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The TFAHP-FAHP algorithm model constructed in this article can preferably avoid subjective assumptions caused by human factor. The new energy vehicle power battery is a core component for improving the performance of electric vehicles, and constitutes one of the most valuable parts of the invention patent for new energy vehicles. Patent pledge financing is a brand new form with great potential. However, as a result of the imperfect system of the patent pledge financing, banks and other financial institutions are exposed to an increased risk in the process of the patent pledge financing, which seriously limits the development of the patent pledge financing for power battery. In view of the above issues, this paper uses the SPSS reliability and validity tests in order to develop a relatively complete and accurate index system. TFAHP algorithm model and fuzzy comprehensive are combined to determine the final correction coefficient. In this study, the income method is used to determine the pledge valuation value of a new energy vehicle power battery patent portfolio, and the AHP algorithm method is used to determine the weight of the value of the invention patent portfolio within the patent portfolio. As a result, in this paper, the pledge value of the patent portfolio is multiplied by a proportion of the invention patent portfolio's value, and then multiplied by a correction coefficient to obtain the final new energy vehicle power battery invention patent portfolio pledge value. Using this reference value, technology-based energy companies can pledge financing for new energy vehicle power battery invention patent portfolios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In almost every country, patents need to be renewed multiple times after they are granted. A patentee assesses the value of the patent and then pays a renewal fee to keep it active for another stipulated period. The factors that characterize the value of a patent is subjective. This paper aims to address the research gap of building an accurate model for predicting the renewal life (often considered as a substitute for the patent value) of Indian patents, and identification of significant factors that influence the renewal life. This study uses an extensive data set collected from the Indian Patent Office for all granted patents filed between 1995 and 2005. The popular statistical and machine learning algorithms do not result in accurate predictive models, because the patent renewal life distribution (at least for the Indian patents) shows unusual spikes at the two extreme values, which makes the modeling task more challenging. We propose a new two-stage hybrid model by combining an efficient multi-class classifier and a binomial regression model for predicting the complex renewal data distribution. We conducted a comparative analysis of the proposed model with several state-of-the-art machine learning and statistical models. The results show that the proposed hybrid model gives 90% accuracy as compared to the best competitor which gives only 40% accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many science, technology and innovation (STI) resources are attached with several different labels. To assign automatically the resulting labels to an interested instance, many approaches with good performance on the benchmark datasets have been proposed for multilabel classification task in the literature. Furthermore, several open-source tools implementing these approaches have also been developed. However, the characteristics of real-world multilabel patent and publication datasets are not completely in line with those of benchmark ones. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to evaluate comprehensively seven multi-label classification methods on real-world datasets. Three real-world datasets (Biological-Sciences, Health-Sciences, and USPTO) from SciGraph and USPTO database are constructed. Seven multilabel classification methods with tuned parameters (dependency-LDA, MLkNN, LabelPowerset, RAkEL, TextCNN, TexRNN, and TextRCNN) are comprehensively compared on these three real-world datasets. To evaluate the performance, the study adopts three classification-based metrics: Macro-F1, Micro-F1, and Hamming Loss. The TextCNN and TextRCNN models show obvious superiority on small-scale datasets with more complex hierarchical structure of labels and more balanced documentlabel distribution in terms of macro-F1, micro-F1 and Hamming Loss. The MLkNN method works better on the larger-scale dataset with more unbalanced document-label distribution. Three real-world datasets differ in the following aspects: statement, data quality, and purposes. Additionally, open-source tools designed for multi-label classification also have intrinsic differences in their approaches for data processing and feature selection, which in turn impacts the performance of a multi-label classification approach. In the near future, we will enhance experimental precision and reinforce the validity of conclusions by employing more rigorous control over variables through introducing expanded parameter settings. The observed Macro F1 and Micro F1 scores on real-world datasets typically fall short of those achieved on benchmark datasets, underscoring the complexity of real-world multi-label classification tasks. Approaches leveraging deep learning techniques offer promising solutions by accommodating the hierarchical relationships and interdependencies among labels. With ongoing enhancements in deep learning algorithms and large-scale models, it is expected that the efficacy of multi-label classification tasks will be significantly improved, reaching a level of practical utility in the foreseeable future. (1) Seven multi-label classification methods are comprehensively compared on three real-world datasets. (2) The TextCNN and TextRCNN models perform better on small-scale datasets with more complex hierarchical structure of labels and more balanced document-label distribution. (3) The MLkNN method works better on the larger-scale dataset with more unbalanced document-label distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has produced controversies, and its mode of concrete social existence is strongly assembled in multiple ways of world-making that mobilize particular human-non-human relations. This paper analyzes the ways in which the people of the Andean valleys of northwestern Argentina understand and live the pandemic, in the partial coexistence of ways of understanding the body, the person, and wellbeing. On the one hand, we identify the so-called traditional way of life, which implies a relational sociality; on the other hand, the Pentecostal way of life, which promotes an interpretative current under an apocalyptic key. In sum, we are interested in thinking about the coexistence and assembly between ways of living suffering and well-being in the context of the pandemic, associated with expanded and relational socialities and with ways of imagining and living the "end of the world" as a specific manifestation of the Pentecostal tradition. Thus, the article proposes to overcome the