i.e. encourage them to further motivate the professional community and the general public to participate in this segment of their work. The lower turnout can certainly be put into context of influences of the e-counsellings that had so far taken place, regarding the formation of the final proposals of legal acts in terms of the level of acceptance of the sent suggestions (comments). Analysis of this segment, including the content and types of comments (without arguments, with arguments, technical, professional etc.), is only pointed out in this paper as a subject that warrants separate research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Cultural heritage is seen to be in the intersection of heritage institutions, libraries, archives and museums. The theme of linking these institutions has long been a hot topic abroad, driven by various social changes, as well as by administrative and financial trends and cultural policy decisions. This topic has not yet been explored in Slovenia, so the main aim of this paper is to present the views of those responsible, to identify the current situation, the perceived needs and the recommendations, which could be made. Methodology/approach: A study was carried out from January to April 2022, in which the management of all three types of institutions were invited to take part in a semistructured in-depth interview. Theoretically, the survey was positioned within a broader sociological model of the public sphere, that allows for understanding change or resistance to change in libraries, archives and museums as public spaces, and more narrowly, within the theory of organisational learning, especially in terms of learning between organisations in the manner of absorptive capacity and systems thinking, and equipped with a typology of levels of collaboration on the scale of a collaborative continuum. Of the 26 invited, 19 persons took part in the survey. Results: The interviewees were mostly positive about their own institution's collaboration with the other two disciplines and highlighted the positive effects of such collaborations in the future. The survey showed that cooperation between libraries, archives and museums is relatively superficial and remains at the beginning stages of the cooperation continuum. Through the interviews, certain systemic and concrete barriers and untapped opportunities were highlighted. Research limitations: The survey represents an initial impulse into a relatively new research topic, which consequently raises a number of new questions, at least in the field of staff training, digital content and materials processing, which are not addressed in the present study. Originality/practical implications: The possibility of collaboration between libraries, archives and museums is still relatively unknown in Slovenia, and there is no government policy support in the form of possible incentives for e.g. networking projects, which would enable initiatives for in-depth heritage activities at the level of shared libraries, archives and museums to obtain additional funding or offer other appropriate forms of support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Croatian archival regulations (Archives and Archival Institutions Act and Ordinance on the Management of Records Outside the Archival Institutions) prescribe the procedure of the verification of compatibility of rules, technologies and procedures for conversion of archival materials into digital form. The procedure is carried out by the Croatian State Archives as the central state archives in the Republic of Croatia. It concerns a complex procedure of verification of a specific IT system for digitization which requires acceptance and implementation of appropriate standards and norms from the public authorities, other bodies or individuals in order for digitized records to be transferred in a certain way to authorised archives and consequently ensure their long-term protection. The paper provides answers to several current issues from conformity check procedures that can help public authorities and other interested parties in reconciliation of business processes and preparing documentation necessary for obtaining a certificate of conformity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article shows, on the example of Croatian newspapers in Australia and New Zealand, the possibilities of researching the publications of Croatian emigrants. The goal of the Croatian Emigrant Press project implemented at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, is explained. The method of creating bibliographies within the project (with views in ISBD and MARC 21 formats) is also explained, as is the research methodology, which includes searching library catalogues, community engagement (crowdsourcing) and searching archival materials. The role of archives as heritage institutions that are indispensable in the research of publications is especially explained. Examples are given of New Zealand and Australian newspapers for which the only surviving sources are archival ones. One New Zealand newspaper (Glas istine, The Voice of Truth) has not been preserved in any of its copies, but documents preserved in the New Zealand archives prove that they were published. A similar example is of an Australian newspaper (Svijetlo, The Light) for which a document was found which makes it clear that the person who wrote the document had the publication in his hands. Images of documents related to the research of Croatian newspapers are also presented in the paper. One of these documents is related to the implementation of censorship in Australia in the 1930s and indicates that it were the Croatian newspapers Iskra (The Sparkle) and Oganj (The Flame) that influenced the amendments to regulations in order to control press as effectively as possible. The importance of private archives and community archives within Croatian associations is pointed out, and new possibilities for researching Croatian publications in archives in countries where emigrated Croats live are also emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bulletin d' archives from 2021 published the results of a survey on participants in public consultations (e-counsellings) on regulations and planning documents on public archival service in Croatia. The subject was suited for a complete elaboration, since in the period from 2017 to 2020 the competent Ministry of Culture (renamed in July 2020 into Ministry of Culture and Media) had carried out counsellings via the central internet portal on eight legal acts (two laws, five ordinances and one planning document). Apart from the new ordinance on registers and other official archival documentation that has yet to be regulated, this constitutes a comprehensive normative and planning framework of the public archival service. Inter alia, the results of that research indicated a rather low level of interest of the general public, as well as the professional archival community for the normative infrastructure of the public archival service. The lower turnout was put into