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Allergy and respiratory disorders are common in young athletic individuals. In the context of elite sport, it is essential to secure an accurate diagnosis in order to optimize health and performance. It is also important, however, to consider the potential impact or consequences of these disorders, in recreationally active individuals engaging in structured exercise and/or physical activity to maintain health and well‐being across the lifespan. This EAACI Task Force was therefore established, to develop an up‐to‐date, research‐informed position paper, detailing the optimal approach to the diagnosis and management of common exercise‐related allergic and respiratory conditions. The recommendations are informed by a multidisciplinary panel of experts including allergists, pulmonologists, physiologists and sports physicians. The report is structured as a concise, practically focussed document, incorporating diagnostic and treatment algorithms, to provide a source of reference to aid clinical decision‐making. Throughout, we signpost relevant learning resources to consolidate knowledge and understanding and conclude by highlighting future research priorities and unmet needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents interdisciplinary research exploring the development of inclusive multisensory science books, communicating immunology data for blind, low‐vision and diverse‐needs audiences. The research adopted an inductive theory‐building approach, practice‐based art methods and music and design methods, leveraging the lived experience of a legally blind artist. The research also involved designers and scientists in a cocreation process, producing books that incorporate tactile artworks, Braille‐inspired protein models, image sonification and interaction. Two multisensory book titles, "The Heroes Within You: A Multisensory Exploration of Infection and Immunity" and "My Goodness: A Multisensory Exploration of Nutrition and Immunity", were developed for the Monash Sensory Science 2023 Exhibition Day. The books offer an innovative way to make science and art more accessible and engaging, addressing the limitations of traditional museum methods. Feedback from audiences has been positive, emphasizing the fascination, sensory engagement and ease of understanding. This paper highlights the potential for an interdisciplinary and inclusive approach to science and art, demonstrating the value of multisensory books as tools for science communication. The findings highlight the positive reception of this novel approach and suggest its potential for broader applications, promoting inclusivity and accessibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Allergen exposure chambers ( AECs) are clinical facilities allowing for controlled exposure of subjects to allergens in an enclosed environment. AECs have contributed towards characterizing the pathophysiology of respiratory allergic diseases and the pharmacological properties of new therapies. In addition, they are complementary to and offer some advantages over traditional multicentre field trials for evaluation of novel therapeutics. To date, AEC studies conducted have been monocentric and have followed protocols unique to each centre. Because there are technical differences among AECs, it may be necessary to define parameters to standardize the AECs so that studies may be extrapolated for driving basic immunological research and for marketing authorization purposes by regulatory authorities. Methods For this task force initiative of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology ( EAACI), experts from academia and regulatory agencies met with chamber operators to list technical, clinical and regulatory unmet needs as well as the prerequisites for clinical validation. Results The latter covered the validation process, standardization of challenges and outcomes, intra- and interchamber variability and reproducibility, in addition to comparability with field trials and specifics of paediatric trials and regulatory issues. Conclusion This EAACI Position Paper aims to harmonize current concepts in AECs and to project unmet needs with the intent to enhance progress towards use of these facilities in determining safety and efficacy of new therapeutics in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Art is a powerful tool for conveying scientific discovery. Despite the perceived gap between art and science, as highlighted by CP Snow and others, examples of art communicating science can be found in the ancient world, the Renaissance and contemporary data visualization, demonstrating an enduring and historic connection. However, much of science relies on visual elements, excluding those with blindness, low vision and diverse needs, resulting in their low representation in STEM discourse. This paper introduces a novel science and art collaboration in the form of an exhibition program exploring the concepts of Immunology and Biomedicine to blind and vision‐impaired audiences, capitalizing on the lived experience of a legally blind artist. Employing multisensory design, art and co‐creation methodologies, it transcends traditional vision‐based science communication, showcasing the potential for multisensory art to bridge the gap at the intersection of science and inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes and microvesicles, are released by different cell types and participate in physiological and pathophysiological processes. EVs mediate intercellular communication as cell-derived extracellular signalling organelles that transmit specific information from their cell of origin to their target cells. As a result of these properties, EVs of defined cell types may serve as novel tools for various therapeutic approaches, including (a) anti-tumour therapy, (b) pathogen vaccination, (c) immune-modulatory and regenerative therapies and (d) drug delivery. The translation of EVs into clinical therapies requires the categorization of EV-based therapeutics in compliance with existing regulatory frameworks. As the classification defines subsequent requirements for manufacturing, quality control and clinical investigation, it is of major importance to define whether EVs are considered the active drug components or primarily serve as drug delivery vehicles. For an effective and particularly safe translation of EV-based therapies into clinical practice, a high level of cooperation between researchers, clinicians and competent authorities is essential. In this position statement, basic and clinical