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In the present study, Ti3C2Tx type MXene was prepared by selective etching of Al from Ti3AlC2 with mesh size of 200. The powder form of raw material was used to fabricate Ti3C2Tx by in-situ HF etching method. The MXene is further coated on non-woven paper by simply dip coating method. The detailed structural, morphology and elemental content study of as prepared Ti3C2Tx MXene have demonstrated. The MXene (Ti3AlC2) powders show compact, layered morphology as expected for bulk layered ternary carbide. The detailed elemental analysis has carried out for Titanium carbide based MXene coated and uncoated woven paper. The lower conducting property obtained for paper coating due less amount of coating in the surface of paper instead of coating on glass substrate. The electrical property characterization of MXene coated non-woven paper and glass substrate have also been studied. Hence, the conductive coating of MXene-in water formulation achieved through simple dip coating methods is promising for low cost sensor, wearable shielding device fabrication towards renewable energy and healthcare applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pulp and paper industry (PPI) has several opportunities to contribute to meeting prevailing climate targets. It can cut its own CO2 emissions, which currently account for 2% of global industrial fossil CO2 emissions, and it has an opportunity to produce renewable energy, fuels, and materials for other sectors. The purpose of this study is to improve understanding of the decarbonization prospects of the PPI. The study provides insights on the magnitude of needed annual renewal rates for several possible net-zero target years of industrial fossil CO2 emissions in the PPI and discusses decarbonization opportunities, namely, energy and material efficiency improvement, fuel switching, electrification, renewable energy production, carbon capture, and new products. The effects of climate policies on the decarbonization opportunities are critically evaluated to provide an overview of the current and future business environment of the European PPI. The focus is on Europe, but other regions are analyzed briefly to widen the view. The analysis shows that there are no major technical barriers to the fossil-free operation of the PPI, but the sector renovates slowly, and many new opportunities are not implemented on a large scale due to immature technology, poor economic feasibility, or unclear political environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this framework, experimental tests on different battery technologies, BMS and cooling systems are extremely important to extend the battery life and BEV performance (Sehil et al. [[13]]). Electrical machines and magnetic components, high-voltage voltage power converters, and battery storage systems are some basic bricks to build an effective and efficient energy conversion environment. Electrical Machines and Power Converters The electrical power conversion from renewable energy sources plays a crucial role in the development of a sustainable society. Finally, the fil rouge of every contribution in this section is oriented to investigate the power converters, electrical machines, magnetic components, and battery storage systems in actual energy conversion applications for renewable energy sources integration by a modelling approach. [Extracted from the article]

Arid areas account for more than 20% of Earth's surface. Many of these arid areas suffer from harsh climates where energy consumption is high and production coexists with high hydrological stresses. In such areas, the production of water is directly linked to the production of electricity, bringing the Energy–Water nexus to a higher level [Heggy et al., Sustainable Energy-Water-Environment Nexus in Deserts (Springer, 2022)]. Under the current energy transition from a fossil-based economy to a renewable energy-based system, arid areas are seen as potential reservoirs for electricity production due to their high solar potential, thereby helping to achieve global decarbonation targets. This energy production transition will strongly affect the Energy–Water nexus as it will contribute to the decoupling of electricity from water production. The International Conference on Sustainable Energy–Water–Environment Nexus 2019 (ICSEWEN19) conference was the first to address the Sustainable Energy–Water Nexus in Deserts, bridging the gap between research and industry and highlighting the research capabilities relevant to Qatar, the region, and internationally. The Invited Papers from the International Conference on Sustainability, Energy, Water, and Environment Nexus in Desert Climates Special Collection in Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy presents articles covering the main elements of the conference with respect to solar photovoltaic implementation in desert environments as a key element to succeed in this global energy transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high‐efficiency conversion of water drop mechanical energy into electrical energy has always been an urgent issue in the development and utilization of raindrop energy. In this work, a novel drum‐like triboelectric nanogenerator (D‐TENG) with robust self‐cleaning superhydrophobic features is developed to harvest water drop energy. An elastic superhydrophobic cellulose paper is created by spray‐coating nanofumed silica dispersed in a thermoplastic elastomer solution, followed by treatment with triethoxy‐1H,1H,2H,2H‐tridecafluoro‐n‐octylsilane. When raindrops hit the D‐TENG surface, the superhydrophobic cellulose paper will vibrate and periodic contact and separation with polytetrafluoroethylene will occur to generate electricity. The results demonstrate that when a 6 mm water drop falls from a height of 2.5 m and hits the D‐TENG, the generated voltage output can reach a peak of 21.6 V and charge transfer of 10 nC. The output power of the D‐TENG can reach 16 µW per droplet, which is more than 13.3 times that generated from the previous TENGs based on the electrostatic induction of water droplets. These results indicate that the superhydrophobic cellulose paper‐based D‐TENG is potentially a strong candidate for harvesting energy from raindrops, thereby making it a promising sustainable energy source for next‐generation electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing levels of variable renewable energy require additional flexible resources in the global energy system. In countries with energy-intensive industries, flexibility may be increased through industrial demand side management (IDSM). In most studies, the potential of IDSM is estimated from a technical or theoretical viewpoint. However, IDSM capacity is only utilized if the industry finds it profitable, and thus the economic potential should also be assessed. The focus of this paper is on the intra-day IDSM potential of a paper mill site that is active in the Nordic power market. An optimization model is built to estimate the costs that occur when the paper mill executes regulating power bids, if the original production schedule has been optimized against a spot price forecast. The costs are estimated for different sizes of bids and a marginal cost curve is provided for pricing them. Using this marginal cost curve, the market potential of the case mill site is assessed. It is found that this potential is greatly influenced by the costs of executing regulating power bids. The results indicate that transmission system operators and policy makers should account for economic factors when assessing the potential of market based IDSM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pulp-paper industry is one of the main industrial sectors that produce massive amounts of residual sludge, constituting an enormous environmental burden for the industries. Traditional sludge management practices, such as landfilling and incineration, are restricted due to mounting environmental pressures, complex regulatory frameworks, land availability, high costs, and public opinion. Valorization of pulp-paper industry sludge (PPS) to produce high-value products is a promising substitute for traditional sludge management practices, promoting their reuse and recycling. Valorization of PPIS for biorefinery beneficiation includes biomethane, biohydrogen, bioethanol, biobutanol, and biodiesel production for renewable energy generation. Additionally, the various thermo-chemical technologies can be utilized to synthesize bio-oil, hydrochar, biochar, adsorbent, and activated carbon, signifying potential for value-added generation. Moreover, PPIS can be