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Scientifically characterizing the intrinsic mechanism of the biased reduction targets affecting agricultural green innovation is of great practical significance for the systematic promotion of the greening transformation of China's agricultural development mode. This paper first constructed a two-sector endogenous economic growth model, theoretically deducing the intrinsic mechanism by which the bias reduction targets were adjusted through the green transformation of agricultural production input factors, which in turn affected the research and development decision-making of the agricultural innovation sector. To the end, this paper treated the strategy of zero growth in synthetic fertilizer use (ZGS) implemented in 2015 as a policy shock and empirically assessed its green innovation effect using the staggered difference-in-differences model. The results showed that ZGS significantly contributed to the increase of green patents in Chinese agriculture. The above conclusion still held after a series of robustness tests, including using terrain complexity as an instrumental variable, estimating the robust staggered difference-in-differences model, eliminating policy interference, altering the estimated model, and replacing the explanatory variables. However, the obvious regional heterogeneity of this effect was reported: the higher the level of marketization and digitalization, the fuller the release of this innovation effect; and that ZGS was more significant in inducing the green innovation activities of enterprises and individuals than of innovation bodies such as universities and research institutions. Finally, this paper also empirically tested the two paths of the theoretical model about the green innovation effect triggered by the biased reduction targets. The study confirmed that the green innovation effect of ZGS mainly resulted from two channels: the expansion of the market scale for agricultural green technologies and the green-oriented allocation of innovation resources. The above conclusions imply that it is necessary to create a sound innovation ecology by strengthening the innovation of green science and technology institutions and combining active government with an effective market. Particularly, a portfolio of policy instruments, including the fiscal, taxation, financial, investment, price policy, and standard system concerning green technology development, should be created to guarantee green technology development. In addition, ZGS can set up differentiated reduction targets considering regional endowment conditions to ensure its smooth progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's agricultural economy has been hindered by insufficient accumulation of agricultural capital and credit constraints. It is worth investigating whether China's county financial marketization reform policy can alleviate these constraints and promote high-quality development of the agricultural economy (HQDAE). This paper presents an empirical analysis of the impact of county financial marketization reform on the HQDAE, based on county panel data. The focus is on the mechanism of county urbanization in the above relationship. The results show that county financial marketization has a significant non-linear impact on the HQDAE. Specifically, it has a 'U-shaped' impact on the overall growth of the agricultural economy and an inverted 'N-shaped' impact on the quality improvement of the agricultural economy. Secondly, the relationship between county financial marketization and the HQDAE is influenced by a threshold effect based on the level of county urbanization. As the level of county urbanization increases, the promoting effect of county financial marketization on HQDAE also increases significantly. Additionally, county financial marketization helps to promote county urbanization and accelerate urban-rural integration, which in turn leads to HQDAE. The research in this paper suggests that county-level local governments should promote a differentiated county financial system. In the early stages of financial market-oriented reform, the government should enhance the capacity of financial services in rural areas through tax breaks, policy incentives, and other measures to prevent financial leakage from agriculture. In the later stages of financial marketization reform, the government should strengthen financial supervision to prevent financial resources from being diverted from industry to capital. Moreover, to achieve the HQDAE, it is necessary to promote county financial market-oriented reform and accelerate the construction of county urbanization. This will help break the dual economic structure of urban and rural areas and promote the flow of financial capital, technology, and human capital from county cities to rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has become a new trend for the future development of Chinese agriculture to accelerate the transformation from increasing production to improving quality and realizing green growth. This paper uses the sequential DEA to measure the agricultural green total factor productivity (GTFP) of 306 Chinese cities from 1996 to 2017, then tests its convergence. The results show that the average growth rate of Chinese agricultural GTFP is 0.58%; the main driving force coming from technical progress. The convergence of agricultural GTFP has dual characteristics of stages and regions, and the significant σ convergence only exists in the central region during 1996–2003. There is significant β convergence at the national level, in the eastern and central regions, and neither convergence nor divergence in the western region. However, during 2004–2017, only the eastern region had β convergence. Finally, the conditional convergence speed is higher than the absolute convergence, and the eastern region is higher than the central. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable agricultural economic development is the core task for achieving the objective of rural revitalization strategy in China, which cannot be separated from the support and guidance of fiscal policy, and agricultural industry integration is a key path for the fiscal promotion of sustainable agricultural economic development. This paper systematically examines the interaction mechanism between fiscal agricultural expenditures and sustainable agricultural economic development by using 31 provincial panel data in China from 2008 to 2020 and adopting a two-way fixed effect model, a panel quantile model, and a mediating effect model, respectively. The results show that the impact of fiscal agricultural expenditures on sustainable agricultural economic development is significantly positive, and appears a dynamic increasing trend with the agricultural development stage upgrading. Moreover, heterogeneity analysis shows that the effect of fiscal agricultural expenditures is more obvious for the samples in the central region and with a high share of primary industry. Further, a mediating effect test finds that agricultural industry integration plays a mediating mechanism between fiscal agricultural expenditures and sustainable agricultural economic development. Therefore, this paper proposes constructing a long-term investment mechanism for fiscal agricultural expenditures, formulating differentiated fiscal support policies for agriculture, and prioritizing support for agricultural industry integration, which provides theoretical support and policy inspiration for promoting sustainable agricultural economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coupling coordination of agricultural technology innovation with food security is of great significance for high-quality agricultural development. By identifying the coupling coordination relationship between the two systems and the influencing factors, this paper aims to promote the virtuous cycle of coordinated development between regional agriculture and technology, as well as accelerate the realisation of high-quality development of Chinese agriculture. Therefore, this paper explores the spatial and temporal coupling characteristics of the two using the entropy value method, coupling coordination degree model, and exploratory spatial data analysis, and it screens for important influencing factors using the grey correlation model. The main results show that ① the coupling coordination relationship between agricultural technology innovation and food security in China is at a dissonant stage, but the value of the coupling coordination degree increases from 0.2076 to 0.3437 during the period of study, and the level of coordination gradually improves. ② The degree of coupling coordination in the provincial space exhibits a distribution pattern of "high in the east and low in the west". The areas of high value are primarily situated in the provinces of Shandong, Jiangsu, and other provinces along the southeastern coast of China, while the areas of low value are mainly located in the provinces of Qinghai, Ningxia, and other provinces in inland northwest China. ③ The Moran's index of provincial coupling coordination is greater than 0, showing a certain positive correlation, and there is a significant pattern of spatial aggregation. ④ The correlation coefficients between the influencing factors and the degree of coupling coordination are all greater than 0.35, indicating a moderate or high correlation, but the significance of technological support capacity and food distribution security increased over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying the impact of urbanization on agricultural development in shrinking areas is important for maintaining food security and promoted agricultural development in China. Based on the measurement results of the shrinking cities in the three provinces of Northeast China, this paper selects 15 shrinking cities as the research object, and constructs a multi-dimensional index system to explore the impact of the urbanization level of the shrinking areas on the agricultural development in the region since 2007–2019, analyzes the influencing factors and their differences by using the geographically-weighted regression model and Geodetector, and proposes a targeted regulation strategy. The results show that: 1) overall, there is a negative correlation between the urbanization level and the agricultural development level in the contracted areas of the three northeastern provinces. The urbanization level in these areas has a certain negative impact on the overall level of agricultural development; 2) regarding the time dimension, the impact of urbanization level on the agricultural development level in the contracted areas of the three northeastern provinces gradually increases over time; 3) regarding the spatial pattern, the overall impact of shrinking urbanization levels in the three provinces of Northeast China on the agricultural development shows a significant distribution pattern of high in the east and low in the west; 4) the total population and natural population growth rate at the end of the year were the main factors influencing a certain level of urbanization on agricultural development in the shrinking cities while population density and the urban fixed asset investment rate were the secondary factors; and 5) the main reasons why the level of agricultural development in different cities was affected by the level of urbanization were different. However, they can be categorized into areas of population loss and spatial construction, which can be further divided into area of population loss in the northeast, areas of negative population growth in the west, and areas of urban spatial change in the south. According to the causes of the impact, this paper adopted targeted regulation strategies and formulated relevant policies and solutions that cater to local conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a new business model, E-commerce brings new changes to the global economy and society. So, can E-commerce development policies promote high-quality agricultural development? This article regards the pilot construction of national e-commerce demonstration cities as a quasi-natural