Search

Patient factors affect the risk of radiotherapy toxicity, but many are poorly defined. Studies have shown that race affects cancer incidence, survival, drug response, molecular pathways and epigenetics. Effects on radiosensitivity and radiotherapy toxicity are not well studied. The aim of the present study was to identify the effects of race and ethnicity on the risk of radiotherapy toxicity. A systematic review was carried out of PubMed, Ovid Medline and Ovid Embase with no year limit. PRISMA 2020 guidelines were followed. Two independent assessors reviewed papers. Of 607 papers screened, 46 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Papers were published between 1996 and 2021 and involved 30–28,354 individuals (median 433). Most involved patients with prostate (33%), breast (26%) and lung (9%) cancer. Both early and late toxicities were studied. Some studies reported a higher risk of toxicity in White men with prostate cancer compared with other races and ethnicities. For breast cancer patients, some reported an increased risk of toxicity in White women compared with other race and ethnic groups. In general, it was difficult to draw conclusions due to insufficient reporting and analysis of race and ethnicity in published literature. Reporting of race and ethnicity in radiotherapy studies must be harmonised and improved and frameworks are needed to improve the quality of reporting. Further research is needed to understand how ancestral heritage might affect radiosensitivity and risk of radiotherapy toxicity. • Ancestral heritage is likely to affect risk of some radiation toxicities. • Insufficient evidence from reviewing effects of race and ethnicity on toxicity. • Reporting race and ethnicity in radiation studies must be harmonised and improved. • Socioeconomic and comorbidity effects must be addressed. • Radiogenomic research needs diversifying beyond euro-centricity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Comparison of accuracy of the Microsoft Speech Services conversational ASR system finds that phonetic error rates are higher for speech samples of nonwhite, than for white, speakers • Sociophonetic variables account for 20% of ASR errors • CLOx allows automated transcription of conversational speech in one-fifth of the time required to manually produce an orthographic transcription • Steady improvements to ASR systems greatly expedite and simplify the task of sociolinguistic data analysis Addressing racial bias in automatic speech recognition is an area of concern in fields associated with human-computer interaction. Research to date suggests that sociolinguistic variation, namely systematic sources of sociophonetic variation, has yet to be extensively exploited in acoustic model architectures. This paper reports a study that evaluates the performance of one ASR system for a multi-ethnic sample of speakers from the American Pacific Northwest (including Native American, African American, European American and ChicanX speakers). Using a sociophonetic approach to characterizing vocalic and consonantal variation, we ask which dialect features appear to be most challenging for our ASR system. We also ask which error types are particular to the four ethnic dialects sampled. Recordings of both conversational and read speech were coded for a common set of 18 sociophonetic variables with distinct phonetic profiles. Automatic transcription was achieved using CLOx , a custom-built ASR system created for sociolinguistic analysis. Normalized error frequency rates were compared across ethnic samples to evaluate CLOx performance. N f error rates demonstrate clear differential performance in the ASR system, pointing to racial bias in system output. Specific predictions are made regarding approaches that might be taken to leverage sociophonetic knowledge to improve social dialect-recognition accuracy in ASR systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How is wealth distributed when the economy grows? I study this question in the context of African countries and ethnic groups. If wealth is distributed proportional to population, larger ethnic groups should benefit more when economic activity increases. Using nighttime light and individual level data to geographically locate wealth, I find the exact opposite: Smaller ethnic groups, particularly those in political power, benefit more from increased economic activity than larger ones. The results indicate that political elites in power redistribute wealth from larger ethnic groups. As a result, people's satisfaction with democracy and trust in institutions reduces, casting a shadow on the implementation of trade liberalization policies in developing countries. Instrumental variables estimating exploiting exogenous variation in trading activity confirm initial results. • How is wealth distributed when the economy grows? • This Paper provides evidence that political elite capture the gains from trade. • Elite capture has negative consequences for individuals' satisfaction with democracy and trust in institutions. • Results cast a shadow on trade policies' impact on (democratic) development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the creation of the district of Megantoni, home to vast reserves of natural gas currently exploited by the Camisea project, as an example of recent territorial ordering in Peru. We focus on the political conditions that enable communities to renegotiate potential advantages from existing extractive projects. We emphasize the politicization of collective identities as central for advancing the claims of diverse ethnic groups, while drawing attention to the conflation of contextual factors that made the mobilization of Indigenous communities for the creation of their own district more likely. These factors are related to Camisea's sustainable energy discourse, domestic security threats linked to political violence and drug-trafficking, and a political discourse based on social inclusion. The paper demonstrates the varied uses of territorial ordering outside resistance in the context of resource extraction. It also shows that Indigenous identity can be politicized for cooperation