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The COVID-19 pandemic had an unprecedented impact on the global economy and especially on tourism. Though, the effects of the health crisis have been geographically uneven. This paper aims to understand the socioeconomic and labour consequences of this crisis in one of the main tourist municipalities on the Spanish Mediterranean coast, Lloret de Mar. It is a prototype of a Fordist city based on tourism. To achieve this, quantitative and qualitative techniques are combined. The extreme vulnerability of this productive model was shown with the interruption of the tourist activity. COVID-19 exacerbated the structural crisis of the destination. Various indicators demonstrate that its socioeconomic situation is worse than that of the majority of Catalan municipalities. Lloret is at the forefront among the municipalities with the lowest median income per consumption unit, and among those where the pandemic had a higher incidence in terms of income reduction and inequality. Broken the balance between work, unemployment insurance and informal activities, the crisis exacerbated the vulnerability of its workforce, especially those who could not take advantage of public protection mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mobility restrictions characteristic of the pandemic period interrupted tourism mobilities and forced territorial actors, and specifically those connected with tourism, to adapt and rethink their tools, processes and even the ways in which they communicated. Moreover, this context placed them in front of unusual situations that they had to manage, such as the increase in the flows of local and regional visitors in outdoors and natural areas. Based on a qualitative methodology built on the analysis of documents and in-depth interviews with key informants, this paper reflects on the responses and on the perception of different actors in periods of change, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis of this context in terms of opportunity and in terms of challenge in the case of a rural and inland territory in the southwest of France leads us to the conclusion that crises are scenarios that favor learning processes. The challenge lies in giving continuity to the lessons learned. This study contributes to the reflection of tourism development models consistent with the socio-ecological transition. Tourism development models that promote adequate tourism under the paradigm of degrowth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The moratoriums constitute strategies and instruments used by public policies to establish limitations of the growth in the tourist accommodation. They are usually justified by the need to correct market failures and incorporate rationality criteria in the territorial development of tourism from approaches linked to sustainability. Thus, they contemplate some measures aimed at establishing quantitative, qualitative and temporal limits and rhythms of tourist containment, which, in some cases, are aimed at regrowh, postgrowth or degrowth. However, sometimes these measures result from regulatory capture processes. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the measures to contain and limit the growth of the tourist accommodation supply of the tourist moratoriums. The intention is to determine if some of them approached the tourism post-growth paradigm, as well as detect some non-existent effects. desired. We base ourselves on the paradigmatic evidence of the moratorium on tourist accommodation implemented in the Canary Islands (Spain). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nature-based tourism has been gaining momentum over the last decades, with special development in protected areas as the main destinations; mostly after the pandemic and within the new dynamics caused by the crises. This paper focuses on Spain as a case study. It provides a state of the art and analyses some of the post-pandemic recovery policies materialised, in this case, in tourism sustainability plans for the creation of supply around high-value natural areas. The risks derived from the adoption of regrowth measures make some considerations necessary. Also, the proposal of alternatives for the promotion of recreational practices linked to different conservation instruments, as well as the proposal of actions within the tourism containment and degrowth frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The socio-economic consequences of the volcanic eruption that destroyed part of the Valle de Aridane (La Palma, Canary Islands) in 2021 have provided a favourable context for strengthening a narrative that sees an intense and accelerated tourist development of La Palma as the only viable economic option for the island's future. Although the discourse is not new, the wide convergence of political and business actors that endorse it leads one to believe that it is the most solid attempt to reverse the traditional productive structure of the island. It is dominated by banana cultivation and a model of tourism development that is far away from the dominant patterns in the Canary Islands. In this paper, we analyze the territorial planning of tourism in La Palma since 1990, demonstrating the role played in its evolution by the transition from Keynesian- style regulatory approaches to others clearly indebted to neo-liberal principles. It also shows the validity of the postulates of tourism development formulated in 1971 to understand the territorial model aspired to by the aforementioned actors, who use the crisis cycle culminating in the volcanic eruption of 2021 to construct a narrative that justifies their model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wine-growing areas of the Douro river have achieved a great commercial projection under the protection of territorial brands that guarantee their quality in global markets. However, the evolution of consumer preferences and the limits and contradictions of the production models in the vineyard and in the winery, explain the emergence of new differentiation strategies. This article analyses the case of the PDO, where the specificity of its main variety -verdejo- and the investments made to modernise the sector, generated an unusual economic and demographic dynamism in a region where depopulation was widespread. An accelerated growth of vine plantations and wine production and the commercial blockade resulting from COVID-19 have acted as a catalyst in the activation of singularisation strategies. Using participatory methods, the paper explores these processes of change and the role that landscape -as an expression of territorial and viticultural diversity-can play in the marketing of singular wines from La Seca. This municipality, located in the heart of the PDO, stands out for its winemaking tradition and business dynamism, being the most densely wine-growing area in the region of Castilla y León (Spain). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the significance of cooperatives in the territorial development of the province of Chefchaouen on the basis of the actions linked to the National Initiative for Human Development (INDH) between 2011-2018. Both quantitative methodology is used, to analyse variables such as the number of cooperatives, projects implemented, investment made or subsidies received or their territorial distribution, and qualitative methodology through information obtained from 12 in-depth interviews conducted in the field. The quantitative results show the scarcity of cooperatives and subsidised projects, as well as their concentration in the most dynamic communes, marginalising the poorest territories. Respondents' answers reveal the importance of the Initiative's support both for the implementation of projects and for improving the competitiveness of cooperatives. Other relevant aspects are, among others, the identification of the obstacles that still hinder the development of the cooperative fabric. It is concluded that the study area has not benefited sufficiently from this aid due to the lack of support and dynamization of the different institutions, and it is proposed that development and cooperation offices with the necessary human and logistical resources be created at the provincial level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vacation home is a thriving form of accommodation in Spain that arouses great interest among academics from various disciplines. Most of the studies have focused on regulatory aspects, the type of business and the impact generated on tourism activity, the economy, urban spaces, the population and the environment. Few works have addressed the citizen perception of this type of accommodation, having focused on micro analyses. This paper analyzes the perception of the residents of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria based on a self-made survey that has been analyzed at a municipal and intra-urban scale. Specifically, it is proposed in this article to know the perception of residents about the impact that this type of accommodation has on the economy, housing, heritage, culture and neighborhood identity of the municipality and analyze the underlying reasons. The results allow us to recognize that, firstly, the opinion of the residents is not negative in general terms and, secondly, that this perception shares the economic rationality with which tourist activity in general is judged and is conditioned by the contact directly with the activity and for personal interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faced with the generalized idea that protected natural areas were and are created to protect a unique, biodiverse or threatened nature, this article explores other reasons, which often go unnoticed, but which are perhaps more powerful and influential in promoting the protection of certain territories. From the point of view of environmental history and social geography, using historiographical and qualitative techniques, the discourses, socio-political situations and the representations and interests of the actors involved in the conservationist objectives of Tablas de Daimiel National Park and Doñana as a backdrop, are analysed here with the aim of understanding many of the realities experienced - conflictual or not - in the protected areas. The paper relates the representation of nature with the knowledge and power that the expert naturalist possesses over it and applies to its management and conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work goal is to evaluate the use of cadastral information -geographical and literal- to determine and quantify the changes in crop types between two dates. The changes in an agricultural area of the Alboraya municipality since 1930 are studied. As information source, the cadastral parcel data of the cadastral polygon 4 of the municipality is studied. The Topographical Cadastral Map (TCM) of 1930 is used as old cadastral information, and the associated listing of parcels in paper format. This old information is compared with the current cadastral information. This research compares the crops registered on both dates. Along the process, the factors, characteristics and conditions to accomplish by the information of the study are also studied - availability, format, age, production technique, and georreferencing- to evaluate the method's advantages and limitations. As conclusion, remark on the utility of the old cadastral maps to detect crop changes. The TCM use allows quantifying and delimitating the produced changes in each territory element with detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of current climate change, it is a priority to develop mechanisms that facilitate the integration of the public's perspective in the fight against this phenomenon. Organisations such as the IPCC have highlighted the importance of paying attention, in the inexorable transition that is approaching, to the perception and experiences of the population as sources of information complementary to scientific evidence. In addition, it is of interest to check the assessment of institutional action in this respect and the degree of social awareness of this global challenge. Thus, this paper, based on an extensive survey carried out on the island of Tenerife (Canary Islands), analyses the resident population's perception of the causes and effects of climate change, as well as their environmental commitment and knowledge of governmental mitigation and adaptation initiatives. There is a high degree of concern about the issue among citizens, who support the existence of climate change, say they know what it consists of and generally have a negative view of the actions of public administrations, and are unaware of the initiatives that have been approved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Those requiring emergency health care cannot wait. Ambulances must arrive at the scene as quickly as possible. Ambulances are usually assigned to bases distributed throughout the city to minimize arrival time to the event. However, the spatial distribution of events changes during the day according to people's rhythm and city use. This paper evaluates, through location-allocation modelling, the Spatio-temporal performance of SAMUR-PC, the Emergency Medical Service of Madrid (Spain), in two different scenarios, before the COVID-19 pandemic and during the first months of the new normality period. The results show that the system responded relatively well to the change in event patterns due to the pandemic. However, some interventions would have been necessary to guarantee the same service as before the epidemiological crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, research