perspective of COVID-19 as a given and universal phenomenon that produces different interpretations or cultural fictions, and consider it as a component in a wide network of human and non-human agencies, forming a scenario of epistemic plurality. Resumen: La pandemia de COVID-19 ha producido controversias variadas y su modo de existencia social se encuentra fuertemente ensamblado en múltiples formas de hacer mundo que movilizan particulares relaciones entre humanos-no humanos. Este trabajo analiza los modos en que la gente de los valles andinos del noroeste argentino entiende y vive la pandemia, teniendo en cuenta las formas de entender el cuerpo, la persona y el bienestar. Considera tanto el modo de vida identificado como tradicional, que implica una socialidad relacional, y el del pentecostalismo, que fomenta una corriente interpretativa bajo una clave apocalíptica. En suma, se propone pensar la convivencia y ensamblaje entre formas de vivir el padecimiento y el bienestar en el contexto de la pandemia, asociados con socialidades ampliadas y relacionales y con modos de imaginar y vivir el "fin del mundo" como manifestación específica de la tradición pentecostal. De este modo, se entiende al COVID-19 más que como un fenómeno dado y universal que produce diferentes interpretaciones o ficciones culturales, como un componente en una red amplia de agenciamientos entre humanos y no humanos, conformando un escenario de pluralidad epistémica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In April 2022, the ICJ pronounced its judgments on the merits in Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v Colombia). While the judgment makes interesting contributions to the law of the sea jurisprudence, the Court's problematic finding on jurisdiction ratione temporis is the subject of this paper. Applying what it refers to as 'continuity' and 'connexity' criteria, it found that Colombia's withdrawal from the Pact of Bogotá would not prevent it from considering facts submitted by Nicaragua which arose after the Pact ceased to be in force for Colombia. An in-depth analysis of the jurisprudence the judgment referred to reveals that the Court was building on convoluted cases, some of which have conflated questions of jurisdiction and admissibility. Based on the Court's jurisprudence, this paper argues for a more systematic approach to dealing with preliminary issues arising from new claims and submissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this essay, I first analyze the extension of hermeneutical interpretation in the Heideggerian sense to products of contemporary technology which are components of our "lifeworld". Products of technology, such as airplanes, laptops, cellular phones, washing machines, or vacuum cleaners might be compared with what Heidegger calls the "Ready-to-hand" (das Zuhandene) with regard to utilitarian objects such as a hammer, planer, needle and door handle in Being and Time. Our life with our equipment, which represents the "Ready-to-hand" in Heidegger's sense of the word, is determined by temporalization (Zeitigung) which cannot be separated and isolated from the wholeness of things in the world. In the second part of my paper, I explore the positive achievement of material hermeneutics (Don Ihde) with regard to its extension to technoscience and the discussion of how such hermeneutics can contribute to the preservation of our threatened lifeworld, but also to explore the possibilities of how technical inventions, medical innovations could improve our way of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research of water wheel in ancient Chinese image information has always been attached importance. But its research is also controversial. This paper is based on an image from the mural on the east wall of Yanshan Temple in Shanxi. Based on ancient and modern related literature. This paper discusses the "three users in one action" in the "Tiangong Kaiwu". It is considered that this mechanical invention may appear as early as the early Southern Song Dynasty or earlier. At the same time, the article combined with the contemporary traditional technology survey data and the east wall of Yanshan Temple mural image data on the "Three uses at one thing" using SolidWorks modeling demonstration. The mural on the east wall of The Temple may have the function of "Four uses at one thing". Finally, the paper puts forward some thoughts on the protection and reuse of hydraulic agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the analysis of the effects of inventor networks on country and regional innovation. We use data from an OECD inventor database that spans more than forty years to build collaboration networks in which the network nodes are countries and regions, and linkages are patents produced by inventors from different regions and countries. We first investigate the network that includes all inventors and then analyze the network focusing on women inventors. We argue that both country and regional-level network centrality positively affect country and regional innovation (with stronger effects at the country level), and centrality in collaborations that involve women has an additional positive impact. We also find that women inventors' share in the pool of inventors is positively associated with innovation quality both at the county and regional levels. Furthermore, our findings indicate that in the network of women inventors, countries and regions that are in cohesive clusters (formed by repeated interactions between interconnected actors) show stronger innovation performance. Our study also highlights important nuances between country-level and region-level effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“The Relationship between Intuition and Invention in Mathematics: A Consideration from the Points of View of Henri Bergson and Henri Poincaré”. The French authors Henri Bergson and Henri Poincaré call attention upon intuition and its relationship to mathematical invention. Both authors believe that intuition is an intellectual process that requires individual experience both physical and mathematical. They also claim that the results of intuition are to be observed in the surface of consciousness, i.e. in mathematical language. Additionally, both authors believe that intuition is necessary for mathematical invention. This paper shows the coincidences between Bergson and Poincaré concerning the relationship between intuition and invention. It investigates how its definition leads to the understanding of intuition as a process and, finally, how the idea of a dynamic scheme—introduced by Bergson to explain invention—is implicitly present in Poincaré’s thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crime fiction was introduced to the Greek reading public at an early period, first through the translation of works of Émile Gaboriau (1878) and later through the works of Arthur Conan Doyle from 1905 onward. Their effect can be seen in the first Greek crime fiction novel, by an anonymous writer, serialized in 1913 in the periodical Hellas, entitled Sherlock Holmes Saving Mr. Venizelos, who was the Greek Prime Minister of the time. The novel, that