experiment for the development of e-commerce. Based on the E-commerce pilot and economic and social development data of national prefecture-level cities from 2004 to 2018, the agricultural total factor productivity calculated by the Fare-Primont index method is used as the characterization of the quality of urban agricultural development, and an empirical model is constructed under the progressive Differences-in-Differences framework. This paper empirically tests the overall impact of E-commerce development on the high-quality development of agriculture and its sources, analyzes the heterogeneity and dynamics of the impact, and investigates the possible impact mechanism. The result shows that from the overall impact and its sources, the development of E-commerce in cities has a positive impact on the high-quality development of agriculture, and the impact is mainly due to its role in promoting technological innovation and economies of scale. From the perspective of heterogeneity, the larger the population size of a city, the more significant the level of e-conomic development or Internet development. From the perspective of the dynamic impact, the positive impact of e-commerce development becomes more significant over time. With the passage of time, the impact of E-commerce on high-quality agricultural development policies shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. Overall, this study provides empirical evidence for the rationality and effectiveness of policies and measures related to E-commerce to promote the high-quality development of agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adoption of green control technologies in agriculture is an important approach to ensure the quality and safety of agricultural products, address agricultural pollution from its source, and promote increased productivity and income in agriculture, thereby driving high-quality agricultural development. This paper is based on production and operation data from 2,155 tea farmers in 16 major tea-producing provinces in China. Using an endogenous transformation model from the perspective of the value chain, it empirically analyzes the impact of adopting green control technologies on tea farmers' income and draws three conclusions. First, the adoption of green control technologies significantly promotes income growth for tea farmers. Second, the awareness of tea farmers regarding pesticide residue limits and the exchange of pest control techniques among tea farmers significantly enhance the adoption of green control technologies. Third, the income effects of adopting green control technologies differ across different stages of the value chain, with the income growth in the cultivation stage being lower than that in the processing and marketing stages. Finally, based on the analysis and relevant research by scholars, four targeted suggestions are proposed: (1) Increase efforts to promote the adoption of green control technologies and enhance farmers' willingness to adopt them. (2) Promote education and training on green control technologies for tea farmers. (3) Ensure fair distribution of benefits along the agricultural value chain. (4) Strengthen the promotion of green control technologies at the market and consumer end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the most active field in China's economic development, the digital economy is crucial to the high-quality development of enterprises. Taking Chinese-listed agricultural enterprises as research samples, this paper discusses the effect of the digital economy on promoting the high-quality development of agricultural enterprises and the mechanism behind it from the perspective of total factor productivity of enterprises. The study found that the digital economy significantly promoted the improvement of total factor productivity of agricultural enterprises and enabled the high-quality development of agricultural enterprises, and this conclusion remained valid after controlling for endogeneity and conducting robustness tests. In terms of action mechanisms, the digital economy is conducive to promoting green innovation and promoting the high-quality development of agricultural enterprises; However, entrepreneurial activity has a masking effect. Further analysis shows that the digital economy plays a more significant role in promoting non-resource-intensive agricultural enterprises located in northern China. At the same time, the higher the industrial structure and financial development level of the region, the more positive impact the digital economy can play. This study verifies the impact mechanism of the digital economy on the high-quality development of agricultural enterprises and provides enlightenment for China's the digital economy policy-making and enterprises' the high-quality development strategy decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Balancing ecological preservation with sustainable agricultural practices is a global issue. Erhai Lake has felt this challenge keenly. To address it, in 2022, a Science and Technology Backyards (STBs) project was launched in Gusheng Village. The goal of this is to care for the environment while ensuring that farms and farmers can thrive sustainably. The uniqueness of the Erhai STB arises from its interdisciplinary integration, encompassing fields such as ecology, agronomy and social science, resulting in specifically-designed solutions for the Erhai context. While this model aligns with broader STB paradigms, its distinctive edge lies in technological innovation and robust support mechanisms for local agricultural stakeholders. This paper describes the methodology and outcomes of the STB initiative, highlighting its pivotal role in spearheading sustainable transition in Erhai. Preliminary findings underscore the potential of the STB model as an efficacious tool for harmonizing environmental conservation and agricultural practices, that are both financially and environmentally sustainable, rendering it a potential model for comparable regions in China and other counties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has