Search

An Extended Triple Collocation for maximized Correlation (ETCC) method was proposed with a unique correlation function, the purpose of which is to maximize the correlation between the merged product and unknown truth. The method was tested over quasi‐global land by combining three independent precipitation products. The performance of the ETCC‐merged product was then evaluated against three reference data sets and compared with the existing Triple Collocation (TC) merging. The merged product was found to be generally superior to each contributor. Moreover, the ETCC method is better able to improve the correlation of merged product compared with the TC approach. Other improvements are also shown in the absolute difference of the ETCC‐merged product, such as regional validation for central North America and mainland China. These demonstrate the effectiveness of the ETCC method, and accordingly, it can provide a promising solution for maximizing the correlation of merged product without the truth. Plain Language Summary: Precipitation plays a significant role in global atmospheric and hydrological modeling systems. Owing to uncertainties in precipitation estimates from a single satellite or reanalysis product, it is necessary and challenging to blend multi‐source precipitation information to improve the quality of precipitation estimates. The present study proposed a new merging method, called Extended Triple Collocation for maximized Correlation (ETCC), which aims at maximizing the correlation of the merged product against unknown truth. The ETCC‐merged product combined three independent precipitation information derived from the satellite and reanalysis products, and then, was evaluated using three reference data sets. Meanwhile, we compared ETCC's performance with that of the original Triple Collocation (TC) merging. Results show that ETCC method not only performs better than each contributor, but also is more effective in improving precipitation accuracy relative to the TC approach especially in central North America and mainland China. Key Points: A new method is proposed for maximizing the correlation between the merged product and unknown truthThe merged product is more accurate than each contributorThe new method performs better than the original triple collocation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Four daily precipitation datasets were integrated based on the modifiable Bayesian model averaging (BMA) framework. • Seven blended precipitation products were generated by considering different inputs. • Some BMA products outperformed the representative merged product, MSWEP. • Impacts of the ensemble members on BMA predictions were quantitatively analyzed. Selection of the number and which of multisource precipitation datasets is crucially important for precipitation fusion. Considering the effects of different inputs, this study proposes a new framework based on the Bayesian model averaging (BMA) algorithm to integrate precipitation information from gauge-based analysis CPC, reanalysis-derived dataset ERA5, and satellite-retrieval products IMERG-E and GSMaP-RT. The BMA weights were optimized for the period 2001–2010 using daily measurements and then applied to the period 2011–2015 for model validation. Seven BMA-merged precipitation products (i.e., MCE, MCI, MCG, MCEI, MCEG, MCIG, and MCEIG) were thoroughly evaluated across mainland China and then compared against the state-of-the-art ensemble-based product, MSWEP. The results indicate that the BMA predictions performed substantially better than the reanalysis and satellite precipitation datasets in both daily statistics and seasonal analyses. MCE, MCI, and MCEG demonstrated better performances relative to CPC in terms of individual metrics. Moreover, MCI, MCG, and MCEI generally outperformed MSWEP over the entire study area, particularly in local regions, such as southwestern China and the eastern Tibetan Plateau. During Typhoon Rammasun in 2014, MCG and MCEG provided greater detail for heavy rainfall events than the four ensemble members and the MSWEP product. Thus, the performance of the BMA predictions exhibited evident differences because of various input sources. CPC was the major internal influencing factor with the highest weight score. Meanwhile, the increased-input CPC dataset into the BMA-based schemes exerted a significant influence on the precipitation estimates, which markedly facilitated the performance improvement of the fusion model, and its improved degree (greater than 14 %) was obtained using a 'changed-initial' comparison method. Our results demonstrate that the developed modifiable BMA framework is useful for analyzing the impacts of ensemble members on BMA predictions and suggests that it is considerate in the use of different input sources for generating ensemble-based precipitation products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on improving the performance of the near real-time Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) Early Run (IMERG-E) product based on a newly developed bias-correction scheme, LSCDF. The LSCDF was established by integrating the mean-based Linear Scaling (LS) and quantile-mapping Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) matching approaches. The daily updating gauge-based precipitation data from the Climate Prediction Center (CPC) unified analysis were used as the benchmark for bias correction. The IMERG-E bias-corrected precipitation data were evaluated against the daily ground measurements from 807 meteorological stations across mainland China and compared with the raw IMERG-E and IMERG Final Run (IMERG-F; research-level with gauge calibration) retrievals. Evaluation results for the period 2015 to 2017 showed that the LSCDF method effectively improves near real-time IMERG-E precipitation estimates at the daily scale. The bias-corrected IMERG-E precipitation estimates were in significantly better agreement with ground measurements than the original IMERG-E at the point-daily resolutions, with the correlation coefficient increasing from 0.66 to 0.77, relative bias decreasing from 11.1% to −3.1%, and root-mean-square error dropping from 6 mm/day to 4.39 mm/day. In addition, the bias-corrected IMERG-E was apparently superior to IMERG-E