scientists, as members of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) and of the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, namely European Network on Microvesicles and Exosomes in Health and Disease (ME-HaD), summarize recent developments and the current knowledge of EV-based therapies. Aspects of safety and regulatory requirements that must be considered for pharmaceutical manufacturing and clinical application are highlighted. Production and quality control processes are discussed. Strategies to promote the therapeutic application of EVs in future clinical studies are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is significant variation in practice when managing couples with recurrent miscarriage (RM), with guidelines differing on the definition of RM, recommended investigations, and treatment options. In the absence of evidence‐based guidance, and following on from a paper by the authors—FIGO Good Practice Recommendations on the use of progesterone in the management of recurrent first‐trimester miscarriage—this narrative review aims to propose a global holistic approach. We present graded recommendations based on best available evidence. Synopsis: Best practice recommendations for managing couples with recurrent miscarriage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this Commentary article, as part of the 100‐year celebrations of the journal, we reflect on the contribution of articles published in ICB in the field of tumor immunology. A highlight is a series of interviews conducted with three Australian‐based ICB authors who have contributed key papers over the years: Rajiv Khanna, Delia Nelson and Ian Frazer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathways to tenured teaching positions are fraught with obstacles and require a combination of luck, perseverance and a competitive track record. Despite this, there are strategies that one can employ to increase your chances of success but, first and foremost, one must be an excellent communicator. Excellent communicators make for talented teachers, but one must also enjoy teaching or risk energy, i.e. your students will lack (co)stimulation. Academics who are new to teaching immunology need support from their community of practise (such as ASI Education Special Interest Groups) given that immunology can be challenging to teach. For every rule that we teach our students, there are equally many exceptions that confuse and confound. The complexity of our discipline also owes to the highly conceptual curriculum and abstract discipline language. To this end, this work seeks to provide advice to current and aspiring early‐career immunology educators, utilising lessons learnt from my experience as an academic over the last decade. Topics include: understanding the needs of the student cohort; active learning strategies to engage students; ethical dilemmas for publishing pedagogical papers and the attainability of tenure. Like exogenously processed antigens, there is no hard and fast rule about one's pathway to academia; some take the canonical road (MHC class II) and others break the rules (cross‐presentation). Whichever the path, teaching is a rewarding career and as long as you view your students as collaborators you have nothing to lose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: allergy; immunology; research impact analysis; research strategy; substantiality index EN allergy immunology research impact analysis research strategy substantiality index 1602 1606 5 05/02/22 20220501 NES 220501 Abbreviations AMED-PPAI Practical Research Project for Allergic Diseases and Immunology of the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development EU European Union FA Funding agency FWCI Field-Weighted Citation Impact MeSH Medical Subject Headings METI Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan MEXT Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan MHLW Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan MRC-HIU Human Immunology Unit of the Medical Research Council NIH-HAI Hypersensitivity, Autoimmune, and Immune-mediated Diseases Study Section of the National Institutes of Health R&D Research and development UK United Kingdom UMAP Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection US United States of America ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We extend our special gratitude to Prof. Warwick Anderson (Former Secretary-General, International Human Frontier Science Program Organization) for his valuable suggestions regarding the manuscript. Allergy, immunology, research impact analysis, research strategy, substantiality index As the controls, we selected the Hypersensitivity, Autoimmune, and Immune-mediated Diseases Study Section (NIH-HAI), an immunology-focused project in the Americas, and Human Immunology Unit (MRC-HIU), that in Europe, extracting 373 US papers and 118 UK papers, published in 2015-2019, respectively (see Appendix S1 for all methods). [Extracted from the article]

Introduction: An evidence synthesis approach compiling biological/laboratory data is effective in advancing health‐related knowledge. However, this approach is still underused in the oral health field. Methods: This commentary discusses the opportunities and challenges of systematic and scoping reviews of laboratory data in dentistry. Special focus is on the potential of these reviews to elucidate etiological and treatment concepts of oral diseases, such as periodontitis and peri‐implantitis. Results: The following difficulties associated with such studies are discussed: (i) selection of ideal study design, (ii) assessment of "risk of bias" and definition of "certainty of evidence", (iii) evidence assembly and summary, and (iv) the paper review process. Discussion: Despite those challenges, high‐quality reviews integrating laboratory data may generate relevant scientific information and help identify new avenues for future investigations. Experts in different oral health topics should build a process capable of helping researchers assemble and interpret these types of data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is a new member of the coronavirus family that can cause coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). COVID‐9 has become a global pandemic with severe health issues around the world. Identifying the accurate immunopathogenesis of the COVID‐19 and the immune response against SARS‐CoV‐2 is necessary for the development of therapeutic approaches and rational drug design. This paper aims to overview the updated clinical data on the immunopathogenesis