recycled as a byproduct by incorporating it into nanocomposites, cardboard, and construction materials development. This paper aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of PPIS management approaches and thermo-chemical technologies utilized for the development of platform chemicals in industry. Substitute uses of PPIS, such as making building materials, developing supercapacitors, and making cardboard, are also discussed. In addition, this article deeply discusses recent developments in biotechnologies for valorizing PPIS to yield an array of valuable products, such as biofuels, lactic acids, cellulose, nanocellulose, and so on. This review serves as a roadmap for future research endeavors in the effective handling of PPIS. [Display omitted] • Valorization of pulp-paper industry sludge is a sustainable option for getting waste to wealth. • Pre-treatment of pulp-paper industry sludge helps in yielding platform chemicals in the biorefinery scenario. • Pulp-paper industry sludge is a sustainable feedstock for renewable energy production. • Biochars derived from pulp-paper industry sludge exhibited excellent adsorption performance for metals removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the global trend to establish smart distributed-generation grids, the level of AC-voltage harmonics is significantly increasing due to power electronic converters interfacing renewable energy sources with the grid. Such harmonics will not only degrade the power quality and increase the losses in the electricity grids but will also have a severe impact on oil impregnated paper (OIP) in power transformer bushings. While much attention has been given to investigate the deterioration of OIP under thermal and electrical stresses, the impact of voltage harmonics on the OIP structure is still uncertain and calls for more investigations. Therefore, this paper is aimed at investigating the variations of the multilevel structure of an OIP aged under high levels of AC-voltage harmonics. In this context, degree of polymerization of the aged OIP is measured to reveal the changes of OIP secondary structure. Also, X-ray diffraction, deuteration treatment and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy are conducted to analyze the changes of the OIP aggregate structure during the aging process. Further experiments are performed to investigate the variation of the microscopic appearance, thermal behavior and dielectric properties, including scanning electronic microscopy, thermal gravity analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and frequency domain spectroscopy. This investigation on the variation of the multilevel structure of aged OIP not only promotes further understanding to the aging behavior and mechanism of OIP under AC-voltage harmonics, but also proposes crystallinity and accessibility as two new effective aging indicators for the OIP structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of renewable energy sources minimizes the burning of fossil fuels for clean and green environment. Electrochemical energy storage/conversion device pays a way towards sustainable development that concludes an emerging field in the trends of the research community. Prominently, the functional materials with suitable structure and property determine the performance and durability of the devices. In recent times, graphene with its tremendous properties play a major role in electrochemical energy device applications. Meanwhile, the graphene-based electrodes were fabricated by various coating techniques on existing electrodes that utilized for energy device fabrication. Apart from these, it is also fabricated in a paper like a form (self-supported or free-standing) with its remarkable high conductivity, flexibility, robustness and electrochemical behavior which have been nominated for fabrication of flexible energy devices. Paper-like electrodes become an emerging field to fabricate a light-weight and flexible electronic devices for future prospects. Thus, we have summarized a synthetic strategy of graphene paper and its properties that potentially focused on flexible device fabrication in both the energy storage and conversion system. Hence, this review boosts up the forthcoming researchers to enhance the device performance with interrelating free-standing graphene and other host material. Number of publications from 2009 to 2018 based on free-standing graphene-paper in energy device applications gathered from Web of Science database search engine. Image 10612 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaerobic digestion is a well-established biological process for converting biomass in waste streams into a renewable energy source, and it also contributes to the treatment of these waste streams. In this introductory mini-review, some fundamental aspects of anaerobic digestion for use in the pulp and paper industry and other sectors are briefly summarized. The contents include the basics of anaerobic digestion, feedstocks, key process parameters, and typical anaerobic digesters/reactors and their representative manufactures. Fostering the more efficient and widespread commercial use of anaerobic digestion technologies would be a critical strategy to address the issues of energy, the environment, and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Waste office paper was utilized as a substrate for microbial lipid production. • A detailed optimization study has been conducted for biomass and lipid yield. • Optimization results in10.55 g/L biomass, 6.13 g/L lipid with 58% lipid content. • Biodiesel properties of the produced lipids met with the international standards. • A solution to mitigate the hazardous effects caused by waste and fossil fuel. Environmental issues caused by fossil fuel and its rapid depletion demand the need to produce biofuel from renewable energy resources. The disposal of waste paper in landfills causes air pollution and contaminates groundwater. Hence, exploiting paper waste as a renewable resource for microbial lipid production can solve these environmental issues in a greener way. Further, these microbial lipids are a reliable source for biodiesel production. In this study, waste office paper was utilized as a substrate to produce microbial lipids through fermentation by the oleaginous yeast, Rhodosporidium toruloides, using a biorefinery approach. The production conditions were optimized using the Box-Behnken design; a fermentation time of 116.16 h, a C/N ratio of 60, and an inoculum concentration of 9.67% yielded a biomass of 10.55 g/L and a lipid yield of 6.13 g/L with a total lipid content of 58%. The major lipids produced were oleic acid (42%), palmitic acid (36%), stearic acid (9.8%), and myristic acid (8%), which clearly indicates the suitability of the lipids produced by R. toruloides for biodiesel production. The predicted biodiesel properties of the transesterified product met the international standard specifications. Hence, utilizing waste office paper for biodiesel production will be an effective way of mitigating the environmental pollution caused by waste paper and the harvesting of fossil fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulp and paper mills generate large amounts of waste organic matter that may be converted to renewable energy in form of methane. The anaerobic treatment of mill wastewater is widely accepted however, usually only applied to few selected streams. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rates in full-scale reactors range between 30 and 90%, and methane yields are 0.30–0.40 m 3 kg −1 COD removed. Highest COD removal rates are achieved with condensate streams from chemical pulping (75–90%) and paper mill effluents (60–80%). Numerous laboratory and pilot-scale studies have shown that, contrary to common perception, most other mill effluents are also to some extent anaerobically treatable. Even for difficult-to-digest streams such as bleaching effluents COD removal rates range between 15 and 90%, depending on the extent of dilution prior to anaerobic treatment, and the applied experimental setting. Co-digestion of different streams containing diverse substrate can level out and diminish toxicity, and may lead to a more robust microbial community. Furthermore, the microbial population has the ability to become acclimated and adapted to adverse conditions. Stress situations such as toxic shock loads or temporary organic overloading may be tolerated by an adapted community, whereas they could lead to process disturbance with an un-adapted community. Therefore, anaerobic treatment of wastewater containing elevated levels of inhibitors or toxicants should be initiated by an acclimation/adaptation period that can last between a few weeks and several months. In order to gain more insight into the underlying processes of microbial acclimation/adaptation and co-digestion, future research should focus on the relationship between wastewater composition, reactor operation and microbial community dynamics. The potential for engineering and managing the microbial resource is still largely untapped. Unlike in wastewater treatment, anaerobic digestion of mill biosludge (waste activated sludge) and primary sludge is still in its infancy. Current research is mainly focused on developing efficient pretreatment methods that enable fast hydrolysis of complex organic matter, shorter sludge residence times and as a consequence, smaller sludge digesters. Previous experimental studies indicate that the anaerobic digestibility of non-pretreated biosludge from pulp and paper mills varies widely, with volatile solids (VS) removal rates of 21–55% and specific methane yields ranging between 40 and 200 mL g −1 VS fed. Pretreatment can increase the digestibility to some extent, however in almost all reported cases, the specific methane yield of pretreated biosludge did not exceed 200 mL g −1 VS fed. Increases in specific methane yield mostly range between 0 and 90% compared to non-pretreated biosludge, whereas larger improvements were usually achieved with more difficult-to-digest biosludge. Thermal treatment and microwave treatment are two of the more effective methods. The heat required for the elevated temperatures applied in both methods may be provided from surplus heat that is often available at pulp and paper mills. Given the large variability in specific methane yield of non-pretreated biosludge, future research should focus on the links between anaerobic digestibility and sludge properties. Research should also involve mill-derived primary sludge. Although biosludge has been the main target in previous studies, primary sludge often constitutes the bulk of mill-generated sludge, and co-digestion of a mixture between both types of sludge may become practical. The few laboratory studies that have included mill primary sludge indicate that, similar to biosludge, the digestibility can range widely. Long-term studies should be conducted to explore the potential of microbial adaptation to lignocellulosic material which can constitute more than half of the organic matter in pulp and paper mill sludge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This work demonstrates an innovative Al-air battery made of paper, which can inhibit Al corrosion, simplify battery system and reduce electrolyte storage. One major advantage of it is its minimum cost of fabrication. The corrosion inhibition effect originates from the high porosity and tortuosity of paper, which restricts the diffusive transport of hydroxyl ions to the Al surface. In this manner, low-grade Al can be directly utilized. Targeted for different application fields, three battery subtypes are proposed. The mechanically-rechargeable battery can be used repeatedly by refreshing its Al anode, providing relatively high power for charging portable electronics. The flexible battery employs embedded Al inside paper as anode and oxygen reduction ink as cathode, which is suitable for various single-use and flexible devices. Lastly, a printable battery is proposed by developing a successful Al ink for anode fabrication. Combined with existing printing techniques, this design may lead to a much smarter and more economic battery application in the future. Highlights • A low-cost and green paper-based Al-air battery technology is developed. • It can achieve simplified system, reduced liquid storage and inhibited Al corrosion. • A mechanically-rechargeable battery is designed for portable electronic recharge. • A flexible battery is designed for powering single-use and flexible devices. • A printable battery is also tentatively explored for smarter battery utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The uncertainty of renewable energy undermines the competitiveness of Renewable Energy Generation Companies (REGC) in market bidding. Hydrogen energy storage, as a novel high-energy-density energy storage technology, is considered an ideal solution to address the uncertainty of renewable energy and provide flexible ramping products (FRP) to the grid. Building upon this, this paper combines hydrogen energy storage and renewable energy to build a hydrogen-wind-photovoltaic (HWP) system, and introduces HWP into the flexible ramping market for the first time, while participating in the energy market. To capture the interactions between HWP and market players with different utility functions, this paper establishes a bi-level bidding strategy model for HWP participation in the integrated energy and flexible ramping markets, It enables HWP to optimize its internal unit output to increase revenue based on current market conditions. In addition to this, the uncertainty of renewable energy output is taken into account in the upper-level model. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed two-stage stochastic bi-level optimization scheduling model was validated on IEEE 6-bus and 36-bus transmission-constrained networks. Tests demonstrated that the proposed model effectively assists HWP in formulating optimal bidding strategies in the joint market under uncertainty. Compared to solely participating in a single energy market, HWP's simultaneous participation in energy and flexible ramping markets increased total revenue by 12.22%. • Utilizing hydrogen energy storage to provide Flexible Ramping Product (FRP). • Hydrogen-Wind-Photovoltaic (HWP) participates in energy and flexible ramping market. • Establishing a bi-level strategic bidding model for HWP. • Considering the influence of renewable energy uncertainty on bidding strategies. • The introduction of the FRP increased HWP's total revenue by 12.22%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses to identify and validate a more appropriate algorithm to solve the proposed problem. The economic load dispatch (ELD) with the emission parameters becomes more complex and diversified on the involvement of renewable energy sources (RES), and this increases the number of constraints incorporation in the distributed system of classical power system. The integrated economic emission dispatch (IEED) and ELD are a measure of minimizing the fuel cost of generators, minimizing the emitted gaseous pollutants of the conventional generators (CGs) due combustion, and fulfilling the load demand while satisfying the given system constraints. This paper develops and proposes the hybrid moth-flame and mayfly optimization algorithm (MFMFOA), the hybridization of moth-flame optimization (MFO), and mayfly algorithm (MFA) to solve the integrated problem of economic load and emission dispatch, while removing the constraints of the existing optimization algorithms. The overall cost saving of 10.03% and 23.95% was obtained in ELD and IEED, respectively, using MFMFOA. The MFMFOA when correlated with reduced gradient method (RGM), ant colony optimization (ACO), cuckoo search algorithm (CSA), interior search algorithm (ISA), bat algorithm (BA), directional bat algorithm (DBA), and MFO for different cases of ELD and IEED have obtained the comparatively minimum operational cost, a closer global optimum point, and better convergence characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microgrids have increased in popularity thanks to both the integration of renewable energy resources and their energy distribution capability for remote locations. Moreover, the microgrids, mainly using multiple generators connected in parallel, acquire additional advantages by using both Hot-Swap and Current-Sharing techniques. This paper presents the development of a Hardware in the Loop platform to test Current-Sharing algorithms. It is reinforced that the use of a real-time simulation based on Hardware in the Loop is a viable and cost-effective alternative in the validation of controllers. The platform was developed in a graphical programming environment (LabVIEW 2015) and implemented with NI MyRIO 1900 (National Instruments Corp., Austin, TX, USA) development boards for easier reproducibility. The entire code project is openly available and provided in this paper. A system of photovoltaic energy generators was used to evaluate the performance of the HIL platform. As a result, the platform was able to reproduce a similar behavior to the photovoltaic generator, presenting average mean errors of 0.4 V and 0.2 A in its voltage and current, respectively. Additionally, the platform showed