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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress mediates Cd-caused germ cell apoptosis in testis. The effects of 4-phenylbutyric acid (PBA), a classical chaperone, were investigated on Cd-induced apoptosis in mouse GC-1 spermatogonia cells. The cells were pretreated with PBA before Cd exposure. TUNEL and flow cytometry assays were applied to determine apoptosis. Some key biomarkers of ER stress were analyzed using RT-PCR and western blot. as expected, the apoptotic cells exposed to Cd apparently increased. The mRNA and protein expression levels of GRP78 and ATF6α, were elevated in the Cd groups. Additional experiments displayed that Cd notably increased IRE1α and JNK phosphorylation, and upregulated XBP-1 mRNA and protein expression. Moreover, p-eIF2α and CHOP expressions were clearly elevated in the Cd groups. Interestingly, PBA almost completely inhibited ER stress and protected spermatogonia against apoptosis induced by Cd. PBA alleviated Cd-induced ER stress and spermatogonia apoptosis, and may have the therapeutic role in Cd-induced male reproductive toxicity. • CdCl 2 induced spermatogonia apoptosis in vitro. • CdCl 2 triggered spermatogonia ER stress. • 4-PBA alleviated CdCl 2 -induced spermatogonia apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd) is a well-recognized male reproductive toxicant that can cause testicular germ cell apoptosis. However, the underlying mechanism needs investigation. CG-1 mouse spermatogonia (spg) cells were treated with 20 μM cadmium chloride (CdCl 2) for 24 h. Cell apoptosis was measured, and the expressions of key genes and protein biomarkers involved in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress were detected, respectively. Untargeted metabolomics was performed to identify different metabolites, and transcriptome analysis was conducted to screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Our results indicated that CdCl 2 exposure caused cell apoptosis, and DEGs were involved in several apoptosis-related pathways. Moreover, CdCl 2 exposure apparently increased the mRNA and protein expressions levels of both GRP78 and ATF6α, disrupting the expression of various metabolites, particularly amino acids. Conclusively, our study reveals the pathway of CdCl 2 toxicity on mouse spg, providing a deep understanding of CdCl 2 -induced testicular toxicity. • CdCl 2 damages testicular spermatogonia. • CdCl 2 triggers spermatogonia apoptosis. • CdCl 2 induces ER stress in spermatogonia. • CdCl 2 disrupts the amino acid metabolism of spermatogonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd) is a common pollutant with reproductive toxicity. Our previous study revealed that Cd triggered spermatogonia ferroptosis. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4) mediates ferritinophagy and specific degradation of ferritin through lysosomes, resulting in the release of ferrous ions. Excessive autophagy can lead to ferroptosis. This study investigated the role of autophagy in Cd-triggered ferroptosis using GC-1 spermatogonial (spg) cells which exposed to CdCl 2 (5 μM, 10 μM, or 20 μM) for 24 without/with CQ. The cells which transfected with Ncoa4-siRNA were used to explore the role of NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy in Cd-triggered ferroptosis. The results revealed that Cd caused mitochondrial swelling, rupture of cristae, and vacuolar-like changes. The Cd-treated cells exhibited more autophagosomes. Simultaneously, Cd increased intracellular iron, reactive oxygen species, and malondialdehyde concentrations while decreasing glutathione content and Superoxide Dismutase-2 activity. Moreover, Cd upregulated mRNA levels of ferritinophagy-associated genes (Ncoa4, Lc3b and Fth1), as well as enhanced protein expression of NCOA4, LC3B, and FTH1. While Cd decreased the mRNA and protein expression of p62/SQSTM1. These results showed that Cd caused ferritinophagy and ferroptosis. The use of chloroquine to inhibit autophagy ameliorated Cd-induced iron overload and ferroptosis. Moreover, Ncoa4 knockdown in spermatogonia significantly reduced intracellular iron concentration and alleviated Cd-triggered ferroptosis. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that Cd activates the ferritinophagy pathway mediated by NCOA4, resulting in iron accumulation through ferritin degradation. This causes oxidative stress, ultimately initiating ferroptosis in spermatogonia. Our results may provide new perspectives and potential strategies for preventing and treating Cd-induced reproductive toxicity. [Display omitted] • Cd causes iron overload and triggers ferroptosis in spermatogonia. • Cd induces ferritinophagy in spermatogonia. • CQ antagonizes against Cd-caused iron overload in spermatogonia. • NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy participates in Cd-triggered ferroptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]