of the COVID‐19 and review the innate and adaptive immune response to SARS‐CoV‐2. Also, challenges of the immune response to SARS‐CoV‐2 leading to dysfunctional immune response and their contribution to the progression of the disease have been discussed. To achieve a more efficient immune response, multiple methods could be applied, including regulation of the immune response, augmentation of the immune system against the virus, inhibition of the dysfunctional immune checkpoints, and inhibition of the viral replication/infection. Based on the immune response against SARS‐CoV‐2 and its dysfunction, we introduce potential immunotherapies as well as reviewing recruiting/completed clinical trials of COVID‐19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies are revolutionary cancer treatments; however, they only benefit about a third of patients. Therefore, extensive research is underway to find methods to improve their therapeutic efficacy. One avenue of study that has recently emerged is to consider the role the gut microbiome plays in therapeutic success. Several high‐impact studies have repeatedly shown that the presence, composition and level of diversity of the gut flora directly impact cancer treatment outcome in both mice and patients. These studies have also highlighted the danger of using antibiotics shortly before or during cancer treatments. However, there are still several questions that need to be answered, including which bacteria promote the greatest benefit, the mechanisms by which they act and how we can use this information to influence treatment outcome. In this review, we explain how the gut microbiome was realized to be of such importance and propose hypotheses for why gut flora have such a critical impact on ICB therapeutic success. We also describe a hypothetical mechanism involving bacterial translocation out of the gut and into the tumor, whereby the bacteria act in an adjuvant capacity to facilitate an antitumor response. By highlighting key papers in the field, we hope to hasten research on the subject so as to find a means to improve the therapeutic efficacy of these ground‐breaking cancer treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study contributed to the current body of literature on game‐based learning by investigating the way playing an educational game, Humunology, affected learning about the immune system and examining further the association between game immersion and visual attention distribution. A total of 79 undergraduate and graduate students participated, and data were collected both in situ and ex situ. The results showed that the students learned through playing Humunology, and the analyses of the use of player characters indicated that the game design facilitated gameplay behaviours that are consistent with the science content. The use of the eye‐tracking method also revealed that students who were more immersed in playing Humunology paid more attention to areas related to player characters. The interpretations and limitations are discussed further. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic: Games have great potential to improve science learning.There are few well‐designed games for learning about the immune system.What information the player chooses to process while immersed in the game is unclear. What this paper adds: Humunology facilitated gameplay behaviours that are consistent with the science content.The use of characters affected the likelihood of success in the game and learning outcomes.Those who were more immersed in the game paid more attention to the character‐related areas.The positive effect of immersion on game‐based science learning was supported. Implications for practice and/or policy: Humunology can be an effective learning tool for diverse students.We can see how the interaction between the player and game design affects science learning.Teachers and designers can plan lessons with Humunology to facilitate science learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: ENT; eosinophil; immunology; rhinosinusitis EN ENT eosinophil immunology rhinosinusitis 1 2 2 07/26/23 20230701 NES 230701 To the Editor, We read with interest the paper by Chen et al. entitled "Predictive significance of Charcot-Leyden crystal (CLC) structures for nasal polyp recurrence".[1] CLCs are formed when galectin-10 crystallizes intracellularly or extracellularly through eosinophil ETosis, an active cell death process involving the disruption of the cell nucleus and plasma membrane to release web-like chromatin structures.[[2]] Intact eosinophil granules are also released during this process, typically characterized by the presence of cell-free eosinophil granules (Cfegs).[2] In the H&E-stained specimens shown by Chen et al., most eosinophils in the nasal polyp tissues have barely retained their morphology, and both cell disruption with web-like nuclear contents and Cfegs are clearly visible. Charcot-Leyden crystal formation is closely associated with eosinophil extracellular trap cell death. Eosinophil extracellular DNA trap cell death mediates lytic release of free secretion-competent eosinophil granules in humans. [Extracted from the article]

There is increasing evidence from animal and human studies that glaucoma is an autoimmune disease. Evidence for this hypothesis includes the fact that antibodies as well as T‐cell responses to heat‐shock proteins (HSPs) are detectable in some patients with glaucoma and in an animal model of the disease. As in the human disease, experimental animal models of glaucoma have been found to demonstrate neurodegenerative changes in the optic nerve associated with immunoglobulin and T‐cell infiltration. Although there is still insufficient evidence in humans to classify all cases of glaucoma as autoimmune diseases, the implications of this hypothesis have major impact on the diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma. In this paper, we discuss the concept that glaucoma is an autoimmune disease and review emerging evidence for this concept. There is increasing experimental data that some types of normal‐pressure glaucoma may involve immune mechanisms directed at self‐antigens, such as HSP, but proof of the concept that glaucoma is an autoimmune disease remains to be conclusively demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For over 30 years, Bob has studied basophils and mast cells and published many important and impactful papers describing the regulation of their signaling, activation, and products especially in human allergic diseases. Allergic disease, basophil, sinusitis, eosinophils, mast cells, ENT (rhinitis, nasal polyps...) Bob first became interested in the role of basophils and mast cells, key effector cells in the allergic response. [Extracted from the article]