its capability to test Current-Sharing algorithms in the occurrence of Hot-Swap events. This work contributes with a validation tool for energy management systems applied to microgrids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the growing challenges and developments in frequency control within power systems influenced by the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources. It evaluates the advancements and limitations of renewable-based control technologies and explores the critical role of diverse energy storage technologies in providing fast frequency response ancillary services. Through a comprehensive analysis of the global literature, this paper categorises energy storage solutions according to their efficacy in meeting fast frequency response demands and potential for revenue generation. It reveals significant gaps in the current research, which predominantly focuses on battery energy storage systems and microgrid applications, with insufficient attention to grid-scale storage solutions and innovative energy storage technologies. This analysis identifies a lack of detailed technical simulations and hybrid storage models for frequency control, as well as a minimal exploration of the environmental benefits, particularly in terms of carbon dioxide emission reductions, associated with deploying new energy storage technologies in ancillary service markets. The paper concludes by emphasising the urgent need for further research incorporating detailed techno-economic evaluations and the carbon dioxide reduction potential of modular, scalable energy storage technologies, which should be facilitated by advanced network simulation models and comprehensive market analysis to drive future advancements in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green hydrogen provides one solution for a just transition to a low-carbon economy in the Global South. Absorption of green hydrogen into the energy mix will assist in decarbonising the hard-to-abate sectors, and it may even contribute to the economies of these countries when they transport to the Global North which has excess demand for it. However, this new pivot may also introduce new energy injustices, and this is what this paper focuses on. Through a comparative law analysis of three countries each from the Asia-Pacific (China, Vietnam and Thailand), South America (Brazil, Chile and Colombia) and Africa (South Africa, Kenya and Namibia), and by looking through the lens of procedural justice, this paper marks the first comprehensive examination of this concept for green hydrogen. It analyses the trajectory of these countries in terms of their introduction of green hydrogen into their renewable energy mix. Then there is an assessment of their successes and failures, the identification of gaps in policy, and the role of procedural justice in moving the green hydrogen legal frameworks forward is also examined. Finally, policy solutions to future-proof green hydrogen legal frameworks for the attention of policymakers are advanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the trilogy framework of decarbonisation, decentralisation and democratisation and its relevance in the implementation of just energy transition agendas in rural communities of Global South countries (GSCs). It argues that just energy transition should be implemented via developing nationally independent but locally driven renewable energy projects in GSCs. To corroborate the trilogy framework, the paper discusses case studies of India's Panchayat institutions, Nepal's community renewable projects, and Bhutan's hydro projects. The paper recommends that the trilogy framework be implemented in GSCs through the concept of 'energy prosumer communities'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Offshore wind farms (OWFs) play a crucial role in producing renewable energy in modern electrical power systems. However, to ensure that these facilities operate smoothly, they require robust control systems. As a result, this paper employed the newly developed Walrus Optimization algorithm (WaOA) to optimize the design parameters of fractional-order proportional-integral-derivative (FOPID) controllers in the power electronic interface circuits of the studied wind energy conversion system (WECS). In contrast to conventional optimization techniques like GA and PSO, the suggested approach proves more effective. The paper validates the WaOA application in optimizing FOPID controllers within a WECS comprising two, onshore and offshore, VSC stations at the two ends of an HVDC transmission system connecting OWFs to the mainland. The study shows that the WaOA outperforms GA and PSO, improving system stability and enabling quick recovery after disturbances. The study carried out using MATLAB/Simulink highlights the significance of newly recently introduced optimization techniques to ensure efficient and reliable operation of offshore wind energy systems, thereby expediting the transition to sustainable energy sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The escalating demand for renewable energy solutions and the imperative for efficient energy storage mechanisms have catalyzed the evolution of Power-to-X (PtX) technologies. Germany has the most PtX projects, accounting for 44% of all projects that have been reported. PtX encompasses a spectrum of processes engineered to convert surplus renewable energy into versatile energy carriers or chemical commodities, such as hydrogen, methane, or synthetic fuels. The Paramount to this domain is to synergistically harness renewable energy sources and hydrogen carriers to curtail waste and bolster sustainability. Central to achieving this synergy is the effective control of PtX processes, ensuring optimal performance, cost efficiency, and seamless integration within existing energy frameworks. This paper delves into the control processes and environmental prerequisites within the PtX landscape, elucidating key challenges, and strategies within this dynamic realm. While providing an initial overview of fundamental PtX process chains, this paper accentuates the critical role of geographical considerations. Subsequently, it conducts a thorough analysis of equipment modeling challenges, addressing performance metrics, operational requisites, and capital investments, particularly focusing on methanol and hydrogen production and storage. Through holistic examination, this paper endeavors to delineate the evolving landscape of PtX control processes and conditions, advancing our understanding of this expanding field. [Display omitted] • Comprehensive overview of PtX control process, challenges, strategies, and advancements. • Overview of PtX process chains and geographical conditions. • Analysis of equipment modeling challenges for methanol and hydrogen. • Addressing crucial storage challenges in PtX system. • Exploration of diverse influences on PtX control processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the potential of solar and hydrogen (H 2) energy-based hybrid energy systems for residential applications. The growing need for energy and the demand for sustainable energy sources have led to the development of integrated energy systems that combine renewable energy resources to meet energy needs. This paper overviews recent studies on hybrid energy systems for on-grid and off-grid residential utilizations. It discusses the system configuration and components of hybrid energy systems, including solar panels, electrolyzers, fuel cells (FC), and batteries. It also covers the technical optimization of integrated energy systems, including sizing, control strategies, and economic analysis. The key findings of this review paper indicate that hybrid energy systems can offer dependable and sustainable energy for residential applications. Through numerical analyses, the optimal dimensioning of the system elements and control strategies can significantly enhance the system's performance and lower the cost of energy. This study also highlights the challenges and opportunities for integrating hybrid energy systems within residential applications. Overall, it provides in-depth perspectives on the possibilities inherent in solar and hydrogen energy-based hybrid energy systems for residential applications. The findings can guide future research and the advancement of hybrid energy systems for sustainable energy solutions. • Comprehensive review on solar and hydrogen-based residential applications. • Holistic approach to system configuration, optimization, and economics. • Detailed analysis of interconnected components enhancing system efficiency. • Unique focus on real-world residential