takes place in London, is a hybrid of a political and a crime fiction novel, using Doyle's forensic methods and electrical devices for its resolution. In this paper we will try to see how far this Greek by-product of the Holmes tradition follows the scientific approach of the original Doyle works, using his forensic methods as well as technological inventions of the time to solve the case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an invention that relates to a device for the automatic inflation of inflatable tires, suitable as an accessory for tires subjected in operation to the cyclical phenomena of heating and cooling, which allows the harnessing of the thermal energy accumulated in their structure, in that it is provided with an actuation mechanism that allows its thermo-mechanical conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the temporal and spatial characteristics of green invention patent applications during 1985–2018. The results show that China's green invention patent applications present five stages of slow development, slow growth, accelerating growth, rapid growth and booming. Green invention patent applications in the fields of energy conservation, alternative energy production and waste management have always been in the forefront, but there are relatively less green invention patent applications in transportation and nuclear power; which need to be further strengthened. Green invention patent applications show a high level of geographical agglomeration in space, mainly concentrated in the eastern region, followed by the central region, the western region and northeast region. During the study period, the differences among the four major regions, eastern, northeastern, central and western, showed a trend of first expanding and then narrowing, and the intra-regional differences were the main source of spatial differences. The number of green invention patent applications in the four regions also shifted in space during the research period. The temporal and spatial evolution characteristics are correlative to national and regional innovation policies. Aiming at solving the problems of unbalanced development in different categories of green invention patent applications and regions, this paper puts forward corresponding policy suggestions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel design creations often exist in the form of patents. It is well acknowledged that patents are a great source of design inspiration, therefore designers are encouraged to engage patents early in the design process. Studies of patent analysis have been carried out to benefit engineering design activities such as patent classification, technology forecasting, idea generation and emerging design-prior art comparison. However, the design intent behind inventions has received little attention in patent analysis. Designers can gain better design insight by looking at a patent from a systematic perspective starting from design intent to principal solutions. In this paper, an approach is proposed to extract and link the knowledge conveyed within patent descriptive sections to typical early engineering design stages, namely Motivation, Specification and Structure. This knowledge is then conceptualised into TRIZ engineering parameters and reconciled functional basis to enable cross-patent analysis. When compared to expert analysis, the proposed approach achieves an average of 63% accuracy with respect to Motivation, 56% with respect to Specification function and 44% with respect to Specification flow. Potential applications of such linking for early design use are then demonstrated through a prototype knowledge network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The interconnectedness of the ancient European, Eurasian and Chinese worlds is not doubted, but just what was exchanged and how the transmission of ideas took place is a question very much under investigation. This paper examines peculiarities of equid harnessing and draught across this vast area as a case in point to consider such issues as diffusion and independent invention, especially in relation to the emergence of single draught vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The squeezed multiple-branch pile is a variable section pile that was built by adding a bearing branch cavity to a constant section pile using expansion and extrusion equipment. It is widely used in engineering practice for its high bearing capacity, small settlement deformation, high economic benefits, strong adaptability, and simple pile forming process. In this paper, a new type of squeezed multiple-branch pile is proposed and its forming tool is invented. The forming tool of the pile has applied for an invention patent and is authorized by the China National Intellectual Property Administration. Multiple groups of comparison models of the new squeezed multiple-branch piles are established by using FLAC3D numerical simulation software to investigate the influence of the number and spacing of branches on the bearing mechanism in response to uplift load. The results indicated that the number and spacing of branches have a significant effect on the uplift bearing capacity, load–displacement curves, side friction resistance, and stress distribution law in the new pile and soil around the pile. The suitable number and spacing of branches maximize the uplift bearing capacity and minimize the settlement of a single pile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The citation network of patents citing prior art arises from the legal obligation of patent applicants to properly disclose their invention. One way to study the relationship between current patents and their antecedents is by analyzing the similarity between the textual elements of patents. Many patent similarity indicators have shown a constant decrease since the mid-70s. Although several explanations have been proposed, more comprehensive analyses of this phenomenon have been rare. In this paper, we use a computationally efficient measure of patent similarity scores that leverages state-of-the-art Natural Language Processing tools, to investigate potential drivers of this apparent similarity decrease. This is achieved by modeling patent similarity scores by means of generalized additive models. We found that non-linear modeling specifications are able to distinguish between distinct, temporally varying drivers of the patent similarity levels that explain more variation in the data (R2 ∼ 18%) compared to previous methods. Moreover, the model reveals an underlying trend in similarity scores that is fundamentally different from the one presented previously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through a content analysis, this paper explores the features of fake news on Spanish politics registered on the Maldita.es, Newtral, EFE Verifica and Verificat verification platforms between January 1 and March 31, 2022. These messages are spread mainly through Twitter and Facebook, using the text as support. The predominance of the ideological purpose, the high presence of stories of absolute invention, the shared role of anonymous and supplanted sources, the