in detecting precipitation events at various intensity levels including small, light, moderate, and heavy precipitation. Although IMERG-E tended to significantly underestimate or overestimate precipitation during three typical typhoons, the bias-corrected IMERG-E can match the rainfall spatial distributions well, demonstrating a considerable capability in capturing the extreme precipitation. Generally, the bias-corrected IMERG-E featured a substantial improvement over the original IMERG-E, and it even exhibited a more satisfactory overall performance than the research-level gauge-calibrated IMERG-F product. Our study demonstrates that the bias-correction method LSCDF can improve the accuracy of satellite precipitation products to benefit the near real-time application of satellite products for natural hazards. • The LSCDF method was developed by combining linear scaling (LS) and cumulative distribution function (CDF) matching. • LSCDF was used for bias correction of daily satellite precipitation data (IMERG-E). • The LSCDF significantly improved the accuracy of satellite precipitation estimates. • The bias-correction method, LSCDF, can be used in near real-time applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a comprehensive evaluation of the reliability of seventeen satellite-, reanalysis-, and gauge-based precipitation products (i.e., IMERG-F, GSMaP-G, TMPA 3B42, CMORPH-CRT, PERSIANN-CDR, CHIRPS, IMERG-E, IMERG-L, GSMaP-RT, TMPA-RT, PERSIANN-RT, ERA5, ERA-Interim, MERRA2, GPCC, CPC, and CRU) was conducted for drought monitoring from June 2000 to December 2019 over mainland China. The girded China monthly Precipitation Analysis Product (CPAP) with a dense station network was used as the benchmark observed precipitation data. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was used as a drought monitoring tool. The comprehensive evaluation procedures were implemented by a monthly precipitation evaluation, various timescales SPI verification, and typical drought event analysis. The results indicated that the performance of per precipitation product is in accordance with the generally higher monthly accuracy in eastern China than that in western China. The post-process satellite precipitation products, particularly bias-adjusted GPM-based products, i.e., the IMERG-F and GSMaP-G, are significantly better at detecting the monthly precipitation than the reanalysis (ERA5 and ERA-Interim), and near real-time satellite precipitation datasets. The best performances are observed for MERRA2 from reanalysis-based precipitation datasets, and GPCC from gauge-based precipitation products, for both precipitation estimation and drought monitoring. Regarding drought monitoring, the performance ranking of most precipitation products is basically consistent with monthly precipitation estimation. The SPI behaviors based on the bias-adjusted GPM-based products have inferior performance than those in MERRA2 and GPCC at the continental scale. Nevertheless, some discrepancies exist in the reliability level of drought detection in sub-regions and multi-timescales. Integrally, the IMERG-F is evaluated to be the most ideal precipitation data among the seventeen precipitation products for drought monitoring in eastern and southwest China. However, in comparison to the GPCC performance, the accuracy of satellite precipitation products should be further improved in the Xinjiang and Tibet Plateau regions. The outcomes of this study will provide valuable insights into the drought monitoring by using multi-sources open access precipitation products across mainland China. • 17 precipitation products reliability were analyzed over mainland China. • Reanalysis- and gauge-based datasets were used to reveal the performance level of satellite-estimated drought. • IMERG-F is the most suitable dataset for drought research in eastern and southwest China [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the suitability of the latest retrospective Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement V06 (IMERG) Final Run product with a relatively long period (beginning from June 2000) for drought monitoring over mainland China. First, the accuracy of IMERG was evaluated by using observed precipitation data from 807 meteorological stations at multiple temporal (daily, monthly, and yearly) and spatial (pointed and regional) scales. Second, the IMERG-based standardized precipitation index (SPI) was validated and analyzed through statistical indicators. Third, a light–extreme–light drought-event process was adopted as the case study to dissect the latent performance of IMERG-based SPI in capturing the spatiotemporal variation of drought events. Our results demonstrated a sufficient consistency and small error of the IMERG precipitation data against the gauge observations with the regional mean correlation coefficient (CC) at the daily (0.7), monthly (0.93), and annual (0.86) scales for mainland China. The IMERG possessed a strong capacity for estimating intra-annual precipitation changes; especially, it performed well at the monthly scale. There was a strong agreement between the IMERG-based SPI values and gauge-based SPI values for drought monitoring in most regions in China (with CCs above 0.8). In contrast, there was a comparatively poorer capability and notably higher heterogeneity in the Xinjiang and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau regions with more widely varying statistical metrics. The IMERG featured the advantage of satisfactory spatiotemporal accuracy in terms of depicting the onset and extinction of representative drought disasters for specific consecutive months. Furthermore, the IMERG has obvious drought monitoring abilities, which was also complemented when compared with the Precipitation Estimation from the Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks Climate Data Record (PERSIANN-CDR), Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS), and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) 3B42V7. The outcomes of this study demonstrate that the retrospective IMERG can provide a more competent data source and potential opportunity for better drought monitoring utility across mainland China, particularly for eastern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]