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Recently, water desalination (WD) has been required for the supply of drinking water in a number of countries. Various technologies of WD utilize considerable thermal and/or electrical energies for removing undesirable salts. Desalination systems now rely on renewable energy resources (RERs) such as geothermal, solar, tidal, wind power, etc. The intermittent nature and changeable intensity constrain the wide applications of renewable energy, so the combination of energy storage systems (ESSs) with WD in many locations has been introduced. Thermal energy storage (TES) needs a convenient medium for storing and hence reuses energy. The present work provides a good background on the methods and technologies of WD. Furthermore, the concepts of both thermal and electrical energy storage are presented. In addition, a detailed review of employing ESSs in various WD processes driven by RERs is presented. The integration of energy storage with water desalination systems (WDSs) based on renewable energy has a much better capability, economically and environmentally, compared with conventional desalination systems. The ESSs are required to guarantee a constant supply of fresh water over the day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractJet impingement is a heat transfer technique utilized in different applications in industry. It is used for cooling the turbine blade and the combustor wall because of its high cooling rate. The heat transfer (HT) and flow structure of a circular air-impinging jet over a flat target plate with a circular row of 48 roughness elements are numerically investigated using renormalization group k–ε turbulence model. Different shapes of roughness elements, namely cylindrical roughness elements (CREs), droplet roughness elements (DREs), and hemispherical roughness elements (HREs), are examined. The effects of Reynolds number changed from 7,000 to 35,000, and the roughness elements location relative to jet diameter (s/d) of 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 at a constant jet-to-target plate distance (H/d) of 2 are studied. Temperature distribution, local Nusselt number (Nu), average Nusselt number (Nuavg), average Nusselt number ratio (Nuavg,r), velocity distribution, turbulence kinetic energy, streamline contours, and static pressure (p) over the roughness elements are evaluated and discussed. The results showed that the existence of roughness elements has a significant effect on the thermal and hydraulic characteristics. The Nuavg,r for the CREs, DREs, and HREs is up to 1.61, 2.02, and 1.2, respectively. All roughness element shapes increase the flow velocity in the narrow area between the elements and increase the wetted area. CREs augment the HT rates by increasing the turbulence intensity, while DREs reduce the drag force effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Over the last few decades, great deals on ground-source heat pumps (GSHPs) have been broadly addressed. Various systems of GSHP have been employed worldwide for residential and nonresidential buildings due to their attractive advantages of high energy and environmental performance. The present paper aims to review comprehensively the previous investigations concerning the recent technologies of GSHPs. A brief description of GSHPs and their types, such as open and closed loops and vertical and horizontal GSHPs, is presented. The effects of the employed working fluids and the backfill material on the thermal performance of GSHPs are discussed. Various simulation models that describe the boreholes, such as Kelvin's line-source model, the cylindrical-source model, the finite-length line-source method, Eskilson's model, etc., are discussed. Simulation models utilized in the boreholes as one- and two-dimensional, or quasi-three-dimensional, are studied. The thermal resistance in the borehole, considering the properties of grouting materials and the configuration of borehole flow channels, is evaluated. In addition, different applications of GSHPs integrated with solar systems, cooling towers, ice storage systems, and air-conditioning systems are presented. Finally, the sustainable developments, challenges, and future work of GSHPs are introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metaheuristic optimization algorithms (MHA) play a significant role in obtaining the best (optimal) values of the system's parameters to improve its performance. This role is significantly apparent when dealing with systems where the classical analytical methods fail. Fractional-order (FO) systems have not yet shown an easy procedure to deal with the determination of their optimal parameters through traditional methods. In this paper, a recent, systematic. And comprehensive review is presented to highlight the role of MHA in obtaining the best set of gains and orders for FO controllers. The systematic review starts by exploring the most relevant publications related to the