Search

Translanguaging and codeswitching are frequently employed in second/foreign language classrooms. Though the differences between these two practices have been examined from a conceptual perspective, the potential of translanguaging as a pedagogical resource has not been empirically addressed. This article opens with a concise comparison of translanguaging and codeswitching, arguing that they offer different analytical and practical advantages in second/foreign language education. Using extracts from a practitioner study conducted in a high school EFL classroom in Shanghai, this paper illustrates how different linguistic and semiotic resources are deployed in a teacher's and students' translanguaging practices in order to achieve pedagogical goals, thus demonstrating the possibilities that pedagogical translanguaging encompasses. The paper argues that practitioners should be encouraged to make full use of these resources so as to create arenas of opportunity for the students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Question: Do distinct subpopulations of decidual stromal cells (DSCs) exist and if so, are given subpopulations enriched in recurrent miscarriage (RM)?Summary Answer: Three subpopulations of DSCs were identified from which inflammatory DSCs (iDSCs) and glycolytic DSCs (glyDSCs) are significantly enriched in RM, with implicated roles in driving decidual inflammation and immune dysregulation.What Is Known Already: DSCs play crucial roles in establishing and maintaining a successful pregnancy; dysfunction of DSCs has been considered as one of the key reasons for the development of RM.Study Design, Size, Duration: We collected 15 early decidual samples from five healthy donors (HDs) and ten RM patients to perform single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). A total of 43 RM patients and 37 HDs were enrolled in the validation cohort.Participants/materials, Setting, Methods: Non-immune cells and immune cells of decidual tissues were sorted by flow cytometry to perform scRNA-seq. We used tissue microarrays (TMA) to validate three distinct subpopulations of DSCs. The expression of inflammatory and glycolytic proteins by DSCs was validated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC). Different subsets of decidual NK (dNK) cells and macrophages were also validated by multicolor flow cytometry and mIHC. Cell ligand-receptor and spatial analyses between DSCs and immune cells were analyzed by mIHC.Main Results and the Role Of Chance: We classify the DSCs into three subtypes based on scRNA-seq data: myofibroblastic (myDSCs), inflammatory (iDSCs) and glycolytic (glyDSCs), with the latter two being significantly enriched in RM patients. The distribution patterns of DSC subtypes in the RM and HD groups were validated by mIHC. Single-cell analyses indicate that the differentiation of iDSCs and glyDSCs may be coupled with the degrees of hypoxia. Consequently, we propose a pathological model in which a vicious circle is formed and fueled by hypoxic stress, uncontrolled inflammation and aberrant glycolysis. Furthermore, our results show that the inflammatory SPP1+ macrophages and CD18+ dNK cells are preferentially increased in the decidua of RM patients. Cell ligand-receptor and mIHC spatial analyses uncovered close interactions between pathogenic DSCs and inflammatory SPP1+ macrophages and CD18+ NK cells in RM patients.Large Scale Data: The raw single-cell sequence data reported in this paper were deposited at the National Omics Data Encyclopedia (www.biosino.org), under the accession number OEP002901.Limitations, Reasons For Caution: The number of decidual samples for scRNA-seq was limited and in-depth functional studies on DSCs are warranted in future studies.Wider Implications Of the Findings: Identification of three DSC subpopulations opens new avenues for further investigation of their roles in RM patients.Study Funding/competing Interest(s): This study was supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program (No. XDB29030302), Frontier Science Key Research Project (QYZDB-SSW-SMC036), Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFE0200600), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31770960), Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (No. 2019SHZDZX02, HS2021SHZX001), and Shanghai Committee of Science and Technology (17411967800). All authors report no conflict of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of solar collector and air source heat pump is solar-assisted air source heat pump system (SA-ASHP), which is regarded as a promising technology in carbon emission reduction and energy saving. In this paper, a SA-ASHP system is designed to supply bathing water for the university town in Shanghai, which can alternately operate with solar-assisted (SA) mode and air-source (AS) mode. The energy performance of SA-ASHP system is simulated with mathematic model, on this basis, its financial benefits and environmental impact have been evaluated and compared with gas boiler water heater. The results indicate that the performance in AS mode and SA mode are affected by the environmental conditions, and the impact on AS mode is more significant. To achieve the optimal performance, the SA-ASHP system operates in AS mode from April to October and operates in SA mode from November to March. As the price of natural gas is higher than electricity and heat pump has good energy-saving effect, the operation cost of gas boiler water heater is much higher than that of SA-ASHP system. After the start of carbon trading, the operation of gas boiler will bring great amount of pollutant emission cost, and SA-ASHP can bring the environmental benefit of ¥ 1 165 654. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Exposure to fine particulate matter (with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2·5 μm, PM2·5) air pollution has been associated with skin‐related diseases or disorders. Objectives: To evaluate the potential skin‐protective effects of fish‐oil supplementation against PM2·5 exposure. Materials and methods: This is an exploratory analysis based on a pilot randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial among 65 healthy young adults between September 2017 and January 2018 in Shanghai, China. We randomly assigned participants to take either fish oil or placebo 2·5 g daily for four consecutive months. Four rounds of skin D‐Squame® tape samples were collected in the last 2 months, and five secondary biomarkers of skin inflammation and oxidative stress were measured. Fixed‐site PM2·5 concentrations on campus were measured in real time. We used linear mixed‐effect models to analyse the associations between short‐term PM2·5 exposure and biomarkers in each group. Results: The 24‐h average PM2·5 concentration was 34·68 ± 15·83 μg m−3. There were generally weaker associations between PM2·5 and biomarkers in the fish‐oil group than in the placebo group, but the associations and the between‐group differences varied by biomarkers and lag periods. Compared with the placebo group, for a 10‐μg m−3 increase in PM2·5 concentration, the increments of interleukin‐1α and carbonyl protein in the fish‐oil group were 41·55% smaller [95% confidence interval (CI) 4·61–78·48%] at lag 0–48 h and 22·01% smaller (95% CI 11·25–32·77%) at lag 0–24 h, respectively. No significant between‐group differences were observed for other biomarkers. Conclusions: This study suggested that dietary fish‐oil supplementation may improve biomarkers of skin inflammation and oxidative‐stress response to short‐term PM2·5 exposure. What is already known about this topic? Fine particulate matter (with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2·5 μm, PM2·5) air pollution may contribute to a range of skin diseases, including inflammatory skin diseases.Few studies have evaluated the potential skin‐protective effects of dietary supplements of anti‐inflammatory and/or antioxidative agents against PM2·5 exposure.There is an urgent need for exploring a simple and effective way to protect skin health against exposure to ambient PM2·5 in areas with severe air pollution. What does this study add? Dietary fish‐oil supplementation may potentially improve biomarkers of skin inflammation and oxidative‐stress response induced by exposure to fine particulate pollution.Findings from this study, if confirmed and extended to vulnerable populations such as patients with existing skin disorders, may have significant clinical and public health implications. Plain language summary available online [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A tightly secure scheme has a reduction, where the reduction loss is a small constant. Identity-based signature (IBS) is an important cryptographic primitive, and tightly secure IBS schemes enjoy the advantage that the security parameter can be optimal to achieve a certain security level. General constructions of IBS schemes (Bellare, M. Namprempre, C. and Neven, G. (2004) Security Proofs for Identity-Based Identification and Signature Schemes. In Proc. EUROCRYPT 2004 , May 2–6, pp. 268–286. Springer, Berlin, Interlaken, Switzerland; Galindo, D. Herranz, J. and Kiltz, E. (2006) On the Generic Construction of Identity-Based Signatures With Additional Properties. In Proceedings of ASIACRYPT 2006 , December 3–7, pp. 178–193. Springer, Berlin, Shanghai, China) and their security have been extensively studied. However, the security is not tight and how to generally construct a tightly secure IBS scheme remains unknown. In this paper, we concentrate on the general constructions of IBS schemes. We first take an insight into previous constructions and analyze the reason why it cannot achieve tight security. To further study possible tightly secure constructions, we propose another general construction, which could be seen as a different framework of IBS schemes. Our construction requires two traditional signature schemes, whereas the construction by Bellare et al. uses one scheme in a two-round iteration. There are