use of the informative style and the preponderance of left-wing formations as the object of hoaxes are also demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clean energy is the core element of China's energy low-carbon transition strategy, and its development degree is closely link with science and technology innovation and higher education. Based on studying relevant research and analyzing data and information, we selected 11 primary indicators, such as investment in education, transformation of scientific research results, and clean energy development, and 30 secondary indicators, such as R&D investment intensity, number of patents granted for inventions, clean energy power generation, clean energy installed capacity, and clean energy consumption share, to construct an indicator evaluation system. Based on the actual data of three systems from periods 2010 to 2020, we try to use entropy weight method to calculate index weights, use coupled coordination model to calculate coupling coordination degree of three systems, and use gray correlation analysis method to in-depth analysis interaction relationships between three systems. Based on the research, we try to propose 3 countermeasures and recommendations. We hope that the research results of this paper will provide a new research method and ideas for related studies and make positive contributions to the high-quality development of China's economy and the realization of the energy transition strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A substantial amount of research has examined the collaborations within technology‐based industries, but how technological intensity relates to the evolution of interregional research collaboration is less well understood. This paper investigates the dynamic changes of spatial structure and determinants of intercity research collaborations in the sectoral innovation networks of high‐tech industries contrasting to low and medium technology (LMT) industries in the Greater Pearl River Delta (GPRD), China. Using the sectoral patent application data over the period 2008–2016, the social network analysis results confirm a higher level of triangles in the co‐invention network of high‐tech industries than within LMT industries. Moreover, the empirical results through Exponential Random Graph Model (ERGM) show that, compared to LMT industries, collaboration in the co‐invention network of high‐tech industries is less sensitive to geographical and linguistic distance, while more subject to economic distance, regional educational level and government support with time. In addition, cognitive proximity and regional R&D intensity are both important prerequisite in the formation of these two collaborative networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This scientometric research was conducted through correlation-analysis, and intended to assess the correlation between publications and patents both in developed countries and in Iran. The present study was performed using scientometric methodology and used USPTO for patent data and Scopus for publication data from 2015 to 2019. This study applied both parametric and non-parametric statistical analyses. Moreover, the Spearman Correlation analysis was used to determine the correlation between variables and types of variables. The data analysis was conducted using SPSS1 software. The relationship between these two variables was significant in each of the years under study. Different types of scientific documents, such as books, articles, and conference papers, were assessed. The Pearson Correlation analysis between these types of documents showed significance at 0.01 level in the articles with the correlation coefficient of 0.858, books with the correlation coefficient of 0.867, and conference papers with the correlation coefficient of 0.874, which was related to the extent of patenting. The subject areas related to social sciences and humanities, engineering and technical sciences, medical sciences, and biological sciences with the correlation coefficients of 0.866, 0.861, 0.843, and 0.834, respectively, at 0.01 level, revealed a significant relationship between the studied countries' scientific output in these subject areas and the extent of patenting. The results of the present research showed that there was a positive relationship between the studied countries' scientific output and their level of patenting. The countries that enjoy high levels of scientific output have more inventions. However, the results for Iran indicated that the growth in scientific output has had an insignificant effect on the country's invention rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extremum seeking (ES) is a powerful approach to the optimization and stabilization of unknown dynamic systems and is an active field of research in control theory. This paper surveys recent ES algorithm developments. ES has evolved from its origins as a simple but brilliant engineering invention in the 1922 paper of Leblanc to the breakthrough work of Krstić and Wang in 2000 in which the first general stability analysis was given, to the most recent and numerous analytical results which prove convergence for a wide range of general dynamic systems. This survey provides a thorough overview of the dynamic systems for which ES stabilization and optimization results have been provided, the various analytical methods for proving convergence, and an overview of many real world applications for which ES has been utilized in industry and at scientific laboratories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the role of the inventors' networks and the diversity of the local industrial structure for regional innovation, differentiating between regions' production of normal and breakthrough innovations. Our results suggest that, on the one hand, local related variety enhances the overall innovation rate, while unrelated variety supports the rate of breakthrough innovations. On the other hand, we find evidence that inventors' networks are determinant for regions' patenting of normal and breakthrough innovations. To do so we constructed a unique database of Italian patenting activity at the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) dating back to 1972. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the query data of the national social organization standard information platform, the registration of Chinese social organizations on the national social organization standard information platform and the publication of social organization standards in recent six years are counted, and the correlation is compared with the population of provinces and cities in China, the innovation ability index, GDP, and the national invention patents. The experience of social organization standardization management in the United States and Germany is briefly analyzed. This paper discusses the current situation of the development of Chinese social organization standards and the problems existing in the development process and puts forward suggestions on the management of social organization standardization, in order to provide management suggestions for the high-quality development of China's industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the differences in patent eligibility in the US and the EU, and how the resulting inconsistencies have specifically affected RNAi research and patents. Courts around the world have struggled with defining clear distinctions between patentable and unpatentable biotechnological inventions. Gene-editing technology is unlike anything patent systems have seen before and the field continues to rapidly evolve. The changing technology thus challenges both legislators and the judiciary as they attempt to keep patent rules balanced and current. In the landmark case Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, the US Supreme Court found that naturally occurring DNA sequences were unpatentable. European courts, however, have not yet followed suit, with the European Directive on the Protection of Biotechnological Inventions noting that isolated DNA sequences are patentable subject matter. In fact, the corresponding European patents at issue in Myriad remained valid in the EU despite various oppositions. RNAi-based research and technology is still in the early stages of its evolution. Thus the relative ease or difficulty of protecting RNAi IP is likely to have a large effect on the growth of this new class of therapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper explores how literary criticism questions the relationship between desert, emptiness and imagination based on the modern notion of landscape. From the theoreticalcritical contributions of F. Rodríguez, J. Andermann, J. Uriarte, we wonder about the aesthetic operations that expose the contemporary crisis of the landscape form and its critical drifts around the imagination. To this end we will discuss César Aira's An Episode in the Life of a Landscape Painter (2015), a return to the desert that imagines and thereby recommences the conformation of a new territory, but also the invention of a gaze that reconfigures the senses of landscape and its relationship with nature. Between hallucination and trance, Aira's fiction rehearses new relationships around perception and discovers a series of procedures that imagine another beginning and shake the basis of the foundation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP) is a widely accepted metric to evaluate the carbon footprint of air conditioning (AC) systems "from cradle to grave." This paper: (1) reviews the invention and evolution of LCCP, including a comprehensive timeline and bibliography; (2) documents the successful application of LCCP in the replacement of HFC-410A with HFC-32 in room air conditioners; (3) compares the conceptual frameworks and the operational approaches; and 4) reflects on the drawbacks of current LCCP research and points out possible future work. The major policy-relevant findings are: 1. The indirect emissions caused by energy consumption is 70 to 80 percent of the LCCP of AC systems in most countries but will decline in importance as electric power supply shifts rapidly from fossil fuel to renewable energy sources, which have near-zero carbon intensity; 2. The embodied greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in refrigerant manufacture are, in most cases, negligible but the physical and chemical properties are crucial for system optimization for low carbon footprint; 3. The LCCP metric can be used for multiple purposes such as refrigerant selection and AC system architecture optimization; and 4. Data limitations in material manufacturing and the carbon intensity of electric power are the most significant challenges. Finally, this paper describes a variety of methods to fill in data gaps, including the correction factor method , the data-driven method , and the database searching method. The next-generation LCCP will be an enhanced evaluation process considering local climate, heat islands, and local power supply characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current developments in fields such as quantum physics, fine arts, robotics, cognitive sciences or defense and security indicate the emergence of creative systems capable of producing new and innovative solutions through combinations of machine learning algorithms. These systems, called machine invention systems, challenge the established invention paradigm in promising the automation of – at least parts of – the innovation process. This paper's main contribution is twofold. Based on the identified state-of-the-art examples in the above mentioned fields, key components for machine invention systems and their relations are identified, creating a conceptual model as well as proposing a working definition for machine invention systems. The differences and delimitations to other concepts in the field of machine learning and artificial intelligence, such as machine discovery systems are discussed as well. Furthermore, the paper briefly addresses the social and societal implications and limitations that come with the adoption of the technology. Because of their revolutionizing potential, there are widespread implications to consider from ethical and moral implications to policymaking and societal changes, like changes in the job structure. The discussion part approaches some of these implications, as well as solutions to some of the proposed challenges. The paper concludes by discussing some of the systemic benefits that can be accessed through machine invention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The novelty of this paper is to construct several explicit formulas for the number of distinct fuzzy matrices of a finite order which leads us to invent new integer sequences and helps to develop fuzzy subgroups of some finite groups of matrices. In order to achieve the sequences, we analyze the behavioral study of a natural equivalence relation on the set of all fuzzy matrices of a given order. In addition, this paper derives some important relevant results by enumerating non-equivalent class of fuzzy matrices. We achieve these results by incorporating the notion of k -level fuzzy matrices, α -cuts and chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral semiotic resources used by individuals for wayfinding purposes have not received sufficient attention in linguistic landscape (LL) studies. In a bid to contribute to this neglected area, this paper explores oral route directions and the invention of street names in two rural places – Ulco and Delportshoop. Drawing on conceptual frameworks from cognitive geography, this paper uses linguistic landscape photographic material, interview data and oral narrations of place to explore the range of semiotic resources individuals draw on in the navigation of space. The paper focuses on how residents in rural environments draw on a hybrid repertoire of rural and urban spatial markers and strategies in producing oral route directions and inventing oral street names. In so doing, it illustrates the complex interplay between 'rural' and 'urban' spatial navigation practices and while simultaneously highlighting way-finding practices deemed unique to rural areas. One such unique practice is the repurposing of the word 'straight' as a distance