The discovery of the role of platelets in cardiovascular disease led to the introduction of aspirin as a therapeutic agent for heart disease. Aspirin has proven to be effective in preventing cardiovascular events but the fact that not all patients benefit from aspirin has led to the search for more effective agents. Numerous agents have been discovered including thromboxane synthase inhibitors, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, GPIIb/IIIa antagonists, P2Y12 antagonists and PAR-1 antagonists. However, all faced two challenges - their cost-benefit relationship in comparison with aspirin and the risk of bleeding that is often associated with greater efficacy. In this paper, I review the performances of these different classes of anti-platelet agent and discuss the potential future for novel anti-thrombotics. I also highlight the role of platelets in immunology and discuss the potential for targeting the immune properties of platelets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vaccination continues to be the single most important and successful public health intervention, due to its prevention of morbidity and mortality from prevalent infectious diseases. Severe immunologically mediated reactions are rare and less common with the vaccine than the true infection. However, these events can cause public fearfulness and loss of confidence in the safety of vaccination. In this paper, we perform a systematic literature search and narrative review of immune‐mediated vaccine adverse events and their known and proposed mechanisms, and outline directions for future research. Improving our knowledge base of severe immunologically mediated vaccine reactions and their management drives better vaccine safety and efficacy outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As Harboe had done earlier, Natvig went to Kunkel's laboratory after his PhD. Harboe was involved when the Institute of Immunology and Rheumatology, Rikshospitalet, was established in 1967 with Natvig as its first director. Harboe became interested in the complement system quite early in his career and published his first paper on the topic in 1961.8 However, his major interest in complement returned when Tom Eirik Mollnes came to Harboe as a dr med. fellow in 1983. GLO:2CR/01jul21:sji13054-fig-0001.jpg PHOTO (COLOR): . gl Professor emeritus Morten Harboe, the first Norwegian professor of Immunology, died peacefully at St. Hans Haugen omsorgssenter 1 April 2021. [Extracted from the article]

LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Maccioni et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17177 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bearing in mind the often insufficient metabolic stability of carbohydrate antigens, which impairs both the bioavailability and immunogenicity of a given hapten, the development of chemically modified analogs with improved antigenicity is an important step towards effective glycoconjugate vaccines. Recently, strategic glycan fluorination has become an interesting approach to this, and several examples of fluorinated carbohydrate antigens that show better metabolic stabilities and comparable or even enhanced immunogenicities have been reported to date. In this paper, we present a small library of fluorinated trisaccharides based on a privileged motif from the lipophosphoglycan capping structure of Leishmania donovani, a protozoan parasite responsible for fatal visceral leishmaniasis. These epitope analogs were synthesized by a sequential [1+1+1] glycosylation strategy. An amine linker is present at the reducing end to allow conjugation and enable future applications in immunological studies for the development of diagnostic tools and vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural elucidation of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) from Gram‐negative marine bacteria, along with the assessment of their immunological properties, is a fascinating and active research field. Such studies can aid understanding of adaptation phenomena that occur in the marine environment, but they can also open up new perspectives on the design and development of new immunoregulatory drugs. In this paper, we report the structural characterization of the lipid A component of the LPS isolated from the marine bacterium Cobetia pacifica KMM 3879T, which is characterized by a family of structures differing in their acylation patterns. The structural assignment was achieved through extensive chemical analysis and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry. Moreover, cellular immunology studies on the LPS highlighted its low immunostimulatory impact, as well as a very interesting and promising inhibitory activity of the toxic effects of Escherichia coli LPS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The immune response against platelets is a complex process involving many aspects of the innate and adaptive immune system. Immune destruction of platelets and megakaryocytes and the thrombocytopenia that ensues can cause different clinically significant haematological disorders such as foetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT), transfusion‐induced platelet refractoriness or immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). These conditions are frequently difficult to manage so an understanding of the biological nature of these adverse conditions is critical for an understanding of how to potentially reduce them. Superimposed on these immune platelet attack mechanisms are the immune characteristics of the platelets themselves. This paper will give an overview of how the immune system recognizes platelet antigens and mounts efficient effector mechanism to mediate thrombocytopenia. It will also present evidence to suggest that platelets also play a role in stimulating these responses and suppressing them: a scenario where the ‘prey’ can become the ‘predator’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the papers presented at the 2nd MS Summer College held in Sapporo, Japan on August 1-2, 2015 on topics including genetic and environmental influence on multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica, and astrocyte injury and secondary demyelination. It informs that opening remarks were made by Seiji Kikuchi, and researchers Douglas S. Goodin and Tatsuro Misu delivered lectures on the epidemiology of MS.