MHA and the FO controllers. The study is focused on the most popular controllers such as the FO-PI, FO-PID, FO Type-1 fuzzy-PID, and FO Type-2 fuzzy-PID. The time domain is restricted in the articles published through the last decade (2014:2023) in the most reputed databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. The identified number of papers, from the entire databases, has reached 850 articles. A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology was applied to the initial set of articles to be screened and filtered to end up with a final list that contains 82 articles. Then, a thorough and comprehensive study was applied to the final list. The results showed that Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is the most attractive optimizer to the researchers to be used in the optimal parameters identification of the FO controllers as it attains about 25% of the published papers. In addition, the papers that used PSO as an optimizer have gained a high citation number despite the fact that the Chaotic Atom Search Optimization (ChASO) is the highest one, but it is used only once. Furthermore, the Integral of the Time-Weighted Absolute Error (ITAE) is the best nominated cost function. Based on our comprehensive literature review, this appears to be the first review paper that systematically and comprehensively addresses the optimization of the parameters of the fractional-order PI, PID, Type-1, and Type-2 fuzzy controllers with the use of MHAs. Therefore, the work in this paper can be used as a guide for researchers who are interested in working in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of solar thermal systems (STSs) has recently reached a significant edge. The increasing research on developing an alternative power supply for limiting fossil fuel usage and climate change are the driving forces of STSs. The current work explores the recent progress in STSs' applications, including PV/T or "photovoltaic/thermal" systems, zero-energy buildings, greenhouse solar thermal applications, solar thermal for pumping water, solar thermal refrigerators, solar chimneys, water desalination, and solar collectors, along with the benefits and challenges of these applications. Then, the potential contribution of STSs in achieving the various SDGs or "Sustainable development goals", including barriers and research gaps, are elaborated. In brief, STSs significantly contribute to the seventeen SDGs' achievement directly and indirectly. Recent developments in the engineering applications of STSs are strongly based on the materials of construction, as well as their design, process optimisation, and integration with multidisciplinary sciences and technologies such as modelling, nanoscience/nanotechnology, and artificial intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, the exergoeconomic analysis of a cogeneration pulp and paper plant under bi-operating modes at different environment temperatures of 290, 295, 305, 310, and 320 K was investigated. Two operating modes of the cogeneration system, i.e., a hybrid operating mode using a power boiler and a recovery boiler and a singular operating mode using a power boiler only, were considered. Natural gas was utilized as the main fuel in the power boiler, while black liquor with heavy fuel oil was employed in the recovery boiler. The total capital investment, total operating, exergy, unit exergy, and exergy destruction costs for each operating mode were evaluated. The results indicated that the total capital investment cost was 3420.27 $/h, and the total capital investment and the operation and maintenance costs in the hybrid and singular modes were 5853.27 and 6226.67 $/h, respectively. As well, the unit exergy cost and the exergy cost of steam introduced by the power boiler were 39.31 $/MWh and 2503.69 $/h, respectively. Where these values for the recovery boiler were 34.69 $/MWh and 554.30 $/h, respectively. Furthermore, the exergy destruction costs at an environment temperature of 320 K for the power and recovery boilers were 1436.6 and 213.63 $/h, respectively. In the hybrid mode, the soda at a 10% concentration was recovered, with a rate of 32 t per hour desired for the cooking process in the pulp mill. In addition, the use of black liquor as a bio-fuel in the recovery boiler saved 14% of the consumption of natural gas. • Exergoeconomic analysis was performed for the pulp and paper industry. • Hybrid and singular operating modes for different ambient temperatures were studied. • Unit exergy cost, exergy cost, and exergy destruction cost were evaluated. • Using black liquor as a bio-fuel in RB saved about 14% of natural gas consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work discusses the novel application of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) in the transport sector as well as portable applications. This kind of fuel cell produces a considerable quantity of heat while in operation. This quantity of heat is about 45–60% of