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Current national and international guidelines for the ethical design and development of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics emphasize ethical theory. Various governing and advisory bodies have generated sets of broad ethical principles, which institutional decisionmakers are encouraged to apply to particular practical decisions. Although much of this literature examines the ethics of designing and developing AI and robotics, medical institutions typically must make purchase and deployment decisions about technologies that have already been designed and developed. The primary problem facing medical institutions is not one of ethical design but of ethical deployment. The purpose of this paper is to develop a practical model by which medical institutions may make ethical deployment decisions about ready-made advanced technologies. Our slogan is "more process, less principles." Ethically sound decisionmaking requires that the process by which medical institutions make such decisions include participatory, deliberative, and conservative elements. We argue that our model preserves the strengths of existing frameworks, avoids their shortcomings, and delivers its own moral, practical, and epistemic advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promoting digital health can significantly enhance healthcare delivery and improve the population's overall health. Several technologies, including artificial intelligence and telemedicine, can aid in optimizing patient care and management while ensuring cost-effectiveness. However, it raises ethical concerns such as the breach of personal privacy, the risk of misdiagnosis to a larger population, and potential bias to certain populations. Technology should be used in a way that promotes the well-being of patients and is not used to exploit or manipulate people. This paper discusses ethical issues from an Islamic perspective regarding respect for individual dignity and autonomy, promoting social justice, ensuring patient safety, and the effects of using technology that will be applied to digital health. These guidelines can direct the creation and application of digital health technologies in a morally righteous manner that enhances the welfare of people and communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital health technologies transform practices, roles, and relationships in medicine. New possibilities for a ubiquitous and constant data collection and the processing of data in real-time enable more personalized health services. These technologies might also allow users to actively participate in health practices, thus potentially changing the role of patients from passive receivers of healthcare to active agents. The crucial driving force of this transformation is the implementation of data-intensive surveillance and monitoring as well as self-monitoring technologies. Some commentators use terms like revolution, democratization, and empowerment to describe the aforementioned transformation process in medicine. The public debate as well as most of the ethical discourse on digital health tends to focus on the technologies themselves, mostly ignoring the economic framework of their design and implementation. Analyzing the transformation process connected to digital health technologies needs an epistemic lens that also considers said economic framework, which I argue is surveillance capitalism. This paper introduces the concept of liquid health as such an epistemic lens. Liquid health is based on Zygmunt Bauman's framing of modernity as a process of liquefaction that dissolves traditional norms and standards, roles, and relations. By using liquid health as an epistemic lens, I aim to show how digital health technologies reshape concepts of health and illness, change the scope of the medical domain, and liquify roles and relationships that surround health and healthcare. The basic hypothesis is that although digital health technologies can lead to personalization of treatment and empowerment of users, their economic framework of surveillance capitalism may undermine these very goals. Using liquid health as a concept allows us to better understand and describe practices of health and healthcare that are shaped by digital technologies and the specific economic practices they are inseparably attached to. • Data-intensive technologies detach health from fixed meanings, relations, and domains. • This process can best be described as liquefaction, following Bauman's approach. • Health data becomes free-floating due to ubiquitous and permanent surveillance. • Liquid health is exterritorial, freed from restrictions by space and time. • Liquid health is socially exterritorial , freed from established norms in health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]