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A quantity called available directivity is defined for a radiating structure in terms of its characteristic mode content. It is shown how its maximum value can be evaluated when a certain number of such modes are considered to be excited with appropriate modal excitation coefficients. The achievable directivity is found by constraining the associated quality factor. This provides a more precise way of determining the prospective directivity of a structure than the usual estimates in terms of the spherical wave modes related to the smallest sphere enclosing the structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface ultraviolet (UV) observations can be obtained from satellite or ground observations. This paper uses one data fusion technique (similar to Kalman filter) to combine the advantages from both sources of observations, aiming at achieving a better estimate of surface UV. In this paper, new mathematical methods and algorithms were developed to estimate the error covariance and correlation region, which are the most important components in this data fusion technique. This technique was applied to the satellite data from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS)-Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) combined with ground measurements from UV-B Monitoring and Research Program (UVMRP) within the region of continental U.S. from 2005 to 2015. Numerical experiments showed that the technique is effective, and TOMS-OMI data were improved by combining UVMRP data. In addition, the innovative ensemble-based method is generic and can be applied to other fields for data fusion/assimilation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a lumped-element dual-resonance resonator (LE-DRR) is proposed to design dual-band bandpass filter (DB-BPF) and reconfigurable filters. Two resonant modes of proposed LE-DRR are controlled by two diverse branches. The mixed electric and magnetic coupling (MEMC) implemented by two capacitors to provide electric coupling and one inductor to provide magnetic coupling is employed in the LE-DRR filters design. As an example, a 0.9/1.57-GHz DB-BPF with 3-dB fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 22.2%/11.8% is designed firstly. A reconfigurable DB-BPF with two independently controlled passbands is then designed. The measured results show that the central frequency (CF) of the 1st passband can be tuned from 0.617 to 0.817 GHz, and the CF of the 2nd passband can be tuned from 1.386 to 2.02 GHz. Finally, a multi-function reconfigurable filter is proposed by introducing two pairs of p-i-n diodes in the reconfigurable DB-BPF. The proposed multi-function reconfigurable filter has four operating modes, i.e., a reconfigurable DB-BPF operating mode, an all-stop filter operating mode, and two single-band tunable BPF operating modes. The all-stop filter operating mode has a 10.2-dB rejection within the interested frequency range. The CFs of two single-band tunable BPF operating modes can cover a continuous frequency range from 0.56 to 1.619 GHz. The proposed LE-DRR filters are compatible with an integrated circuit process. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, a multiple stubs loaded ring resonator (MSLRR) is proposed to design directly coupled multi-band bandpass filters (BPFs) with mixed electric and magnetic coupling (MEMC). The proposed MSLRR exhibits multiple-mode resonant behavior. The increased number of loaded stubs excite many more useful resonant modes, but these resonant modes can be still independently controlled. As examples, a dual-band BPF, a tri-band BPF, a quad-band BPF, and a quint-band BPF using different types of MSLRRs are designed and fabricated. The passband frequencies and return losses (RLs) of these multi-band BPFs can be independently controlled. A dual-mode open loop resonator is then introduced in the quint-band BPF to enhance the sixth resonant mode of the MSLRR to produce the sixth passband so that a sext-band BPF is also presented. Multiple transmission zeros due to the cancelling effect of MEMC and virtual grounds in the MSLRR can be observed around the passbands resulting in sharp passband selectivity and high band-to-band isolation. Moreover, all of the fabricated multi-band BPFs have compact sizes, good RLs, and low insertion losses. Good agreements are observed between the simulated and measured results. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Micromotion characteristics of conical-shaped high-speed moving targets are presented using the Lorentz finite-difference time-domain (Lorentz-FDTD) method. This research discusses the transformation formulas of the space and time increments, the incident wave, the field components between the moving system, and the laboratory system in case of a micromotion target. The validity and accuracy of the proposed transformation formulas are verified by presenting the results for a moving cone and a hemisphere–cylinder combination target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To implement the Lorentz finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method in a 3D case, this communication presents the transformation formulas of the spatial and time increments, the field components, and the incident plane wave between the moving system and the laboratory system. The radiated fields from a moving dipole source are shown to verify the accuracy and validity of the proposed transformation formulas. The relative errors are within an acceptable range. The scattered fields of a moving metallic sphere are also illustrated to verify the validity of the proposed method. And, the scattered