entire energy composition of the hydrogen that is introduced into the cell. A correctly built cooling system must be used to efficiently eliminate produced heat from the stack to extend the stack's life and preserve its efficiency throughout its entire lifespan. Using appropriate thermal management techniques coupled with exploiting possibilities for fuel cell heat recovery may significantly improve size, cost, etc., while also reducing its total energy consumption. It is possible to collect and utilise the heat produced by PEMFC in other applications. A thorough analysis of heat recovery possibilities in this type of fuel cells is presented in this investigation. Similarly, the study further touched on the need for experimental studies into waste heat recovery from proton exchange membrane fuel cells as most of the recent work being championed are modelling based and does not really present a real life scenario of the system investigated. The need for investigations into the environmental performance of the waste heat recovery unit coupled to the proton exchange fuel cell system is also another important research direction that must be considered in future studies. Finally most of the studies on waste heat recovery from fuel cells have largely employed the use of organic Rankine cycle but other types of thermodynamic cycles like Kalina cycle is however recommended for further investigations due to their range of operation hence making them suitable for low and high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells. • Role of PEMFC in the transport sector as well as portable applications was discussed. • PEM Fuel cell in Combine Heat and Power Applications was illustrated. • Waste heat recovery in FCs was summarised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates experimentally the influence of a movable air jet impingement on the characteristics of heat transfer over a flat plate. The experiments are conducted with a nozzle translation velocity ( V n ) of 200 mm min−1, a Reynolds number (Re) of 24,000, and a nozzle-to-plate distance ratio (H/D) of 1, 3, 5, and 7. The characteristics of heat transfer on a flat surface due to the use of a movable air nozzle are compared with those of a fixed one using an IR camera. The local Nusselt number (Nu), average Nusselt number ( Nu ¯ ), heat transfer uniformity index (HTU), and heat transfer uniformity (U) are investigated. The results demonstrate that the movable nozzle is more effective than the fixed one for reducing the temperature variation over the heating surface, leading to more heat transfer uniformity. The maximum values of both the Nu and Nu ¯ are obtained at a H/D of 1. The U that is improved for the movable nozzle when compared to the fixed nozzle is significantly influenced by the H/D. The maximum values of U are 85 and 72% at a H/D of 7 for the movable and fixed nozzles, respectively. The movable nozzle improves the uniformity of heat transfer more than the fixed one by 75, 42, 39, and 43% at a H/D of 1, 3, 5, and 7, respectively. Moreover, a comparison between the results of the Nu ¯ of the present work and those of previous studies is conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, a thermodynamic analysis of a cogeneration system in a pulp and paper industry under different operating modes i.e., singular and hybrid with a variable ambient temperature is conducted according to actual operating data. For singular operating mode, the power boiler is only employed using natural gas while for hybrid operating mode, the power boiler with the recovery boiler is employed using natural gas and black liquor as main fuels, respectively. The results show that for hybrid operating mode in comparison with the singular one, the thermal efficiency of turbine and condenser is enhanced by 1.36 and 7.7%, respectively while it is reduced by 2.8% for the power boiler. In addition, the overall thermal efficiency under singular and hybrid operating modes is 87.4 and 53.7%, respectively. For hybrid operating mode, the exergy destruction of power boiler decreases by almost 10% compared with that for the singular operating mode. Also, at hybrid operating mode, the soda is recovered with a mass flow rate of 33 tons/hour that is required for the cooking process in the chemical pulp section and additionally the consumption of natural gas in the power boiler is reduced by 11.8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a modified bald eagle search optimization algorithm was applied for the first time to determine the parameters of the triple diode model (TDM) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Two experimental datasets are considered; the first is measured I–V points for a PSC at standard conditions. The second consists of the measured I–V points for a modified PSC. In contrast, the cost function to be minimized is the root mean square error (RMSE) between the experimental dataset and the calculated one. To prove the superiority of modified bald eagle