no additional operations in our general construction. Its main advantage is providing the possibility of achieving tight security for IBS schemes in the random oracle model. Combining two known signature schemes, we present an efficient IBS scheme with tight security as an example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the phase change plate is made of the organic phase change material (PCM) with the phase change temperature of about 30°C. The PCM is installed in the capillary natural convection radiator with the water supply temperature of 30–60°C. A low-temperature natural convection radiator with heat storage function is formed. The mathematic model is established by enthalpy method and solved by line-by-line iteration method. The applicability and economy of the equipment in Shanghai area are calculated. Taking the time ratio and average temperature of the target domain as the limiting parameters, the operation schemes suitable for three representative days are determined, and the optimum thickness of the phase change plate is 0.05 m for use in Shanghai. The regenerative low-temperature heating radiator provides a new idea for the application of PCMs in the field of low-temperature heating. The conclusions obtained provide a basis for further research and application of the equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnography, with its focus on everyday experience, can yield significant insights into understanding migrant mental health in contexts where signs of severe mental distress remain largely imperceptible, and more generally, into how stresses and strains are lived through the spaces, times and affective atmospheres of the city. Migrant ethnography can help us reconsider the oft-made connection between everyday stress and mental ill health. In this contribution, drawing on field evidence in central and peripheral Shanghai, we highlight the importance of attending to the forms of spatial and temporal agency through which migrants actively manage the ways in which the city affects their subjectivity. These everyday subjective practices serve to problematize the very concept of 'mental health'. The paper engages in a critical dialogue with sociological and epidemiological research that assesses migrant mental health states through the lens of the vulnerability or resilience of this social group, often reducing citiness to a series of environmental 'stressors'. Distinct from methods ascertaining or arguing against the prevalence of mental disorders among urban migrants, the insight of urban ethnography is to open up a space to explore the mediations that operate dialogically between the city as lived by migrants through particular places and situations and forms of distress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the performance of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the diagnosis of small, solid, TR3–5 benign and malignant thyroid nodules (≤1 cm). From January 2016 to March 2018, 185 thyroid nodules from 154 patients who underwent contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and fine-needle aspiration or thyroidectomy in Shanghai General Hospital were included. The χ2 test was used to compare the CEUS characteristics of benign and malignant thyroid nodules, and the CEUS features of malignant nodules assigned scores. The total score of the CEUS features and the scores of the above nodules were evaluated according to the latest 2017 version of the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS). The diagnostic performance of the two were compared based on the receiver operating characteristic curves generated for benign and malignant thyroid nodules. The degree, enhancement patterns, boundary, shape, and homogeneity of enhancement in thyroid small solid nodules were significantly different (p＜0.05). No significant differences were seen between benign and malignant thyroid nodules regarding completeness of enhancement and size of enhanced lesions (p＞0.05). The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the TI-RADS classification TR5 in diagnosis of malignant nodules were 90.10%, 55.95%, 74.59%, 72.22%, and 82.46%, respectively (area under the curve [AUC]=0.738; 95% confidence interval[CI], 0.663–0.813). The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the total score of CEUS qualitative analysis indicators were 86.13%, 89.29%, 87.57%, 90.63%, and 84.27% respectively (AUC = 0.916; 95% CI, 0.871–0.961). CEUS qualitative analysis is superior to TI-RADS in evaluating the diagnostic performance of small, solid thyroid nodules. Qualitative analysis of CEUS has a significantly higher specificity for diagnosis of malignant thyroid nodules than TI-RADS. The 2017 version of TI-RADS has recently suggested the malignant stratification of thyroid nodules by ultrasound. In this paper we applied this system and CEUS to evaluate 185 nodules and compare the results with pathological findings to access the diagnostic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]