context of influences of the e-counsellings that had so far taken place, regarding the formation of the final proposals of legal acts in terms of the level of acceptance of the sent suggestions (comments). Analysis of this segment, i.e. the status with which the comments were marked after the e-counsellings (accepted, partially accepted, not accepted, duly noted, unanswered) are presented in this paper. This seeks to encourage scientific interest in further research on this topic, especially within the ALM community (archives, libraries, museums). The results of the research show that the Ministry of Culture and Media, as the competent state administration institution, fully or partially accepted 79 or 19.1 % of the total of 412 sent comments. This percentage is slightly lower than the average percentage of accepted and partially accepted comments on e-counsellings at the state level (24 %). Analysis of the structure of comments by two groups of participants (professional archival community, general public) showed an equal share of accepted and partially accepted comments in the total number of comments submitted by each group (18.8 % of comments of the professional archival community and 20 % of comments of the general public). Accepted and partially accepted comments were also analysed according to their content and classified into two basic categories: technical and professional comments. The share of unaccepted comments turned out to be very high (201 comments or 48.8 %). Nevertheless, as a kind of incentive for participation on future e-counsellings, it should be noted that two thirds of the accepted comments are related to professional comments. Although modest in terms of number or percentage (53 comments or 13 % of the total of 412 comments sent to the analysed e-counsellings), this data still reflects the valuable contribution of participants in shaping the normative infrastructure of the archival service, i.e. respect for their competence by the legislator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For different reasons the important records from the period of the Homeland War were also kept or are still kept by the private holders, whether these records were created by institutions or individuals, associations and organizations. By acknowledging the importance of such records and the sensitivity in its acquiring the Croatian Memorial-Documentation Centre of the Homeland War has started to collect them ever since it was established in 2005. By establishing the Centre as the central institution for archival and scientific research of the Homeland War, the Centre is recognised in the public as a trustworthy institution to which everyone interested to hand over the records can turn to. The private holders of the archives from the Homeland War can be divided into those who are the creators of archives and those who in various ways became possessors of public archives. The Centre can acquire records of private holders in two ways; mostly through donations, and partly by purchasing records that are particularly valuable and that were created as someone's authorship. After acquiring, the records are registered, appraised and classified, after which they form individual fonds or they supplement existing fonds and collections. Among the conventional archives, besides military documentation, the Centre acquired various newspapers, magazines and official papers, military maps, political and military posters, caricatures etc. The majority of the acquired records were digitized, due to a more efficient storage and keeping, as well as the desire of holders to keep the originals. The majority of archives from private holders are unconventional records (photographs, video and audio clips), i.e. the re-recorded and digitized conventional records. The archives acquired from individual private holders were in terms of subject and quantity appraised as a rounded off whole and after the archival processing it was decided to form personal papers. By the end of 2016 the Centre had ten of them. Besides these, the Centre also stores memoirist records of private holders, whether it concerns records created by structured interviews or written entries of the direct participants of the Homeland War. The Centre published part of these in 17 books as part of its publishing activity. Also, several photo-monographs were published based on the received or bought photographs from the private holders. Among the private holders from which the Centre got the archives are also the historians-researchers who gave or deposited in the Centre the materials they used, after finishing a certain research or a book. The majority of the acquired and processed archives of private holders are available to researchers through fonds and collections of the Centre. The basic problem regarding the acquiring of the records of private holders pertains to certain indistinctness in the Act on the Archives and the ignorance of holders regarding their obligations prescribed by the law which entails relinquishing of the public archives to the Centre. Besides ignorance, some of the holders advertently kept these records in their keeping mostly out of fear of misuse and the negative perception of the activity of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. However, after the acquittal of the generals Gotovina and Markač in late 2012 and the greater public recognisability of the Centre, the inflow of archives from public holders has been increased. Another problem in acquiring records of this kind is the parallel activity of certain individuals and associations with similar archival activities. As far as arranging is concerned, due to the large quantities of acquired records and their stockpiling in the future it will be necessary to pay greater attention to their appraisal and disposal. Still, it could be said that the archives of the private holders prominently features in the Centre's professional archival policy and that so far the important amount of such records had been acquired. Despite certain difficulties concerning their processing, these records are an important source for archivists, researchers and historians, particularly for subjects that are wider than the more usual political and military ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to explore the role of the archives in dealing with the communist past, that is, in regard to the public debates about the contested archival materials and the problems which researchers have been facing in Croatia over the last two decades. It will inquire into the past practice of Croatian historians in carrying out research on the communist period. The article examines the state of the archives in Croatia, especially with regard to the most critical archival fonds – the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Croatia (CK SKH) and the files of the State Security Service (SDS) of the Republic Secretariat of Internal Affairs, which are kept in the Croatian State Archives in Zagreb. Since the independence of Croatia, those archival materials have been the subject of many debates in Croatian public and political life. Finally, this article will showcase the practical consequences of the newly adopted legal changes, especially in the case of the Horizon 2020 project “COURAGE – Cultural Opposition: Understanding the Cultural Heritage of Dissent” (2016-9). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to remain relevant in society, archivists should promote collections and records that are kept in the archives. Through public programmes, archives interact with customers and various public actors and create the institutional image. This paper is concerned with the role of public programmes in the process of modernization of the archival practice, with the emphasis on the Croatian state archives. The aim of the paper is to identify what kind of information is offered to users and public in general on the web sites of the Croatian state archives. Public programmes involve two important components of archival practice: archives and users. Therefore, public programmes ensure good relations with the public. Croatian archivists still question the need for public relations in archives, while American and European archives have already integrated public relations into the basic archival functions. The key components needed for successful planning and implementation of public programs are the source of financing, compliance with the annual work plan, clear goals, defined target audience, cooperation and support from the local community, and the evaluation of results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper gives a definition of map as the basic material of the cartographic collections and presents a brief historical overview of the history of cartography, with special reference to Croatia in the history of cartography. Cartographic material was analyzed as an important part of the collections of heritage institutions, libraries, archives and museums. The paper emphasizes the diversity of approaches to organizing and processing of cartographic materials according to the type of institution. The paper analyzes the cartographic materials as part of the written cultural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archival and regulations of all administrative levels and competencies (cantonal, entity, state), established penalties for negligent behavior with the registry and archival material, both in registry offices and archives. Consistent application of penal provisions should be in order to improve the existing situation - to encourage positive flows and prevents deformation and obstruction adequately dealing with the registry and archival material. However, although a significant number of registry and archives fails to comply with the legal definition, in practice, rarely sanctioned such actions, so that these legal provisions remainunused. What are the causes of this situation, what it all generates, the extent to which criminal policy system is appropriate, what should be changed and penalty provisions do stimulating leverage effectively dealing with the registry and archival material are some of the questions that the author searches for in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the Universal Declaration on Archives which was adopted by the International Council on Archives at its annual general meeting in Oslo in September 2010. The author of the paper also discusses modern archival paradigms; the ones connected to changes that are caused by the new technologies as well as the ones related to democracy and human rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cartographic material, as it has been proven by scientific research, is largely kept in various scientific and cultural institutions, especially in certain libraries, archives and museum collections. In order to meet the challenges brought by the development of cataloguing standards, cooperation between institutions and the constant grow of user's demands for better and faster access to information, the next most logical step to be taken is the concept of integration of the cataloguing rules of cartographic material in different institutions and building joint and unified standards. The composing of a new Croatian national cataloguing standard is a chance to achieve this. The paper considers the important issues of integration of cataloguing rules for cartographic material in various institutions and also attempts to determine the future direction of development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes activities on the project of commemorating World War I in the Croatian State Archives, specifically the challenges of developing a web portal "The First World War 1914-1918 - A View from the Archives." The project was financed by Croatian Ministry of Culture, and the portal was designed to be recognized as a modern tool for searching and viewing digitized content - articles, event announcements, casualty reports, and, particularly, archival sources on World War I. It was launched in order to familiarize the public with work and importance of archives by publishing archival records about World War I, to contribute to public's awareness about the War's impact on Croatian history, and to encourage its research. The web portal is maintained and run by the website's editorial staff, and features sections Events, Sources, Casualty Reports, Topics, Chronology of War. Events section publishes news on World War I commemorations in heritage and scientific institutions, Topics section presents numerous topics on the Great War in the form of various articles that are based on bibliography and archival documents. This way, less known facts about the War will be made known and accessible to readers. Articles in this section are written by three regular contributors: Višeslav Aralica, Boris Blažina and Marko Vukičević. Casualty Reports section is the start page for researching database on war casualties - The Vienna War Ministry's List of Losses (Verlustliste), that also includes dead soldiers from Croatian territory who were members of Austro-Hungarian army. Sources are the essential and most important section of this portal that has so far published 34000 digitized images of original archival documents and its metadata. Topics, Events, and Sources sections are being continually updated with new content, and a new section entitled Publications, that will feature printed material (exhibition catalogues, etc.) commemorating World War I published by archives, libraries, museums, scientific institutions and others, is planned to be launched soon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the issue of access to archival records based on the principles adopted by the International Council on Archives in 2012 and on other international regulations. Special emphasis is placed on the debate about the proposed new European regulation on personal data protection. The Italian code of conduct in processing of personal data for historical purposes is shown as an example of best practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]