applications and scenarios. • Broad applicability across diverse geographical regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The green port multi-energy microgrid, featuring renewable energy generation, hydrogen energy, and energy storage systems, is an important gateway to achieve the net-zero emission goal. But there are many forms of energy in green port multi-energy microgrid systems, the power fluctuates frequently, and the port loads with large fluctuations and fast changes. These factors can easily lead to the problem of the state of charge exceeding the limit of the energy storage system. To distribute the fluctuating power in the green port multi-energy microgrid system reasonably and maintain the state of charge (SOC) of the hybrid energy storage system in an moderate range, an energy management strategy (EMS) based on dual-stage fuzzy control with a low pass-filter algorithm is proposed in this paper. First, the mathematical model of a green port multi-energy microgrid system is established. Then, fuzzy rules are designed, and the dual-stage fuzzy controller is used to change the time constant of the low-pass filter (LPF) and modify the initial power distribution by an LPF algorithm. Finally, simulation models are built in Matlab 2016a/Simulink. The simulation results demonstrate that, compared with other algorithms under the control of the EMS proposed in this paper, the high-frequency component in the flywheel power is smaller, and the SOC of the supercapacitor is maintained in a reasonable range of 34–78%, which extends the lifespan of the flywheel and supercapacitor. Additionally, it has a faster automatic adjustment ability for the state of charge of the energy storage system, which is conducive to better maintaining the stable operation of green port multi-energy microgrid systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper surveys the energy literature and systematically reviews the path to an inclusive and sustainable energy transition by exploring factors that drive the current energy transitions, countries with advanced energy transition programs, and the roles of energy literacy and justice in energy transition. Utilizing an exhaustive literature search from 2001 to 2023 via the Scopus database, the study identifies strong policy frameworks, technological advancements, economic incentives, and international collaborations as pivotal factors in successful energy transitions. Case studies from the Nordic countries, Germany, and Poland highlight diverse approaches and significant progress, revealing valuable lessons for global application. Although energy literacy emerges as crucial for public acceptance and participation, fostering informed decision-making and supportive behaviors toward renewable energy initiatives, energy justice ensures equitable access to the benefits of energy transitions, addressing socio-economic impacts on marginalized communities. The study identifies a scarcity of research that articulates and integrates energy literacy and justice concurrently within the purview of energy transition. The paper recommends the adoption, integration, and institutionalization of frameworks that concurrently propagate energy literacy and guide fair and equitable energy transitions. The frameworks should encourage active community involvement, promote community ownership of renewable energy projects, ensure transparency and inclusivity, implement measures for equitable economic benefits, protect livelihoods, address historical distrust, and leverage social media to promote energy literacy and justice. Finally, the continuous monitoring and evaluation of energy transition initiatives are crucial to ensure that they meet evolving societal needs and environmental goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy has emerged as a promising solution to address the challenges of climate change, energy security, and socio-economic development. South Africa, with its abundant renewable energy resources, has made significant strides in the utilization of renewable energy over the past decade. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the progress of renewable energy advancement in South Africa, examining the policies, initiatives, and achievements in various renewable energy sectors. This study explores the country's transition from a heavily coal-dependent energy system to a diversified and sustainable energy mix. It analyses the growth of renewable energy technologies, such as wind power and solar photovoltaic (PV), highlighting the key milestones, challenges, and opportunities. Furthermore, this paper discusses the role of government support, regulatory frameworks, and private sector investments in driving renewable energy deployment in South Africa. Finally, it identifies the prospects and potential areas for further advancement in the renewable energy sector. This review aims to contribute to the understanding of South Africa's renewable energy journey and provides valuable insights for policy-makers, researchers, and stakeholders involved in the sustainable energy transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the background of building a new-type power system, as the core of the energy system, the restructuring of the power system will inevitably have a linked impact on the coordinated development of the economy–energy–environment system. A "Dual Triangle" theoretical framework consisting of the "Energy Impossibility Triangle" and "Sustainable Development Triangle" was constructed in this paper. By combining historical statistical analysis with scenario predictive analysis, the historical characteristics of the "Dual Triangle" and future trends under different scenarios were analyzed, and the coupled interaction relationship of the "Dual Triangle" was also studied. Conclusions were as follows: The energy system gradually inclined towards economy and cleanliness from 2010 to 2022, and the operation status of the "Dual Triangle" was stable. A positive coupling relationship within the "Dual Triangle" in vigorously promoting renewable energy scenarios is close, which can be regarded as the preferred path for the reconstruction of the power system. The security and low-carbon phased development scenario is a development model that dynamically mitigates the challenges of the "Energy Impossibility Triangle". Security has become the core contradiction of the "Energy Impossibility Triangle". This paper conducts an integrated and innovative application of the "Dual Triangle" theory and provides a case basis for how to achieve the coupled interaction of the "Dual Triangle". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, Saudi Arabia has experienced a significant surge in energy consumption as a result of population growth and economic expansion. This has presented utility companies with the formidable challenge of upgrading their facilities and expanding their capacity to keep pace with future energy demands. In order to address this issue, there is an urgent need to implement energy-saving solutions such as energy storage systems (ESSs) and renewable energy sources, which can help to reduce demand during peak hours. To ensure optimal use of ESSs, it is crucial to integrate a load forecasting model with the ESS in order to control charging and discharging rates and schedules. The irregular load profile is a particularly significant consumer of energy, consuming approximately 2.5 GWh annually at the cost of USD 3 billion in Saudi Arabia. In light of this, this paper develops a load forecasting model for the irregular load profile with a high degree of accuracy: achieving 95%. One of the key applications of this model is load peak shaving. Given the region's abundance of solar irradiation, the paper propose an integration of a solar PV system with a battery energy storage system (BESS) and analyzes various scenarios to determine the efficacy of the proposed approach. The results demonstrate significant savings when the proposed forecasting model is integrated with a BESS and PV system, with the potential to reduce monthly imported power by more than 22% during the summer season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Africa is currently experiencing an energy crisis because of a mismatch between energy supply and demand. Increasing energy demand necessitates the adequate operation of generation and transmission facilities to maintain the reliability of the power system. Transmission line compensation is used to increase the ability to transfer power, thereby enhancing system stability, voltage regulation, and reactive power balance. Also, in recent years, the introduction of renewable energy sources (RES) has proven to be effective in supporting the grid by providing additional energy. As a result, the dynamics of power systems have changed, and many developing nations are adopting the integration of renewable energy into the grid to increase the aspect ratio of the energy availability factor. While both techniques contribute to the grid's ability to meet energy demand, they frequently introduce technical challenges that affect the stability and protection of the systems. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the challenges introduced by transmission line compensation and the integration of renewable energy, as well as the various techniques proposed in the literature to address these issues. Different compensation techniques, including fault detection, classification, and location, for compensated and uncompensated transmission lines, including those connected to renewable energy sources, are reviewed. This paper then analyzes the adaptive distance protection schemes available in the literature to mitigate the impact of compensation/integration of RES into the grid. Based on the literature reviewed, it is essential for protection engineers to understand the dynamics introduced by network topology incorporating a combination of RES and heavily compensated transmission lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a compilation of research papers that explore the topics of Smart Cities and Positive Energy Districts (PEDs). The papers cover a range of subjects including energy efficiency, renewable energy communities, smart urban management, and financial schemes for sustainable neighborhoods. The findings emphasize the importance of energy renovation, potential energy and financial savings, and the need for collaborative approaches and policy direction to achieve sustainable urban development. The papers also provide insights into innovative solutions and technological advancements that can contribute to the realization of carbon-neutral and sustainable cities. This document serves as a valuable resource for library patrons conducting research on energy efficiency and sustainable building practices. [Extracted from the article]

Civil aviation significantly contributes to "hard-to-abate" emissions, responsible for 2% of global CO2 emissions. This paper examines the most effective policies to promote Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs) in Italy, using a multi-level policy analysis and a stakeholder-based case study approach. The policies reviewed comprise the international, European, and national level. The paper analyses at the international level, ICAO CORSIA and, at the European level, the Renewable Energy Directive (RED), ReFuel EU, and the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) for aviation. Italy has not yet implemented specific policies targeting SAF transition, which is challenging due to commercialization issues and policy inconsistencies. These include the price gap between SAF and conventional fuels, different definitions adopted, and environmental objectives pursued with respect to sustainable fuels by ICAO and the EU. Other challenges include double-counting risks and fuel tankering practices. This article contributes to Italy's SAF policymaking by developing a stakeholder-based quantitative survey, whose results suggest that three measures are key: tax subsidies for technology and infrastructure users, tax credits for upgrading production infrastructure, and tax breaks for SAF-using companies, fuel handlers, and distributors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Datacenters are the primary driving force behind the energy shift to renewable sources. This shift limits the environmental impact of non-renewable sources and decarbonizes datacenters. However, renewable energy generation fluctuates with time and location, which introduces uncertainty in fulfilling user requests (URs). Thus, non-renewable energy generation continues to power the datacenters to make stability. Recent works direct to the use of renewable energy generation followed by non-renewable generation while assigning the URs to the resources of the datacenters. These works do not model the uncertainty of renewable and non-renewable energy resources and the level of uncertainty. This paper extends the three benchmark algorithms, namely future-aware best-fit (FABEF), highest available renewable energy first (HAREF) and round-robin (RR), by incorporating uncertainty and its level (UNL), and we call them UNL-FABEF, UNL-HAREF and UNL-RR, respectively. The goal of UNL-FABEF is to minimize the overall cost, whereas UNL-HAREF is to maximize the available renewable energy usage. On the contrary, UNL-RR assigns the datacenter to the URs in a roundabout fashion. This paper also introduces the UNL multi-objective scheduling algorithm (UNL-MOSA) to make a trade-off between UNL-FABEF and UNL-HAREF. UNL-MOSA creates a balance between the overall cost and the available renewable energy usage. All four algorithms consider three UNLs of URs, namely low, medium and high, for renewable energy resources. These algorithms are tested using fifty instances of ten datasets with 200 to 2000 URs and 20 to 200 datacenters and compared using five performance metrics: the overall cost, number of used renewable and non-renewable energy resource slots, and uncertainty cost and time. The performance of four algorithms in these performance metrics is extensively examined to know their applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of sustainability, the integration of renewable energy into industrial processes not only minimizes dependence on fossil fuels but also contributes to the efficient management of industrial waste. By transforming organic waste, including agri-food and urban waste, into biogas, green energy can be generated, thus reducing the impact on the environment and closing the loop of material used in the economic circuit. Thus, a sustainable system can be promoted, where resources are continuously reused and exploited. Statistical methods and a decision tree with the Classification and Regression Trees (CRT) algorithm were employed to analyze data. The paper focuses on the importance of industrial waste and biogas for the generation, transformation, and consumption of energy in the EU (European Union)-27 countries. To provide a thorough analysis, we have divided these countries based on real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, grouping them above/below the annual average for the period 2012–2021/2022. Descriptive statistics revealed observable differences between the two groups, but the paper aimed to provide evidence regarding the existence of these differences as statistically significant. Using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, the non-normal distribution of the data was confirmed, requiring non-parametric inferential methods. The Mann–Whitney U test revealed statistically significant differences between the two groups for all the studied variables. This comprehensive approach highlights the distinct energy-related characteristics influenced by economic development in the EU-27. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The frequency support capacity of power loads is essential for maintaining active power symmetry and balance between the generation and demand sides of power systems. As the proportion of renewable energy sources and power electronic equipment increases, the inertia on the power generation side decreases, highlighting the growing importance of frequency support on the load side. As it is generally believed that the active power balance of power systems determines the frequency stability, few studies have considered the effect of voltage variation on the frequency response dynamics. It is important to note that the node voltage keeps fluctuating throughout the frequency dynamic process, which affects the active power of loads and should not be neglected. Based on the aforementioned rationales, this paper endeavors to investigate the modeling of power load frequency response and analyze its support capability considering the voltage variation effect. This paper initially establishes the small-signal model of dynamic load under frequency dynamics, derives the transfer function relating active power to system frequency deviation, and subsequently develops its frequency response model. Subsequently, commencing with the ZIP model of static load, the power fluctuation of load nodes is derived from the influence of preceding nodes, and the frequency response model of the static load is formulated and its frequency support capacity is scrutinized. Based