search optimization (mBES), a comparison with the original bald eagle search optimization (BES), particle swarm optimizer (PSO), Hunger games search (HGS), and recent Coronavirus Disease Optimization Algorithm (COVIDOA) was implemented. Furthermore, statistical analysis of ANOVA and Tukey tests was performed. The results demonstrate the lead of the recommended mBES in identifying the parameters of the TDM for PSCs, where the RMSE achieved the least value among the used optimization algorithms in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the cooling of a gas turbine (GT) blade leading edge using a single row of five impinging air jets was numerically and experimentally investigated. The inner surface of the blade leading edge was depicted as a semicircle profile. The numerical study was performed using a shear stress transport (SST) k-ω turbulence model. On the other side, the experimental work was conducted using the infrared (IR) thermal camera. Additionally, the heat transfer characteristics were investigated with changing the Reynolds number (⁠Re ⁠) from 5000 to 40,000. The study was carried out for different cases based on the jet diameter (⁠d ⁠), named as fixed diameter (FD) and variable jet diameter in the streamwise flow direction, i.e., ascending diameter (AD) and descending diameter (DD). The local and average Nusselt numbers and heat transfer uniformity were studied at different operating and design parameters. The results revealed that for FD, increasing the jet diameter decreased the average Nusselt number while it enhanced the heat transfer uniformity. Furthermore, for all values of Re ⁠, the thermal performance of the AD was better than the DD, which has the worst heat transfer uniformity. Finally, predicted developed correlations to estimate the average Nusselt number, surface heat transfer uniformity, and performance evaluation factor (PEF) for all cases of jet diameter were introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sudden increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere due to the high dependency on fossil products has created the need for an urgent solution to mitigate this challenge. Global warming, which is a direct result of excessive CO2 emissions into the atmosphere, is one major issue that the world is trying to curb, especially in the 21st Century where most energy generation mediums operate using fossil products. This investigation considered a number of materials ideal for the capturing of CO2 in the post-combustion process. The application of aqueous ammonia, amine solutions, ionic liquids, and activated carbons is thoroughly discussed. Notable challenges are impeding their advancement, which are clearly expatiated in the report. Some merits and demerits of these technologies are also presented. Future research directions for each of these technologies are also analyzed and explained in detail. Furthermore, the impact of post-combustion CO2 capture on the circular economy is also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuel cells (FCs) have received huge attention for development from lab and pilot scales to full commercial scale. This is mainly due to their inherent advantage of direct conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy as a high-quality energy supply and, hence, higher conversion efficiency. Additionally, FCs have been produced at a wide range of capacities with high flexibility due to modularity characteristics. Using the right materials and efficient manufacturing processes is directly proportional to the total production cost. This work explored the different components of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and their manufacturing processes. The challenges associated with these manufacturing processes were critically analyzed, and possible mitigation strategies were proposed. The PEMFC is a relatively new and developing technology so there is a need for a thorough analysis to comprehend the current state of fuel cell operational characteristics and discover new areas for development. It is hoped that the view discussed in this paper will be a means for improved fuel cell development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The three-fluid heat exchanger is a multi-stream heat exchanger that provides three streams at different temperatures for certain usage objectives. Recently, optimizing heat exchangers generally and three-fluid heat exchangers especially have received great attention in the energy field. The current study objective is to get the optimal mass flow rate of the three streams to minimize the entropy generation number and maximize effectiveness. Optimization is performed on the inserted coiled tube type for 24 cases with different usage objectives and different mass flow rate constraints. The optimization is done using an analytical approach for the temperature profiles and a regressed model for the overall heat transfer coefficients. Single-objective and multi-objective genetic