indicator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses how lower secondary pupils experience their participation in the Danish science and green entrepreneurship competition, called Edison. The study uses a qualitative research method to investigate pupils' descriptions, in retrospect, on the process of their entrepreneurial work. We completed semi-structured interviews with two teachers and six groups of pupils from two schools. Independence and being able to determine their own product were motivating factors. Often the pupils included other actors, particularly family members, on their own initiative as part of their work. The pupils' interest in STEM education did not appear to have been affected except for two pupils who broadened their educational perspective. However, the awareness of sustainability issues has for some of them been supported, one of them with a change of lifestyle. By including engineering design process models in the analyses, the concept of entrepreneurship in science and technology became more process oriented and operational, which may also help both the teachers' facilitation and the pupils' inventing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patents are essential for university technology diffusion to society; however, patent quality in universities, especially in Latin America, has been poorly studied. We create a quality index for patents granted to regional universities by using patent quality variables as patent production, technical relevance, use of top knowledge, technological scope, cooperation, and internationalization. Results show that, on average, Brazilian universities had higher quality than their peers in other countries and that Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá occupies the first position of the ranking for 2016. The main contribution of this paper is to create the first Index for patent quality at universities in the region, and for what we know, the first country aggregated measure of patent quality for universities. This nobel measure is related to research quality in Scopus and Web of Science databases and can be used to complement international university rankings to measure a dimension not previously used by those rankings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper provides an overview of the designs of cogwheels contained in modern literature, patents, and inventor certificates. Structures are described that make it possible to ensure the dismantling of wheels, reduce contact stresses, and increase the durability and bearing capacity of the wheels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The background of the invention of the double-mode shield machine/TBM was reviewed, the multi-mode shield machine / TBM was defined and classified. The working principle of the double-mode shield machine / TBM was explained. The applicable geology formation and environment of the double-mode shield machine/TBM was clarified. The effects of application of the double-mode shield machine / TBM were summarized. The paper has an important reference for the construction of tunnel boring machines under similar strata and environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports the invention of di‐ or trifunctionalization of readily available pyridines (including all the pyridine substrates utilized in this paper, such as 3‐cyanopyridine and 3‐chloropyridine) through dearomative functionalization‐oxidative rearomatization under transition‐metal‐ and reductant‐free conditions. Although a two‐step operation is required, the crude product of the first step could be used in the next step directly. Typically, 3‐π‐EWG pyridines undergo difunctionalization, whereas 3‐σ‐EWG pyridines participate in trifunctionalization, affording multisubstituted piperidines. Computational studies provide detailed insights for their distinct reactivity in the title reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographical distance plays a key role in R&D collaboration for technological development. The relationship between geographical collaboration distance and technological development has been a key topic in innovation studies. However, how geographical distance in relation to R&D collaboration influences technological development quality has not been explored holistically or systematically. Thus, this study used patent-based measures to explore how spatial distance between inventors influences R&D output quality by employing three technology-related proxies, i.e. originality, generality, and innovation. It is found that geographic distance between collaborators has a significant and positive effect on originality, generality, and innovation. This paper contributes to understanding the underlying impact on technological development and provides researchers with a more thorough understanding of the spatial distance trajectory of technological innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper has a specific and focused aim: to unveil a possible route to DOM, the crosslinguistically widely attested phenomenon whereby direct objects are introduced by a preposition, with interpretive constraints. The prepositional marker is 'a' in Italian and in (the majority of) Romance. The investigation is based on both comparative data from Romance and on some relevant experimental results from the acquisition of Italian involving a-Topics. The insights that syntactic cartography may provide on the characterization of such route is the leading note of the investigation: a-marking starts out on direct objects topics, only occurring when the (animate) direct object is preposed in the left periphery of the clause; then a-marking involves clause internal direct object topics in the vP-periphery; and finally a-marking is Case related in the small 'v' spine; the latter, is also implicated in causatives and in constructions involving benefactive arguments. The acquisition results reviewed indicate the use of left peripheral a-Topics in children's elicited productions in Italian, which are not attested in the target language, thus illustrating a cartographically defined space of children's grammatical creativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychotherapy involves the modification of a client's worldview to reduce distress and enhance well-being. We take a human dynamical systems approach to modeling this process, using Reflexively Autocatalytic foodset-derived (RAF) networks. RAFs have been used to model the self-organization of adaptive networks associated with the origin and early evolution of both biological life, as well as the evolution and development of the kind of cognitive structure necessary for cultural evolution. The RAF approach is applicable in these seemingly disparate cases because it provides a theoretical framework for formally describing under what conditions systems composed of elements that interact and 'catalyze' the formation of new elements collectively become integrated wholes. In our application, the elements are mental representations, and the whole is a conceptual network. The initial components—referred to as foodset items—are mental representations that are innate, or