on this foundation, a comprehensive aggregation model of the complex load is constructed, and its frequency support capability is assessed using actual data. Finally, the proposed model and analysis results are validated through simulation, confirming their correctness and effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main contribution of this paper is to present a simple algorithm that theoretically and numerically assesses the switching angles of an inverter operated with the SPWM technique. This technique is the most widely used for eliminating harmonics in DC-AC converters for powering motors, renewable energy applications, household appliances, etc. Unlike conventional implementations of the SPWM technique based on the analog or digital comparison of a sinusoidal signal with a triangular signal, this paper mathematically performs this comparison. It proposes a simple solution to solve the transcendental equations arising from the mathematical analysis numerically. The technique is validated by calculating the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the generated signal theoretically and numerically, and the results indicate that the calculated angles produce the same distribution of harmonics calculated analytically and numerically. The algorithm is limited to single-phase inverters with unipolar SPWM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global energy system is in transition. It is attempting to reach net‐zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. The systemic changes mean that the role of bioenergy will change. The potential of bioenergy to make a flexible contribution to the energy system is key for the achievement of global emission reduction ambitions and the functioning of the low‐carbon energy system and economy. As the volume of sustainably available biomass resources is limited, defining the contributions from bioenergy to a low‐carbon energy system and finding balances – and ideally synergies – between the different possible energy and climate system services that biomass can provide will be very important. The recognized system services include, among others, the flexible operation of bioenergy plants to integrate variable renewable energy sources and to provide negative carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Interest in flexible operation of bioenergy value chains, bioenergy with carbon capture and utilization as well as synergies with renewable hydrogen‐based value chains has increased recently. The objective of this paper is to present a holistic definition of flexible bioenergy as a system service based on the work conducted in International Energy Agency (IEA) Bioenergy Technology Collaboration Programme's Task 44 Flexible Bioenergy and System Integration, and to provide some practical examples. The paper also presents the different bioenergy system services and considers their definitions and interactions, as this is important in energy system design. The definition of flexible bioenergy shows that the flexibility provision from bioenergy goes far beyond the traditional definition of providing short‐term flexibility in the power sector. Indicators to demonstrate the value of services as well as further quantitative assessment of synergies and trade‐offs are needed to valorize the different services from bioenergy and create viable business cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive bibliometric review and visualization of smart and sustainable energy consumption, delving into the challenges and opportunities of developing renewable and non-renewable energy sources. The study examines research trends and emerging themes about integrating smart solutions and sustainable energy resource consumption. The analytical methods used involve thoroughly analyzing empirical data, case studies, and review papers to map the research landscape. The results highlight dominant research topics, influential authors, and publication timelines in this field. The review identifies the key challenges in harnessing renewable and non-renewable energy sources, including the need for reliable energy sources, energy storage systems, and smart grid technologies. The paper concludes with insights into the most effective practices for promoting smart and energy-efficient methods while emphasizing the complexity of sustainable energy solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

System strength is both supplied and demanded in a power system during normal operations and in the presence of disturbances. This is characterised by stable voltage and frequency, supporting renewable generation such as wind and solar. Because the retirement of synchronous generators reduces system strength supply, and the connection of new inverter-based resource (IBR) generators increases demand, there is an urgent need for new sources of system strength. This paper provides an overview of the challenges brought about by grid modernisation. It highlights tangible solutions provided by synchronous condensers (SCs) to bolster grid strength, stability, and reliability while accommodating the rising influx of renewable energy sources (RESs). Furthermore, this paper examines the role of SCs in improving weak grids, voltage control, power quality, short-circuit levels, and inertia management. It introduces the role of innovative hybrid synchronous condenser (HSC) systems to boost grid reliability and resilience. It also elaborates on the optimisation strategies for SC sizing, placement, and control and outlines economic aspects of their deployment. The review also highlights future directions and challenges in SC technology, emphasising the need for ongoing research and development to enhance system design and operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growing adoption of battery energy storage systems in renewable energy sources, electric vehicles (EVs), and portable electronic devices, the effective management of battery systems has become increasingly critical. The advent of wireless battery management systems (wBMSs) represents a significant innovation in battery management technology. Traditional wired battery management systems (BMSs) face challenges, including complexity, increased weight, maintenance difficulties, and a higher chance of connection failure. In contrast, wBMSs offer a robust solution, eliminating physical connections. wBMSs offer enhanced flexibility, reduced packaging complexity, and improved reliability. Given that wBMSs are still in a preliminary stage, this review paper explores their evolution, current state, and future directions. A comprehensive survey of state-of-the-art wBMS technologies, including academic and commercial solutions, is elaborated in this paper. We compare wireless communication technologies like Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Zigbee, Near-Field Communication (NFC), Wi-Fi, and cellular networks in the context of wBMSs. We discuss their performance in terms of efficiency, reliability, scalability, and security. Despite its promising outlook, wBMSs still face challenges such as data security, signal interference, regulatory and standardization issues, and competition from the continued advancement of wired BMS technologies, making the advantages of wBMSs less evident. This paper concludes with guidelines for future research and development of wBMSs, aiming to address these challenges and pave the way for a broad adoption of wBMSs across various applications. This paper aims to inspire further research and innovation in the field, contributing to developing an industry-ready wBMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accelerating the transition to a cleaner global energy system is essential for tackling the climate crisis, and green hydrogen energy systems hold significant promise for integrating renewable energy sources. This paper offers a thorough evaluation of green hydrogen's potential as a groundbreaking alternative to achieve near-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions within a renewable energy framework. The paper explores current technological options and assesses the industry's present status alongside future challenges. It also includes an economic analysis to gauge the feasibility of integrating green hydrogen, providing a critical review of the current and future expectations for the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH). Depending on the geographic location and the technology employed, the LCOH for green hydrogen can range from as low as EUR 1.12/kg to as high as EUR 16.06/kg. Nonetheless, the findings suggest that green hydrogen could play a crucial role in