initiated a green transformation plan in 2015, which was soon applied to agriculture, known as the agriculture green development (AGD) initiative, with the goals of achieving food security, high resource use efficiency, and an ecofriendly environment. To assess the agricultural transformation from 1997 to 2020, this paper proposes a national-scale indicator system consisting three dimensions (socioeconomic, food production and eco-environmental) and ten sub-dimensions to quantify the AGD score. This study showed that AGD score in China was at a moderate level during 1997-2010, scoring 40 out of 100. During this stage, decreased scores in the sub-dimensions of resource consumption, environmental quality, and environmental cost have offset the improvement in the socioeconomic dimension, resulting in fluctuated scores around 40. In the second stage (2011-2020), China's AGD score improved but still at moderate level, scoring an average of 46.3, with each dimension increasing by 5.3%-25.0%. These results indicate that China has made progress in the agricultural transformation, transitioning from conceptualization to actions through the implementation of various policies and projects. However, the study emphasizes the need for more effort to address the insufficient and unbalanced development, along with the growing eco-environmental challenges, especially the trade-offs among dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The long-term and stable development of agriculture is the key to China's economic development and social stability. Agricultural total factor productivity and the digital economy have become new kinetic energy and new engines driving agricultural high-quality development. It is of great significance to verify whether there are significant spatial and threshold effects in the process of high-quality development of agriculture and to explore the intrinsic relationship between high-quality development of agriculture and agricultural total factor productivity and digital economy. This paper takes 31 provinces in China from 2011 to 2020 as the research object. The coefficient of variation method is used to estimate the comprehensive evaluation index of agricultural high-quality development and digital economy. And Dea-Malmquist index method is used to estimate agricultural total factor productivity. On this basis, the spatial Durbin model and threshold regression model are constructed to explore the spatial and threshold effects of agricultural total factor productivity, digital economy and other factors and high-quality agricultural development. The conclusion is as follows: the high-quality development of agriculture has significant spatial autocorrelation. Agricultural total factor productivity and digital economy have significant direct effect and indirect spillover effect on the high-quality development of agriculture. Agricultural total factor productivity has stage differences in each range of digital economy level, but its influence on agricultural high-quality development shows a positive state. Based on this, the paper puts forward some countermeasures to promote the high-quality development of agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a mega-project of primarily infrastructure-related loans and investments in Pakistan. Recently, the official discourse has increasingly shifted to the agricultural sector. For the region of Gilgit-Baltistan bordering China, academic and policy debates highlight the potential boost of fruit exports to China as the most promising opportunity to be leveraged through the CPEC. This paper scrutinizes these promises from a locally grounded perspective, investigating potential benefits and risks for local farmers. To make sense of the complex interplay between external and local actors, interests, markets and (infra)structures, the paper follows an assemblage-inspired approach to map out local trajectories. Contrary to the CPEC narrative, agricultural exports from Gilgit-Baltistan recently came to a halt, due to increasing trade barriers and seemingly competing agricultural developments in neighboring Xinjiang, China. Moreover, the economically most promising local crop for export to China, namely cherries, does not seem too promising for the majority of small farmers. There are other commodities with export potential, but overall, prospects appear to be limited. There is a need for a deeper engagement with the inherent complexities of CPEC trajectories, particularly in regards to local farming contexts in Pakistan and relevant developments in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the spatial-temporal evolution and driving factors of cultivated land multifunctional coupling coordination development, this paper applying the data of 30 provinces in China from 2000 to 2018 evaluated cultivated land production-living-ecological functions and revealed the spatial-temporal evolution of cultivated land multifunction with kernel density estimation and visualization mapping. Furthermore, this paper adopted coupling coordination degree model to analyze the cultivated land multifunctional coupling coordination development. Finally, this paper explored driving factors and driving mechanism of cultivated land multifunctional coupling coordination development by geographical detector. The results showed that: 1) from the perspective of temporal evolution, cultivated land production function level showed a fluctuation evolution trend of “rising-falling-rising”, the living function level showed an evolution trend of “rising-falling”, and the ecological function level increased slightly. All cultivated land functions had polarized characteristics. From the perspective of spatial pattern, the cultivated land production function level changed within [0.030, 0.608], showing a non-equilibrium spatial pattern of “high in the east, low in the west”. The living function level changed within [0.042, 0.672], showing a non-equilibrium spatial pattern of “high in the north, low in the south”. The ecological function level changed within [0.058, 0.897], showing a non-equilibrium spatial pattern of “high in the west, low in the east”. The areas with high level of production and living function were concentrated in the Northeast Plain, the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain and the Yangtze Region. The areas with low level of production function were located in the northwest and southwest regions, and the areas with low level of living function were located in the Beijing-Tianjin, Yunnan-Guizhou and southern regions in China. The area with high level of ecological function areas were located in the northeast and southwest regions, while the low-level areas were located in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Yangtze River Delta region and the central region of the Yangtze River. 