algorithms are the optimization algorithms. The result shows that cooling the hot fluid is the most efficient usage objective; however, heating the intermediate-temperature fluid is the less efficient usage objective. Also, the study shows that the entropy generation number is dependent on the mass flow rate constraint. The maximum effectiveness of 0.693 occurs when the usage objective is cooling the hot fluid. In this case, the mass flow rate of the cold and the intermediate-temperature fluids are maxima while the mass flow rate of the hot fluid is minimum. The minimum entropy generation number 0.0486 occurs when the mass flow rate of the cold fluid is maximum while the mass flow rate of the hot fluid and intermediate-temperature fluid are minimal. [Display omitted] • Heat transfer of a three-fluid heat exchanger is investigated. • A model for optimizing the inserted coiled tube three-fluid heat exchanger is developed. • The maximum errors for the regression models of heat transfer coefficients are 1.72% and 2.81%. • The maximum effectiveness reached about 0.69323. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Three designs of photovoltaic-based skylights are proposed to save energy in buildings. • The integration of vacuum glazing with photovoltaic skylights is evaluated. • Using a vacuum layer at the backside of the PV layer is favorable for thermal insulation. • Using a vacuum-based PV skylight reduces the total U-value from 6.3 to 1.9 W/m2.K at ASTM. • Using the vacuum layer with the PV-skylight slightly decreases the power generation of the PV. In commercial buildings with large glazing facades, transparent facades and skylights play a considerable impact on energy consumption. In this study, three different photovoltaic (PV) -based skylights are compared to save energy in these buildings. The first skylight uses a vacuum glazing sample as a substrate at the backside of the PV layers. The second design integrates a vacuum glazing layer in front of the PV layers. And lastly, the PV layers are attached to a single layer of glazing with a solar cells covers 25% of the whole area. A 3D thermal model is developed and validated with data from the literature to compare these designs. it is concluded that using a vacuum layer at the backside of the PV layer is favorable for thermal insulation and attains relatively similar power generation to the case without a vacuum layer. In more detail, replacing the single glazing PV skylight with the first skylight design reduces the total U-value of the glazing from 6.3 to 1.9 W/m2.K for a glazing sample with an area of 0.4 m by 0.4 m at ASTM boundary conditions. Furthermore, at received solar irradiance of 1000 W/m2, an ambient temperature of 25 °C, and a wind speed of 1 m/s, replacing the third skylight design with the first skylight design slightly reduced the electricity generation from 37.4 W/m2 to 36.4 W/m2, significantly decreased the heat flux transfer from 91.1 W/m2 to 50.5 W/m2 and lowers the indoor surface temperature from 32.1 °C to 27.1 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable energy storage medium has increased significantly in recent times. Air contamination, which is widely considered to be harmful to an ecological niche, has fuelled the growth of sustainable energy sources. On the other hand, adopting sustainable energy technology can create significant issues for keeping the grid stable. With variations in the output of renewable energy sources, storage is essential for power and voltage balancing. Storage of electricity is necessary for energy management, frequency control, peak shaving, load balancing, periodic storage, and backup production in the event of a power outage. As a result, storage technologies have received increasing attention and have evolved into something more than a need in today's world. This article provides a thorough assessment of battery energy storage systems. In addition to describing the features and capabilities of each type of battery storage technology, it also discusses the benefits and drawbacks of each innovation when contrasted to other storage mediums. There are comparative charts with many features of each storage technique provided and descriptions of the various uses of energy storage methods. Furthermore, The current work discussed the batteries' strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis in power transmission. • Current state of Battery Energy storage system technology is discussed. • Comparative study on types of battery energy storage is evaluated. • SWOT analysis of notable types of battery is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon capture (CC), along with the efforts to reduce carbon emissions at the source, is a major action toward the mitigation of climate change and global warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Carbon emissions amount to 36.3 Gt-CO 2 in 2021 from 31.5 Gt-CO 2 in 2022, with a drop of about 1.5 Gt-CO 2 in 2020 relative to 2019 