among diverse ethnic groups, and in this way, advance their territorial project and secure access to benefits from existing projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper utilises recent survey data to estimate income inequality in Guyana between 1990–2021. It finds that class-based inequality exceeds ethnic income inequality, and the latter is more pronounced in the top 10 percent of the population. The over-representation of Indo- and Indigenous-Guyanese in the top decile increases class inequality within these groups because Afro- and Mixed-Guyanese are over-represented in the bottom 90 percent of the population. Also, the evidence shows that electoral turnover in 2015 increased the dominance of Indo-Guyanese in the top 10 percent relative to other groups. Moreover, the paper demonstrates that fiscal policy has more explanatory power than monetary policy and structural reforms in explaining the dynamics of income inequality. Overall, the evidence indicates that intra-class competition for ethnic dominance of the top decile may account for inter-ethnic conflict as politicians invest in ethnic prejudice to weaken inter-class competition and strengthen the intra-class contest. • This paper utilises recent survey data to estimate income inequality in Guyana between 1990–2021. • Class inequality exceeds ethnic income gaps. • There is higher class inequality within the Indo- and Indigenous-Guyanese communities compared to Afro- and Mixed-Guyanese. • Indo- and Indigenous-Guyanese are over-represented in the top 10 percent of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Advances language attitude research by associating ethnic categorisation with its reasons. • Finds a movement from ethnic-sounding to ethnically neutral speech among IE and YE speakers. • Demonstrates that good educational background helps to minimise L1 interference features. • Broadens language attitude research to endonormative Nigerian Englishes. • Offers a new perspective for identifying sociopsychological processes that underlie language evaluation. There has been a dearth of studies in language attitude research focusing on the association between ethnic categorisation and underlying reasons for the categorisation of accents of Nigerian English. This paper examines the ethnic categorisation of speakers of Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba Englishes and the reasons for categorising their accents into ethnic groups by 406 participants from three Nigerian universities. The findings reveal that participants found it challenging to distinguish between speakers of Igbo and Yoruba Englishes, which points to a possibility of language change in progress in the speech of Igbo and Yoruba ethnic groups in Southern Nigeria. The results show a significant association between good educational background (GEB) and de-ethnicised speech, demonstrating that GEB helps to minimise common L1 interference features. This study offers a new perspective for the study of language attitudes: it demonstrates participants' levels of exposure to Nigerian Englishes; and it reveals the sociopsychological processes that underlie accent recognition and ethnic categorisation of accents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the specific ways in which three dual language (DL) teachers from diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds engaged in ideological clarity (Bartolome, 2000), and then expanded this understanding to engage in what we have identified as linguistic ideological clarity. This process entails self-reflection, the naming of unjust practices through the deployment of linguistic, cultural, and ethnic identities and agency, and the display of critical consciousness seeking to address inequities. Data for this paper comes from two independently conducted qualitative studies in similar U.S. geographical regions. Data sources included life-history and semi-structured interviews, demographic questionnaires, and field notes. This inquiry sheds light on the significant role that linguistic ideological clarity plays in dual language teachers' language learning ideologies and the principles surrounding their pedagogical practices in racialized contexts. Through the exploration of these teachers' journeys and actions, we hope to add to the critical work needed within DL contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately impacted ethnic minorities in the global north, evidenced by higher rates of transmission, morbidity, and mortality relative to population sizes. Orthodox Jewish neighbourhoods in London had extremely high SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence rates, reflecting patterns in Israel and the US. The aim of this paper is to examine how responsibilities over health protection are conveyed, and to what extent responsibility is sought by, and shared between, state services, and 'community' stakeholders or representative groups, and families in public health emergencies. The study investigates how public health and statutory services stakeholders, Orthodox Jewish communal custodians and households sought to enact health protection in London during the first year of the pandemic (March 2020–March 2021). Twenty-eight semi-structured interviews were conducted across these cohorts. Findings demonstrate that institutional relations – both their formation and at times fragmentation – were directly shaped by issues surrounding COVID-19 control measures. Exchanges around protective interventions (whether control measures, contact tracing technologies, or vaccines) reveal diverse and diverging attributions of responsibility and authority. The paper develops a framework of public health relations to understand negotiations between statutory services and minority groups over responsiveness and accountability in health protection. Disaggregating public health relations can help social scientists to critique who and what characterises institutional relationships with minority groups, and what ideas of responsibility and responsiveness are projected by differently-positioned stakeholders in health protection. • COVID-19 produced diverse responses and relations