2) The cultivated land multifunctional coupling coordination level changed within [0.093, 0.554], and the overall level had steadily improved but was still low. The cultivated land multifunctional coupling coordination levels of most provinces were still out of balance. The spatial pattern of cultivated land multifunctional coupling coordination level showed an evolution trend of agglomeration and promotion. In detail, the cultivated land multifunctional coupling coordination level of the northeast China, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and the Yangtze River Delta were relatively high, while that was low in the northwestern part of China. 3) The evolution of cultivated land multifunctional coupling coordination level was significantly affected by the business entities conditions, agricultural development level, industrial development level and urbanization level. In short, the driving force of the business entities conditions and urbanization level were more significant than that of the agricultural development level and industrial development level. Moreover, the interaction type of two driving factors was two-factor enhancement or nonlinear enhancement, which indicated that the driving force of various factors had obvious divergence and interaction of factors positively strengthened the single-factor driving force, indicated that the divergence and interaction of various driving factors positively strengthened the single-factor driving force. In conclusion, the research results provide the guiding effect for deepening the study on cultivated land multifunction and decision support for promoting the differential governance of cultivated land resources and mutual promotion of cultivated land functions. To explore the spatial-temporal evolution and driving factors of cultivated land multifunctional coupling coordination development, this paper applying the data of 30 provinces in China from 2000 to 2018 evaluated cultivated land production-living-ecological functions and revealed the spatial-temporal evolution of cultivated land multifunction with kernel density estimation and visualization mapping. Furthermore, this paper adopted coupling coordination degree model to analyze the cultivated land multifunctional coupling coordination development. Finally, this paper explored driving factors and driving mechanism of cultivated land multifunctional coupling coordination development by geographical detector. The results showed that: 1) from the perspective of temporal evolution, cultivated land production function level showed a fluctuation evolution trend of “rising-falling-rising”, the living function level showed an evolution trend of “rising-falling”, and the ecological function level increased slightly. All cultivated land functions had polarized characteristics. From the perspective of spatial pattern, the cultivated land production function level changed within [0.030, 0.608], showing a non-equilibrium spatial pattern of “high in the east, low in the west”. The living function level changed within [0.042, 0.672], showing a non-equilibrium spatial pattern of “high in the north, low in the south”. The ecological function level changed within [0.058, 0.897], showing a non-equilibrium spatial pattern of “high in the west, low in the east”. The areas with high level of production and living function were concentrated in the Northeast Plain, the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain and the Yangtze Region. The areas with low level of production function were located in the northwest and southwest regions, and the areas with low level of living function were located in the Beijing-Tianjin, Yunnan-Guizhou and southern regions in China. The area with high level of ecological function areas were located in the northeast and southwest regions, while the low-level areas were located in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Yangtze River Delta region and the central region of the Yangtze River. 2) The cultivated land multifunctional coupling coordination level changed within [0.093, 0.554], and the overall level had steadily improved but was still low. The cultivated land multifunctional coupling coordination levels of most provinces were still out of balance. The spatial pattern of cultivated land multifunctional coupling coordination level showed an evolution trend of agglomeration and promotion. In detail, the cultivated land multifunctional coupling coordination level of the northeast China, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and the Yangtze River Delta were relatively high, while that was low in the northwestern part of China. 