were acquired through social learning or individual learning (of pre-existing information). The new elements—referred to as foodset-derived items—are mental representations that result from creative thought (resulting in new information). In clinical psychology, a client's distress may be due to, or exacerbated by, one or more beliefs that diminish self-esteem. Such beliefs may be formed and sustained through distorted thinking, and the tendency to interpret ambiguous events as confirmation of these beliefs. We view psychotherapy as a creative collaborative process between therapist and client, in which the output is not an artwork or invention but a more well-adapted worldview and approach to life on the part of the client. In this paper, we model a hypothetical albeit representative example of the formation and dissolution of such beliefs over the course of a therapist–client interaction using RAF networks. We show how the therapist is able to elicit this worldview from the client and create a conceptualization of the client's concerns. We then formally demonstrate four distinct ways in which the therapist is able to facilitate change in the client's worldview: (1) challenging the client's negative interpretations of events, (2) providing direct evidence that runs contrary to and counteracts the client's distressing beliefs, (3) using self-disclosure to provide examples of strategies one can use to diffuse a negative conclusion, and (4) reinforcing the client's attempts to assimilate such strategies into their own ways of thinking. We then discuss the implications of such an approach to expanding our knowledge of the development of mental health concerns and the trajectory of the therapeutic change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Setting out from Okakura Kakuzō and Ernest Fenollosa's famous "discovery" of the Yumedono Kannon, this article will trace the contested construction of the categories of "religion" (shūkyō) and "fine art" (bijutsu) in Meiji Japan. In religious studies circles, it has become commonplace to think of "religion" as the only disciplinary master category with issues. However, not only was "religion" invented in Japan, but "fine art" was invented there too. Indeed, categories from "culture" to "society" to "politics" have similar issues. Attending to these will help refocus crucial debates away from an obsession with translation and onto more fundamental issues about "cultural categories" as such. This paper will advance the debate by explaining the attendant constructions of "religion" and "fine art" as process social kinds. In doing so, it will showcase the museum and the temple as central sites of materialized disputation over global categories and their local instantiation. It will show how assimilation to the world-system in the long nineteenth century was a complex multi-generational process of negotiation and contestation, producing new hybrid spaces, returns, transformations, and innovations that then reflected back on global systems, changing them in subtle but profound ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses a unique database that combines Brazilian patent data and personal microdata on formal employees from 2000 to 2011 to study the effect of inventor's individual attributes on the propensity to cooperate. Our main contributions derive from (1) using a dominance coefficient decomposition to examine each individual's returns based on the non-explicit hierarchy of the link and (2) finding what attributes inventors take into consideration when seeking working partnerships. The main results reveal that inventors tend to collaborate with others with similar educational background and centrality level, and there is a great likelihood of connectivity if educational and centrality levels are high. The dominance coefficient decomposition revealed that a type of social hierarchy emerges in the network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper tries to display the links between a catalogue of metaphors contained in Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski's handbook entitled Characteres lyrici, seu Horatius et Pindarus and Giambattista Marino's Canzone delle stelle. Based upon his college lectures (Połock 1626/1627), Sarbiewski's work offers practical rules for the composition of lyrical poetry and some theoretical considerations. Among many "ornaments related to the lyrical invention", a very important stylistic device mentioned by the Jesuit poet and theorist is a "definition by accumulation" (definitio conglobata), that is, a series of extended metaphors or other figurative expressions, for example periphrasis, metonymy or allegory. This rhetorical strategy serves as a useful instrument in reintegrating the art of invention with amplification aimed particularly at the accumulation of different words or figures. As the "ornament of the lyric invention", the definition described by the author appears no to be restricted only to effective searching for ideas and concepts; it is also a valuable tool for achieving unusual power of expression and for exercising composition and style. Sarbiewski quotes an example concerning the stars, taken, as he says, from „a contemporary Etrurian poet". In his commentary to the edition of Characteres lyrici, Stanisław Skimina identified this poet as Dante, which was subsequently taken for granted by many scholars. Recently, the poet in question has been proved to be Giambattista Marino, famous for his style characterized by many extravagant conceits, excessive figures, and other complicated rhetorical patterns. The authors analyze Sarbiewski's catalogue in the context of Canzone delle stelle, dealing with the way the Polish poet understands and changes the original. While translating Marino's poem into Latin and listing metaphorical "definitions" of stars, he retained freedom of creative interpretation. For this reason, in his catalogue one may find far-reaching textual changes, for example misreading of words, omission of some figures or simplification of meanings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial engineering design is a crucial issue in manufacturing. To meet the competitive global market, manufacturers are continuously seeking solutions to design industrial products and systems inventively. Su-Field analysis, which is one of the TRIZ analysis tools for inventive design problems, has been used to effectively improve the performance of industrial systems. However, the inventive standards used for engineering design are summarized and classified according to a large number of patents in different fields. They are built on a highly abstract basis and are independent of specific application fields, making their use require much more technical knowledge than other TRIZ tools. To facilitate the use of invention standards, in particular to capture the uncertainty or imprecision described in the standards, this paper proposes a rule-based heuristic approach. First, Su-Field analysis ontology and fuzzy analysis ontology are constructed to represent precise and fuzzy knowledge in the process of solving inventive problems respectively. Then, SWRL (Semantic