which highlights the role of the different stakeholders, who participate in fire management, has gained importance. Recently, some studies have also incorporated a geographical approach, exploring the territorial aspects of this management. However, to date there is a lack of investigations in this regard in the world's tropical areas. The present paper pretends to contribute to the filling of this knowledge gap, analysing the situation in recent years (2016-2020) in the Los Tuxtlas mountains (Mexico), an area with a remarkable incidence of forest fires. This is based on the review of official data and the application of interviews to representatives of the different actors. The processing of the data has included textual analysis, which has revealed the actors' diverse management activities. A cartography of the organizational geography and the networks of cooperation has been presented to deepen the understanding of the actors' territorial configuration. The results show areas with an outstanding presence of different actors and a dense social network, but also other zones with low or zero activity. Finally, the paper discusses the reasons of this configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since their inception, various urban planning laws have focused on meeting the growth needs of cities, with urban planning as a discipline paying minimal attention to rural settlement planning. It can, therefore sound clichéd to say that urban planning legislation has been mainly concerned with regulating urban and developable land, with residual or negative status being given to undevelopable or rural land. This has had major territorial impacts that continue to this day. The proposed subject of this paper is considered timely and topical, and its main objective is to analyse whether the planning instruments proposed in the Law for the Promotion of Territorial Sustainability in Andalusia (LISTA, acronym in Spanish) for rural settlements and scattered buildings can help regulate rural land dynamics in Andalusia. To do so, we will first model the patterns of settlement formation and isolated dwellings on rural land using geostatistical methods, and then carry out an analysis of the provisions of these latest rural land management laws, which will affect the planning regulations of this land in the coming years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last 50 years there have been significant changes in land cover and land use, mainly those classified as artificial. This process, and its generalisation on a global scale, affect directly the basic functions of the soil, increasing other problems such as the loss of biodiversity, pollution, soil degradation, flooding and the effects of climate change. In the study area (Mazarrón, Region of Murcia) this problem is exemplary: the binomial urban development associated with the increase of beach tourism and intensive agriculture (under greenhouses) alter drastically the nature of the soil. The aim of this paper is twofold: to establish a supervised classification model that distinguishes, with an assumable error, the different classes established, highlighting those considered as sealed surfaces and, in addition, to make a comparison with the latest Corine Land Cover available information (2018). For this purpose, Sentinel 2A satellite images were selected and a maximum likelihood classification was performed. To validate the results, a confusion matrix was developed and an overall accuracy of 89% was obtained. Finally, a significantly underestimation by the Corine Land Cover of 75% of the sealed surfaces was observed, mainly due to its resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Arctic was a relevant hotspot during the Cold War. Years later, the global warming derived from climate change is producing transformations that reveal different possibilities to exploit the Arctic's wealth: natural resources, new trade routes, and tourist activities. This range of opportunities has raised tensions among Russia and United States and European countries. Since 2008, the European Union has been developing its own policy for the Arctic space, being security one of the main challenges that it has to tackle as an international organization. This paper, examines this European Arctic policy through the Conventions Theory to identify the evolution of security issues in the European Union's discourse on the Arctic territory. In order to analyze the situation, we use N-Vivo software to encode the content of fundamental documents published by the EU up to 2021 concerning the Arctic region. The results reflect how security and defense issues have gone from being of secondary importance to being one of the fundamental axes of the current European Arctic policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After its political independence in 1956, Morocco faced different socio-economic problems. This paper shows the development policy implemented in the country, especially that related to the fight against poverty and inequalities. Development policy is analyzed from the first years of independence to 2004. The few good results obtained forced the national government to face such problems through a new development model. Thus, since 2005, the National Initiative for Human Development (NIHD) was initiated. However, this research shows that the NIHD's investments have been directed mainly to the most populated areas and have a null impact on the indicators that measure social problems such as poverty. Therefore, it is clear that the NHRI is not the "magic" solution to the social issue in the country. Regarding the methodology, quantitative and qualitative information has been combined. The first allows for the extraction of indicators for its graphic and cartographic representation and the second allows for an analysis of the assessments expressed by the public actors involved in it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Spanish tourism sector, and specifically its labor force, has been severely affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. According to official data, the aftermaths are variated concerning diversity of regions, territorial typologies, and segments of the tourism industry. In addition, differential impacts can be observed by sex. This paper deepens into the impacts, both territorial and gendered, in tourism employment as a consequence of the first wave of the pandemic (spring 2020). Selected structural variables related, both to the characteristics of the territories and to the activity, have been considered. The first step in the study has been setting up a database concerning structural and short-term indicators, at the provincial and municipal levels. Thematic cartography and principal component analysis have been carried out, complemented with spatial autocorrelation analysis (Moran's Index). The study reveals that highly specialized tourist locations (sun and beach places), were very vulnerable, related to the drop of the international demand. On the contrary, rural mountain areas have shown high levels of resilience, according to the preferences of national tourism during the summer of 2020. Female labor in the tourist industry also experienced a significant decrease, although its behavior is quite similar to the activity as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the face of the confusion and uncertainty that COVID-19 has caused over the last year, Geography has proven to be a useful aid in the interpretation of the spatial dynamics that explain the transmission of the virus. Applied cartography and GIS analysis of epidemiological data have been consolidated as essential tools for interpreting the health crisis. This paper explores the usefulness of maps for the study of the evolution of the pandemic in Castile and Leon, one of the Spanish regions with the highest levels of infection and mortality. Based on the statistical variables of sick and dead people at the scale of the Basic Health Area (BHA), a first analytical approach is carried out by means of a sequence of dynamic maps during the first wave. Afterwards, a systematic study is carried out using thematic mapping for the period of the three waves, a period between March 2020 and March 2021. The analysis unravels the differential impact of the disease between rural and urban areas and reveals the problems of the mismatch between the functional divisions of the territory (BHA, as units of health analysis) and the scale of administrative management (municipalities, as the effective scale of action). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research focuses on the analysis of the housing public policy trajectory in Spain from 1956 to 2020, emphasizing the social and residential emergency over sixty years aiming to show up the current conjuncture and future challenges in the post-pandemic scenario. According to that, it has been developed an exhaustive search in statistics and bibliographical legal databases. The paper deeps on the public housing policy through the different frameworks of actions over sixty years, their comparison to the European context, and the introduction of the geography of housing emergency aggravated by the impact of the COVID-19 crisis. From the mentioned analysis, it is suggested the necessity to impulse, regarding the several Recovery Post-COVID-19 Plans, ambitious public housing and rental plans in Spain, as a way to contribute to repair during the next decade the lack of public housing policies aligned with the surrounding European states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism was a constantly growing industry until the halt brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic. In cities, its negative impact was increasing, with significant cases of overcrowding. COVID-19 has emerged as an exceptional disruptive stage, yet it is also an opportunity to abandon the rush towards unsustainability. This study is a critical analysis of tourism, looking at the most appropriate post-pandemic perspective for urban cultural tourism, based on sustainability and leaving aside the search for profit as the ultimate goal. The main objective is to make proposals for an alternative paradigm. This is a theoretical paper that draws on a literature review of 180 works of scientific reference. Complementarily, information published by the media is accessed and direct observation is carried out as fieldwork. Proposals are made on limiting the number of visitors, improving guided visits, tourist routes, experiential tourism, and virtual tours. We also propose a new centralised tourism governance and regulation of private agents. Therefore, the present text is of interest for public representatives working in the field of urban tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has been consolidated as a fundamental pillar of the new model of competitiveness and sustainable development of territories. However, there has still not been sufficient in-depth study of the role that geographical proximity plays in the digital inequalities that affect regional competitiveness. In this context, this paper aims to identify and characterise the clusters and patterns that define the spatial behaviour of ICT access and usage variables at household and individual level in the Technology Readiness (TR) pillar of the Regional Competitiveness Index (RCI). A database of 280 NUTS2 has been created in order to perform: i) an exploratory statistical analysis to show the regional behaviour of the ICT variables; and ii) a spatial autocorrelation analysis to detect the presence of spatial dependence. The results at regional level in Europe demonstrate that: i) the greatest inequalities occur in the ICT usage variables and not in those of access; ii) the indicators of TR create a spatial pattern with a gradient from the regions of the extreme north-west to south-western and eastern Europe; and iii) there is evidently an opportunity to incorporate other regional variables of ICT usage for future editions of the RCI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the major challenges' tourism faces today is climate change, which inevitably involves adjusting many destinations and tourists to new scenarios. For that, a literature review about the link between tourism and climate is mandatory. Therefore, the present paper aims to establish the evolution of the relationship between tourism and climate, since relevant studies were published from 1940 to 2020. A bibliometric analysis using qualitative and quantitative methods were used for measuring the coverage ratio of tourism and climate (change) in spatial-temporal studies. Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus databases were used to carry out an in-depth analysis based on 889 publications related to tourism climatology. These were synthesized in attributes and codes (e.g. location, journal name, geographic level, methods of analysis, results, implications, and trends). It is true that in the context of tourism research, themes and assumptions give or take a few exceptions, remain constant. Most of the 889 studies analyzed focused on climatological hotspots, such as impacts of climate change on tourism (28.4%) and urban and bioclimatic comfort of tourists in affected destinations (13.2%), with a lower coverage of tourism-related topics such as policies of climate change in tourism (6.1%) or strategies and concrete options to re-enable tourist destinations for climate change (0.2%). The research methods, procedures and results can contribute to advance tourism climatology to a new phase of theoretical and practical application for tourism planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]