around health protection in London. •Pandemic preparedness can be enhanced by mapping possible partners in localities. •Establishing public health partnerships requires adequate resources. •Public health services cannot defer responsibility entirely to local partners. •Households are key constituents of public health relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the issues with the current nomenclature of psychotropic agents, which may be misleading or confusing, the Neuroscience-based Nomenclature (NbN) started being developed in 2009. It was introduced as one approach to the classification of pharmacological treatments based on a medication's putative psychopharmacological mechanisms of action derived from preclinical and clinical studies. In 2018, the NbN-Child & Adolescent (NbN C&A) was released. Since then, the NbN C&A has been refined, and its website and app (https://nbnca.com/) have been implemented. JAACAP encourages its authors and readers to consider utilizing the NbN C&A and to keep abreast of its developments over time. This is in line with the core missions of the Journal: to contribute to the translation and implementation of the most up-to-date science into real-world clinical practice. DIVERSITY & INCLUSION STATEMENT: One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of one or more historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirical evidence points to a persistent Black-White racial gap in police-caused homicides. Some scholarship treats the gap as denoting criminal justice exposure either in terms of involvement in crime or living in a high-crime context. By contrast, health scholarship typically points to the importance of racism including the attitudes, institutional practices, and overall structures that operate to privilege one group over another. Still, given the demographics of US society, the Black-White racial contrast overlooks the 25% of Americans who are neither Black nor White: Native Americans, Latinos, and Asians. The question of how the groups should be organized vis-a-vis the current Black-White model and theories arises. An answer is not straightforward. There is a rank-ordering to the groups' mortality rates as well as an exponential increase in the number of possible comparisons. In this paper we systematically review the literature on race and police-caused homicide with a particular focus on studies that attempt to move beyond the Black-White model. We find that studies on race and police-caused homicide either make no comparison between the groups, or, alternatively, use a White-non-White, a Black-non-Black, and/or a Black-Native American-Latino vs. White-Asian comparison. We use data on group-specific mortality rates to examine the strengths and limits of each of these practices. The limits are the selection of counterfactual gaps, the selection of smaller gaps, and/or the omission of larger gaps. To address these limits, we propose that a Black-Native American vs. Latino-White-Asian model best captures the higher and lower mortality rates in police-caused homicide data. • Mortality rates from police-caused homicide vary by race and ethnicity. • The Black group has the highest rate followed by the Native American, Latino, White and Asian groups. • The literature makes one of several contrasts between these groups. • These are White-non-White; Black-non-Black, or Black-Native American-Latino vs. White-Asian. • Black-Native American vs. Latino-White-Asian contrast best reflects the groups' mortality rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The past two decades have witnessed an increase in ethnicity-related peer aggression, driven by the intensification of the migration phenomenon and rise of information and communication technologies. The goal of the current study is to extend the scope of previous reviews on peer aggression to examine the emerging evidence on the role of technological tools in the prevention, detection, and handling of ethnicity-related peer aggression among young people. We have identified 14 relevant papers published between 2005 and 2020 that help us answer the following research questions: What forms of aggression among young ethnic minorities do these technological interventions try to address? What types of technological interventions are being used? The results indicate that the technological tools are being used to tackle both intergroup as well as intragroup peer aggression, in which ethnic minorities youth is involved (as a victim, perpetrator or bystander). Most studies have focused on adolescents and young adults in the US or in Europe. The technological tools reported on, include: online games, videos, social media, and chat-based programmes, or machine learning algorithms aimed at tackling online and offline peer aggression. They can be used either as stand - alone tools, or as part of intervention programmes (at the school, family or community level). These findings can be useful to improve and elaborate future digital technologies developed to address ethnicity-related peer aggression. • The review maps the existing literature on the role of technological tools in tackling ethnicity-related peer aggression. • All forms of peer aggression are considered in which ethnic minorities youth was involved. • Three groups of technological interventions are identified and categorized into intra- or intergroup ethnicity-related peer aggression. • The digital tools presented include: online games, video, social media, chat-based programmes, and machine learning algorithms. • Our study reveals some follow-up research questions needed to expand current knowledge on digital technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present systematic review is to investigate the role of both classroom and school ethnic diversity, a structural aspect of interethnic relationships, in relation to bullying and victimization. Several moderators of this association have been analyzed: country or area of data collection, how ethnicity is operationalized and computed, and participants' school level. A systematic literature search on Scopus, Web of Science and Eric databases was conducted in