fields from a complex pyramid-shaped target are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel polarization-reconfigurable planar antenna is presented. The antenna consists of an electronically reconfigurable polarizer integrated with a printed slot. By changing the states of the p-i-n diodes on the polarizer, the linearly polarized (LP) waves radiated by the slot can be converted into either right-hand circularly polarized (RHCP) or left-hand CP (LHCP) waves. The polarizer contains 16 unit cells arranged as a $4\times 4$ array. The antenna radiates RHCP waves if the p-i-n diodes on the top side of the polarizer are switched ON, while LHCP waves are radiated if the p-i-n diodes of the bottom side of the polarizer are switched ON instead. The physical mechanisms of the antenna are discussed and the parametric study is carried out by full-wave simulations. To verify the concept, one prototype at 2.5 GHz is designed, fabricated, and measured. Good agreement between the measured and simulated results is obtained. The antenna achieves a gain ≥8.5 dBic in both RHCP and LHCP with an aperture efficiency of 70%. Advantages of the proposed design include electronically reconfigurable polarizations for RHCP or LHCP, low profile, low cost, high isolation between the dc bias circuit and RF signals, high power handling capability, and easy extension to large-scale arrays without increasing the complexity of the dc bias circuit. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of an electronically polarization-reconfigurable CP antenna with a single-substrate polarizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A triband antenna with high gain and low profile is proposed. This antenna is based on the concept of Fabry–Perot cavity antenna (FPCA) and three resonances are obtained by employing two frequency selective surface (FSS) layers. Two FSS layers lead to two resonant frequencies by making each FSS layer satisfy the resonant condition of Fabry–Perot cavity. The third resonant frequency is obtained by exploiting the combined effects of the two FSS layers together. The operating principle of this proposed antenna is explained and the achievable frequency range is investigated. It is shown that the proposed method enables all three resonant frequencies to be independently tuned within certain frequency range. Because of the 0° reflection phase of the combined-FSSs, the present antenna has a low profile. To verify the design concept, one C-/X-/Ku-band FPCA is designed, fabricated and tested. Experimental results agree well with the simulated results. High gain with good impedance matching in three bands is obtained, which reaches a peak gain of 13.4 dBi at 5.2 GHz, 18.9 dBi at 9.7 GHz, and 20 dBi at 14.6 GHz. The overall height of the proposed antenna is approximately 0.36 wavelength at its lowest operating frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This communication presents an a cylindrical active frequency selective surface (AFSS)-based electronically beam-switching antenna, which can operate at two different frequency bands. The antenna consists of a slot AFSS and an omnidirectional dual-band feed antenna. The p-i-n diodes of the AFSS can be switched on or off to reconfigure the AFSS as transparent or opaque to the incident electromagnetic waves, respectively. Thus, by controlling the dc bias voltages to different columns of p-i-n diodes, the directive beams of the antenna can be swept to cover the whole azimuth plane. To validate the design concept, the transmission coefficients of the active FSS sheet are experimentally examined. An antenna prototype operating at 2.5 and 5.3 GHz frequency bands is also fabricated and measured. Simulation and measurement results of the antenna are presented to verify the design principle. A comparison between this communication and other recent designs is provided. The antenna has advantages of low power, low cost, easy fabrication, and electronic beam switching covering a full 360° angular range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This communication presents the complete design of a circularly polarized (CP) folded reflectarray (FRA) antenna with an integrated planar structure for the first time in the open literature. To achieve circularly polarized, a printed meander-line polarizer is designed and integrated with the linearly polarized (LP) FRA. To achieve a low-profile planar structure, an integrated $2 \times 2$ planar array is designed as the feed source instead of a horn. Thus, the whole antenna, including the feed source, LPFRA, and meander-line polarizer, can be fully integrated and fabricated using low-cost printed circuit board technology. To validate the concept, a right-handed CPFRA operating in C-band is designed, fabricated, and measured. The broadside axial ratio (AR) of the proposed CPFRA is lower than 1 dB over a bandwidth from 5.22 to 5.46 GHz. In addition, the maximum gain of 22.8 dBic is obtained at 5.38 GHz with the antenna efficiency of 27%. The antenna is promising for applications in satellite communication due to advantages of low profile, easy fabrication, low cost, and high gain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel design of a dual-band antenna with integrated filtering performance is proposed. A low-profile aperture-coupled U-slot patch antenna is employed for the dual-band operation with a uniform polarization, which is fed by a dual-mode stub-loaded resonator (SLR). The U-slot patch works as a dual-mode resonator of the dual-band filter as well as the radiation element. The odd- and even-modes of the SLR are coupled and tuned with the U-slot patch, generating two second-order operation