• In this paper we describe PATTERN-TRIGGERED IMMUNITY (PTI) COMPROMISED RECEPTOR-LIKE CYTOPLASMIC KINASE 1 (PCRK1) of Arabidopsis thaliana, an RLCK that is important for defense against the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola ES4326 (Pma ES4326). • We examined defense responses such as bacterial growth, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and callose deposition in pcrk1 mutant plants to determine the role of PCRK1 during pathogen infection. • Expression of PCRK1 was induced following pathogen infection. Pathogen growth was significantly higher in pcrk1 mutant lines than in wild-type Col-0. Mutant pcrk1 plants showed reduced pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) against Pma ES4326 after pretreatment with peptides derived from flagellin (flg22), elongation factor-Tu (elf18), or an endogenous protein (pep1). Deposition of callose was reduced in pcrk1 plants, indicating a role of PCRK1 in activation of early immune responses. A PCRK1 transgene containing a mutation in a conserved lysine residue important for phosphorylation activity of kinases (K118E) failed to complement a pcrk1 mutant for the Pma ES4326 growth phenotype. • Our study shows that PCRK1 plays an important role during PTI and that a conserved lysine residue in the putative kinase domain is important for PCRK1 function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Host immunity is a major driver of pathogen evolution and thus a major determinant of pathogen diversity. Explanations for pathogen diversity traditionally assume simple interactions between pathogens and the immune system, a view encapsulated by the susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) model. However, there is growing evidence that the complexity of many host-pathogen interactions is dynamically important. This revised perspective requires broadening the definition of a pathogen's immunological phenotype, or what can be thought of as its immunological niche. After reviewing evidence that interactions between pathogens and host immunity drive much of pathogen evolution, I introduce the concept of a pathogen's immunological phenotype. Models that depart from the SIR paradigm demonstrate the utility of this perspective and show that it is particularly useful in understanding vaccine-induced evolution. This paper highlights questions in immunology, evolution, and ecology that must be answered to advance theories of pathogen diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The I Immunology & Cell Biology i Publication of the Year Awards have been established for outstanding studies submitted by first authors who are financial members of the Australian & New Zealand Society for Immunology Inc. in the year of the article's publication. In addition, each NKT subset expressed different T-cell receptor levels, which were concordant with their proliferative capacity, and had clear T-cell receptor usage preferences. The award-winning papers by Dr Cameron and Dr de Jong highlight the outstanding quality of the work published in I Immunology & Cell Biology i . [Extracted from the article]

Summary: The study of cellular and molecular immunology is almost completely dependent on monoclonal antibody technology. Despite the relatively long history of monoclonal antibodies, there is still huge potential for developing novel and transformative uses for this technology. In this issue of Immunology, we present two such papers, one focussing on anti‐complement (C5) antibodies, the other on anti‐CD6‐specific antibodies. Both manuscripts describe novel ways that monoclonal antibodies may be used for scientific and potentially for therapeutic benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The front cover of the journal is presented along with a list of the journal's editors and information on its aims and scope. Topics presented include research and papers presented in the field on immunity, inflammation and diseases. Other topics such as clinical immunology and immunochemistry have also been discussed.

The article announces the Immunology & Cell Biology Publication awards to Deborah Burnett and Delgertsetseg Chuluundorj for their papers on the effects of lipopolysaccharide-responsive beige-like anchor proteins on the immune system and the effect of glatiramer acetate on monocyte respectively.

The cover image is based on the Original Paper Immunotherapy of alveolar echinococcosis via PD‐1/PD‐L1 immune checkpoint blockade in mice by Junhua Wang et al., https://doi.org/10.1111/pim.12596. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]