Web Rule Language) reasoning and fuzzy reasoning are executed to generate heuristic conceptual solutions. Finally, we develop a software prototype and elaborate the resolution of "Auguste Piccard's Stratostat " in the prototype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This introduction aims to present the general outline of the special issue and to elaborate on the context against which most of the studies were conducted. We discuss the political, economic, social, and historical processes that contribute to shape Russia; this helps to understand local activism and protest in contemporary Russia. Since this context is relevant to all the papers, the readers would benefit from reading this introduction first. The second part of this paper introduces the contribution that the special issue makes to the study of activism and politics, with papers analyzing different aspects and kinds of activism in a variety of circumstances and settings. A central question common to all papers is the problem of politicization which is treated at the intersection between social and political inequalities, the experience of everyday life and political imagination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes one aspect of the history, invention and use of contour lines. We present a case that Charles Hutton – working for the Greenwich Royal Observatory – might have created one of the first accurate and useful contour maps, based on a survey of Schiehallion in Perthshire, Scotland. Hutton's description of this map and his calculations (used to determine the density of the Earth) were published by the Royal Society in 1778. The map is missing; however, this paper provides all the information, based on the surveyors' measurements, to create a fairly accurate contour map of Schiehallion. Our collaboration, between mathematician and artist, led to a visual reinterpretation of the data based on the original calculations in Hutton's paper, and his other maps. In this article, we document our re-creation of the map of Schiehallion and subsequent and corresponding three-dimensional contour models of the mountain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current article attempts to present the created inventions at the Space Research and Technology Institute -- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences during the last 40 years. In view of this long period of time, there exist patents and awards that were omitted from mentioning. The current paper elaborates on the different types of patent and utility model documents that were issued from Bulgarian Patent Office and other foreign patent offices where Space Research and Technology Institute -- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences has registered their inventions. A list of recent awards from local and international forums for inventors has been shown. Mentioned were some of the prominent inventors who worked at the Institute. Finally, the article concludes the need for development of specialized information system to store the patent documents of the Institute and to deliver to the public comfortable means of thorough, detailed and quick inquiries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few centuries, there have been numerous attempts to find suitable methods that would help blind people read and write, thus improving their quality of life. At present, Louis Braille (1809-1852 CE) is probably the best-known inventor creating a writing system known as “The Braille Language” that aids the blind to read and write. Consequently, one question arises: Was Louis Braille the first one to invent the language for the blind, or did others precede him to that? Using descriptive analytical approach, this research aims to present three inventions by three Muslim scholars who created methods for the blind to read and write. The first of which dates to the 5th century A.H. (1009-1106 CE), i.e., seven centuries before Louis Braille’s attempt. After reviewing and studying the relevant literature, the study concluded that like Braille, all three Muslim scholars used the sense of touch to achieve this goal. The first, Muhammad bin Abdul Warith (d. 5th century A.H.)created embossed figures from pitch analogous to the Arabic alphabetical letters to teach his blind son read and write. Second, Zein-Eddine Al-Amidy, (d. 712 A.H. / 1312 CE) a blind Muslim scholar, fashioned paper-made letters to read, write, and remember the prices of his books. Third, Wazir Al-Sarraj (d. 1149 A.H. / 1736 CE), another Muslim scholar, created waxed letters for his blind teacher to help him read and write. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of our Eyes Toward Tomorrow Program is to enrich the future workforce with STEM by providing students with an early, inspirational, interdisciplinary experience fostering inclusive excellence. We attempt to open the eyes of students who never realized how much their voice is urgently needed by providing an opportunity for i nvolvement, i magination, i nvention, and i nnovation. Students see how what they are learning, designing, and building matters to their own life, community, and society. Our program embodies convergence by obliterating artificially created, disciplinary boundaries to go far beyond STEM or even STEAM by including artists, designers, social scientists, and entrepreneurs collaborating in diverse teams using scientific discoveries to create inventions that could shape our future. Our program connects two recent revolutions by amplifying Bioinspired Design with the Maker Movement and its democratizing effects empowering anyone to innovate and change the world. Our course is founded in original discovery. We explain the process of biological discovery and the importance of scaling, constraints, and complexity in selecting systems for bioinspired design. By spotlighting scientific writing and publishing, students become more science literate, learn how to decompose a biology research paper, extract the principles, and then propose a novel design by analogy. Using careful, early scaffolding of individual design efforts, students build the confidence to interact in teams. Team building exercises increase self-efficacy and reveal the advantages of a diverse set of minds. Final team video and poster project designs are presented in a public showcase. Our program forms a student - centered creative action community comprised of a large-scale course, student-led classes, and a student-created university organization. The program structure facilitates a community of learners that shifts the students' role from passive knowledge recipients to active co-constructors of knowledge being responsible for their own learning, discovery, and inventions. Students build their own shared database of discoveries, classes, organizations, research openings, internships, and public service options. Students find next step opportunities so they can see future careers. Description of our program here provides the necessary context for our future publications on assessment that examine 21st century skills, persistence in STEM, and creativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]