reducing GHG emissions, particularly in hard-to-decarbonize sectors. A target LCOH of approximately EUR 1/kg by 2050 seems attainable, in some geographies. However, there are still significant hurdles to overcome before green hydrogen can become a cost-competitive alternative. Key challenges include the need for further technological advancements and the establishment of hydrogen policies to achieve cost reductions in electrolyzers, which are vital for green hydrogen production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transitioning to a sustainable energy future necessitates innovative storage solutions for renewable energies, where hydrogen (H₂) emerges as a pivotal energy carrier for its low emission potential. This paper explores unlined rock caverns (URCs) as a promising alternative for underground hydrogen storage (UHS), overcoming the geographical and technical limitations of UHS methods like salt rock caverns and porous media. Drawing from the experiences of natural gas (NG) and compressed air energy storage (CAES) in URCs, we explore the viability of URCs for storing hydrogen at gigawatt-hour scales (>100 GWh). Despite challenges such as potential uplift failures (at a depth of approximately less than 1000 m) and hydrogen reactivity with storage materials at typical conditions (below temperatures of 100°C and pressures of 15 MPa), URCs present a flexible, scalable option closely allied with green hydrogen production from renewable sources. Our comprehensive review identifies critical design considerations, including hydraulic containment and the integrity of fracture sealing materials under UHS conditions. Addressing identified knowledge gaps, particularly around the design of hydraulic containment systems and the interaction of hydrogen with cavern materials, will be crucial for advancing URC technology. The paper underscores the need for further experimental and numerical studies to refine URC suitability for hydrogen storage, highlighting the role of URCs in enhancing the compatibility of renewable energy sources with the grid. • Detailed exploration of unlined rock cavern (URC) technology. • Analysis of URCs' potential for large-scale hydrogen storage. • Insights from historical use of URCs in compressed gas storage. • Examination of the opportunities and challenges in using URCs for hydrogen storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Union, in pursuit of the goal of reducing emissions by at least 55% by 2030 and achieving climate neutrality by 2050, is deploying different actions, with industry decarbonization as a key strategy. However, increasing electricity demand requires an intensification of energy generation from clean technologies, and the energy system's expansion is hindered by renewable generation's climatic dependencies and the imperative for substantial electrical infrastructure investments. Although the transmission grid is expected to grow, flexibility mechanisms and innovative technologies need to be applied to avoid an overwhelming growth. In this context, this paper presents a thorough assessment, conducted within the FLEXINDUSTRIES project, of the flexibility potential across seven energy-intensive industries (automotive industry, biofuel production, polymer manufacturing, steel manufacturing, paper mills, pharmaceutical industry, and cement production). The methodology followed during the analysis entails reviewing the state-of-the-art existing flexibility mechanisms, industries' energy markets engagement, and technical/operational readiness. The results highlight the feasibility of the proposed actions for enabling energy market flexibility through demand-response programs, quantifying energy opportunities, and pinpointing regulatory and technical barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing use of renewable energy sources and decentralized power systems, certain challenges have emerged in meeting consumers' electrical energy demands. The intermittent nature of renewable energy generation means that it cannot always align with consumers' needs, resulting in periods of excess energy production when it is not required. To bridge this gap between production and consumption, energy storage systems are necessary. This paper defines the work of an isolated microgrid, which consists of renewable sources (wind and PV) for energy production, households with electric vehicles as consumers, and a combined storage system. This storage system is made from batteries, hydrogen storage, and a control system that defines the best use of the storage. Stored energy is utilized through fuel cells to generate electricity for consumption when renewable sources cannot meet the demand. This paper presents the principles of electrolysis and models of individual elements within such a system, as well as the definition and principle of control of the system functionality based on rules and conditions. The proposed control system aims to increase the energy storage lifecycle by deciding when and how to utilize which type of storage and define a self-sufficient microgrid based on renewable sources of production. An economic analysis of the storage part of the system was carried out in which the levelized cost of energy stored and the NPC of the storage systems are calculated. A simulation of the system's operation is conducted using one-hour measurements of wind turbines, solar panels, and household consumption in Serbia. To analyze the system's behavior, a one-week time horizon is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasingly extensive use of non-linear loads, mostly including static power converters, in large industry, commercial, and domestic applications, as well as the spread of renewable energy sources in distribution-generated units, make the use of the most efficient power quality improvement systems a current concern. The use of active power filters proved to be the most advanced solution with the best compensation performance for harmonics, reactive power, and load unbalance. Thus, issues related to improving the power quality through active power filters are very topical and addressed by many researchers. This paper presents a topical review on the shunt active power filters in three-phase, three-wire systems. The power circuit and configurations of shunt active filtering systems are considered, including the multilevel topologies and use of advanced power semiconductor devices with lower switching losses and higher switching frequencies. Several compensation strategies, reference current generation methods, current control techniques, and DC-voltage control are pointed out and discussed. The direct power control method is also discussed. New advanced control methods that have better performance than conventional ones and gained attention in the recent literature are highlighted. The current state of renewable energy sources integration with shunt active power filters is analyzed. Concerns regarding the optimum placement and sizing of the active power filters in a given power network to reduce the investment costs are also presented. Trends and future developments are discussed at the end of this paper. For a rigorous substantiation, more than 250 publications on this topic, most of them very recent, constitute the basis of bibliographic references and can assist readers who are interested to explore the subject in greater detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power system protection and asset management present persistent technical challenges, particularly in the context of the smart grid and renewable energy sectors. This paper aims to address these challenges by providing a comprehensive assessment of machine learning applications for effective asset management in power systems. The study focuses on the increasing demand for energy production while maintaining environmental sustainability and efficiency. By harnessing the power of modern technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and deep learning (DL), this research explores how ML techniques can be leveraged as powerful tools for the power industry. By showcasing practical applications and success stories, this paper demonstrates the growing acceptance of machine learning as a significant technology for current and future business needs in the power sector. Additionally, the study examines the barriers and difficulties of large‐scale ML deployment in practical settings while exploring potential opportunities for these tactics. Through this overview, insights into the transformative potential of ML in shaping the future of power system asset management are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]