January 2021; 4496 articles were identified and a final set of 20 papers have been selected. Almost half of the analyses did not find any significant association between bullying perpetration and ethnic diversity, while the other half found a positive one; few studies found a positive association between ethnic diversity and victimization. Operationalization of ethnicity and area of data collection play a role for both bullying perpetration and victimization. In North America, focusing on race, ethnic diversity has shown a protective role for victimization; in Europe, where the focus is on immigrant backgrounds, diversity may constitute a risk factor. About victimization, ethnic diversity represents a risk factor at younger ages and turns into a more protective factor in secondary schools. Results are discussed in terms of practical implications across development. • Ethnic diversity (ED) may affect rates of bullying and victimization. • In North America, focused on race, ED may be a protective factor for victimization. • In Europe, focused on immigrant background, ED may be a risk factor for bullying. • Developmental trends emerged, suggesting early interventions to promote inclusion. • Ethnic diversity at the school level is a protective factor for victimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we conduct a multi-criteria correspondence test to assess the extent of discrimination in access to employment against candidates with a hearing disability and compare it to three other potential grounds for discrimination: ethnicity, place of residence and gender. From October 2019 to February 2020, we sent 2315 applications to 463 job vacancies in the Paris region in France for two occupations, administrative managers and caregiver assistants, in both the private and public sectors. We find that discrimination on the grounds of disability is similar in scope to that found on the grounds of ethnicity in the profession of administrative manager, but discrimination against the disabled candidate is half that experienced by the North African candidate in the profession of caregiver assistant. Moreover, discrimination on the grounds of disability is twice as high in the profession of caregiver assistant, a role which requires more interaction with public, as in the profession of administrative manager. We do not find any evidence of a difference in callback rates based on place of residence or gender. Finally, we cannot conclude that hiring discrimination is systematically lower in the public sector than in the private sector, nor that being eligible for a public subsidy reduces hiring discrimination against the disabled candidate. • Multi-criteria correspondence experiment including disability. • Discrimination in hiring on the basis of hearing disability and ethnicity. • No discrimination in hiring on the grounds of gender or location. • Discrimination in hiring not always lower in the public sector. • Public subsidy does not appear to increase candidate with disability's success rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Reports on child maltreatment identify actions, responses, and causes of abuse. • Language used to report child maltreatment differs in urban and rural counties. • Language usage is different across different racial/ethnic backgrounds of children. • Text mining is a viable method for identifying thematic topics in child welfare. Child welfare involvement begins with unscripted or semi-scripted narratives reported to intake specialists by professional and nonprofessional reporters. These narratives determine how to respond to reports of child abuse and neglect. Child welfare reporting varies drastically based on geographic region and is known to have a disproportionate impact on children of color. This paper explores how textual analysis can be used to study language differences between urban and rural jurisdictions, report source, and how language use differs according to the child's race. Reports on child abuse and neglect from State Fiscal Year 2019 in a Midwestern state's public child protection services agency were used. Analysis was conducted on 145,423 reports using sentiment analysis. Every word was assigned a sentiment score. Report scores were calculated using the average sentiment of all words within the report. Each report's overall score was used to evaluate whether sentimental language differed across geographic location, report source, and child race/ethnicity. Textual analysis shows that language differs between urban and rural reports (p = 0.033) and the language used by report sources to report on children of different races/ethnicities is significantly different across groups (p = 0.00). However, these variables only explained 4% of the variation in sentiment value with an effect size of D = 0.01. Textual analysis offers child welfare jurisdictions a way to explore variation within reports across different geographic areas, report sources and children's race/ethnicity. For sentiment analysis to be more applicable to child welfare, a child welfare specific dictionary should be developed to ensure each word is considered within the context of child abuse and neglect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined factors associated with child labor situation in Vietnam, using data from the Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey (VHLSS) in 2012. A binary logistic model was applied to examine determinants of working status for children aged 6–17, and then ordinary least square and logit regression models were utilized to identify factors associated with child labor's indicators, which were presented by the number of working hours and types of economic activities. The findings revealed important roles of children's age and education level, ethnicity and their households' credit status on their provision of labor. In addition, the study found that preferential loans aiming at reducing poverty and improving household living standards tended to encourage child labor. From these findings, the paper provided policy implications to mitigate child labor issues in Vietnam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]