bands at 3.6 and 5.2 GHz. Compared with the traditional patch antenna, the proposed antenna exhibits improved bandwidth and frequency selectivity. In addition, the bandwidths can be controlled by adjusting the coupling strength between the SLR and the patch. Furthermore, the higher order harmonics can be suppressed over a broadband without increasing the footprint of the design. The measured and simulated results agree well with each other, showing excellent performance in terms of impedance matching, bandwidths, second-order filtering, out-of-band rejection, cross-polarization discrimination, and gains at both the bands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel shared-aperture dual-band dual-polarized (DBDP) high-gain antenna for potential applications in synthetic aperture radars (SARs). To reduce the complexity of SAR antennae, a DBDP high-gain antenna based on the concept of Fabry–Perot resonant cavity is designed. This antenna operates in both $C$ - and $X$ -bands with a frequency ratio of 1:1.8. To form two separate resonant cavities, two frequency selective surface layers are employed, leading to high flexibility in choosing desired frequencies for each band. The beam-scanning capability of this proposed antenna is also investigated, where a beam-scanning angle range of ±15° is achieved in two orthogonal polarizations. To verify this design concept, three passive antenna prototypes were designed, fabricated, and measured. One prototype has broadside radiation patterns, while the other two prototypes have frozen beam scanned to +15°. The measured results agree well with the simulated ones, showing that the high gain, high port isolation, and low cross-polarization levels are obtained in both the bands. Compared with the conventional high-gain DBDP SAR antennae, the proposed antenna has achieved a significant reduction in the complexity, mass, size, loss, and cost of the feed network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel sequentially rotated patch array antenna with dual circular polarizations (CP). The present design has the advantages of compact size, simple feed networks, low cross polarization, and high isolation. The radiating elements are dual linearly polarized (LP) equilateral triangular patches with hybrid feeds. The vertical polarization (VP) of the patch antenna is obtained by using an aperture-coupled feed and the horizontal polarization (HP) is obtained by using a proximity feed. These two feeds are orthogonally positioned and are printed on different PCB layers, which leads to the high isolation between these two ports and facilitates the design of the feed networks. The array antenna consists of six such dual-LP triangular patches sequentially rotated by 60 ^\circ and fed by separated feed networks. Since LP antenna elements are used, the design of the feed network is much simplified. Through sequentially varying the feeding phase by \pm 60^\circ, dual circular polarizations are obtained. The operation principle of the array antenna is also analytically explained in this paper. To verify the design concept, one dual LP equilateral triangular patch and one dual CP equilateral triangular patch array resonating at 10.5 GHz are designed, fabricated, and tested. There is a good agreement between the simulation and measurement results, both of which show that the array antenna exhibits high port isolation and good circular polarizations with low cross polarization at different planes. The proposed design technique can be applied to the design of dual CP array antennas operating at other frequency bands. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper presents a compact-size, low-cost smart antenna with electronically switchable radiation patterns, and reconfigurable polarizations. This antenna can be dynamically switched to realize three different polarizations including two orthogonal linear polarizations and one diagonally linear polarization. By closely placing several electronically reconfigurable parasitic elements around the driven antenna, the beam switching can be achieved in any of the three polarization states. In this design, a polarization reconfigurable square patch antenna with a simple feeding network is used as the driven element. The parasitic element is composed of a printed dipole with a PIN diode. Using different combinations of PIN diode on/off states, the radiation pattern can be switched toward different directions to cover an angle range of 0° to 360° in the azimuth plane. The concept is confirmed by a series of measurements. This smart antenna has the advantages of compact size, low cost, low power consumption, reconfigurable polarizations, and beams. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A wideband and dual-polarization antenna array with high efficiency and high isolation is proposed. In order to achieve the desired performance, a wideband radiating element and a full-corporate waveguide feed network are employed in the design. In particular, ${{E}}-plane waveguides are utilized for the feed-network configuration so as to suppress wave leakage between adjacent layers when the antenna is fabricated via conventional machining techniques. The operational mechanism is presented and a \text16 \times \text16 antenna array is tested for verification. Experimental results show that the bandwidths of VSWR < \text2.0 for both of the polarizations are about 17.1% (12.45–14.78 GHz) and the isolation between the two polarization ports is better than 39.5 dB. In addition, more than 70% antenna efficiency with higher than 29.4 dBi gain is achieved over the operational bandwidth. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]