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The carbon emissions originate from heat and power, transportation, process industries, and residential activities constitute 47.7, 24.9, 18.9, and 8.5% of the total emissions, respectively. The process industries represent the second large-scale point-source of carbon emissions next to heat and power. Additionally, the process industries have high-intensity carbon emissions up to 0.6–0.8 t-CO 2 /t-cement, 1.4–2 t-CO 2 /t-steel, and 2.7–99.2 kg CO 2 /bbl, with flue gas streams having high CO 2 concentration up to 30%. In comparison to 0.4 t-CO 2 /MWh and 3–16% CO 2 in the flue gas from heat and power facilities, these process industries present a highly effective target for CC application. This work reviews and critically discusses the large-scale application of CC to different process industries, namely, cement, iron and steel, oil refinery, and chemicals. CC can be achieved by three main approaches, i.e., post-combustion, pre-combustion, and oxyfuel combustion. Post-combustion and chemical-looping are the common CC approaches utilized in process industries, with the first being widely applied due to its ease of incorporation, and the latter is commonly used in the cement industry. CC with the capacity in the range of 0.4–2 Mt-CO 2 /yr is planned for cement plants relative to current capacities of 75 kt-CO 2 /yr. Similarly, CC capacity up to 0.8 Mt-CO 2 /yr has been integrated into iron and steel plants, in which captured CO 2 is utilized for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) applications. In the oil and gas industry, CC has been widely utilized, in the context of gas purification, being an essential gas processing unit, with CC capacities up to 1.4 Mt-CO 2 /yr, and plans to reach 4 Mt-CO 2 /yr. CC cost is the main challenge for the widespread implementation of CC in process industries with a wide range of reported costs of USD9.8-250/t-CO 2 depending on the process industry and the CC technology used. [Display omitted] • Process industries emit about 18.5% of the global carbon emissions. • Cement, iron & steel, and oil refining are the major CO 2 emitting processes. • Carbon capture (CC) is a major mitigation action of climate change. • The current process industry's CC capacity of 7 Mt-CO 2 /y has to increase to the Gt-CO 2 /y scale. • CC cost and integrability to existence processes present the main challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid progress in the global population and technical advances have resulted in exponential growth in the use of fossil fuels. These are not only limited in resources but also have a severe environmental impact. The accumulation of greenhouse gases (GHGs), more specifically carbon emissions, in the environment has resulted in severe health issues and climate changes. The Paris Climate Agreement calls for restricting global warming to only 1.5 °C by 2050 relative to the pre-industrial era. This requires reducing global GHGs emissions as soon and as much as possible. Massive efforts are being put into minimizing GHG emissions, such as using renewable energy resources and/or using carbon capture technologies (CCT). In this study, different CCTs were introduced, focusing on the pre-combustion as a promising CCT approach. In this work, the role of CCT in realizing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) was thoroughly analyzed and discussed. A total of 87 indicators were developed to measure and analyze the contribution of CCT to achieving the different SDGs. The focus given to the role of the pre-combustion CCT in achieving SDGs is being elaborated. The indicators and analysis covered the economic, environmental, and social pillars of sustainable development. It was found that CCT contributes well to all 17 SDGs, with core and substantial contributions to SDG-7 of "Affordable and clean energy", and ultimately SDG-13 of "Climate action". The developed indicators would work as a guideline for the different players to ensure that CCT is fully adhering the SDGs principles. The proposed indicators have nine main benefits, i.e., assist in the achievement of the SDGs, providing information for the decision-makers, enhance and benchmark sustainability performance, improve risk management, enhance data management and reporting practices, improve resource allocation and reduce the expenses, improve environmental performance, reduce social impact, and improve communications with stakeholder. Moreover, the different barriers facing the CCT were presented. • The role of the CCTs in achieving sustainable development and SDGs were presented. • Develops a set of 87 novel indicators to assess the contribution of CCT into SDGs. • Monitoring and evaluation of these indicators help to maximize CCT contribution to SDGs. • The interrelation between CCT and circular economy with related SDGs were presented. • The barriers facing the CCTs were elaborated and linked with SDGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]