3) The evolution of cultivated land multifunctional coupling coordination level was significantly affected by the business entities conditions, agricultural development level, industrial development level and urbanization level. In short, the driving force of the business entities conditions and urbanization level were more significant than that of the agricultural development level and industrial development level. Moreover, the interaction type of two driving factors was two-factor enhancement or nonlinear enhancement, which indicated that the driving force of various factors had obvious divergence and interaction of factors positively strengthened the single-factor driving force, indicated that the divergence and interaction of various driving factors positively strengthened the single-factor driving force. In conclusion, the research results provide the guiding effect for deepening the study on cultivated land multifunction and decision support for promoting the differential governance of cultivated land resources and mutual promotion of cultivated land functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural sensors are essential technologies for smart agriculture, which can transform non-electrical physical quantities such as environmental factors. The ecological elements inside and outside of plants and animals are converted into electrical signals for control system recognition, providing a basis for decision-making in smart agriculture. With the rapid development of smart agriculture in China, agricultural sensors have ushered in opportunities and challenges. Based on a literature review and data statistics, this paper analyzes the market prospects and market scale of agricultural sensors in China from four perspectives: field farming, facility farming, livestock and poultry farming and aquaculture. The study further predicts the demand for agricultural sensors in 2025 and 2035. The results reveal that China's sensor market has a good development prospect. However, the paper garnered the key challenges of China's agricultural sensor industry, including a weak technical foundation, poor enterprise research capacity, high importation of sensors and a lack of financial support. Given this, the agricultural sensor market should be comprehensively distributed in terms of policy, funding, expertise and innovative technology. In addition, this paper highlighted integrating the future development direction of China's agricultural sensor technology with new technologies and China's agricultural development needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural industry agglomeration is an important driving force for the green and high-quality development of agriculture. Based on the perspective of agricultural industry agglomeration, this paper discusses the impact of agricultural industry agglomeration on the level of green development of agriculture, which is of great significance for the realization of sustainable development of agriculture and the implementation of the “double carbon” goal. Based on the panel data of 30 provinces (municipalities) and autonomous regions in China from 2011 to 2020, the non-expected Super-SBM model and location entropy index method were used to measure the efficiency of agricultural green development and the level of agricultural industry agglomeration. The spatial Dubin model, tradition and spatial Markov chain were used to demonstrate the influence of agricultural industrial agglomeration on agricultural green development efficiency and its spatio-temporal dynamic evolution.The results showed that: (1) There was spatial autocorrelation in agricultural green development efficiency. Areas with higher agricultural green development efficiency will drive the improvement of agricultural green development efficiency in surrounding areas, with a positive spillover effect. (2) Industrial agglomeration can improve the efficiency of agricultural green development, and this enhancement has spatial spillover. (3) The influence of agricultural industrial agglomeration on agricultural green development efficiency and its spatial spillover have regional heterogeneity. The spillover effect of AIA to AGDE in the eastern region is greater than that in the central and western regions. Based on this, it is necessary to grasp the spatial correlation law of provincial agriculture, promote the sustainable development of regional agriculture, optimize the allocation of resources, and put forward policy implications for the improvement of agricultural green efficiency from the aspects of financial support, industrialization, human capital and urbanization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The latest reform of China’s agricultural land property rights system has achieved the separation of rural land ownership, contracting rights, and management rights (the “three rights separation” reform), which is an important means for the Chinese government to achieve the rational allocation of agricultural land resources and plays an important role in improving the green and high-quality development of agriculture. Based on the panel data of 30 sample provinces in China from 2001 to 2020, this paper explores the impact of the latest rural land property rights system reform (the “three rights separation” reform) on the high-quality green development of agriculture. Research has found that, firstly, the reform of the agricultural land property rights system that separates the collective ownership of land, the contracting rights of farmers, and the management rights of land can effectively improve the green development of agriculture. Secondly, the “three rights separation” reform can enhance the green development of agriculture through three paths: expanding the scale of agricultural economy, promoting the upgrading of agricultural industrial structure, and innovating agricultural technology. In addition, fiscal investment in supporting agriculture has played a positive regulatory role in the impact of the “three rights separation” reform on the green development of agriculture. Thirdly, the impact of the “three rights separation” reform on agricultural green development is characterized by regional heterogeneity and production structure heterogeneity, with a more significant promoting effect on the eastern and central regions, as well as the main grain producing areas. The research conclusion provides new ideas for promoting sustainable agricultural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural green development is an essential direction for global sustainable agriculture. The academic literature, however, needs to place greater emphasis on studying the factors influencing agricultural green development performance and how such performance can be improved. A theoretical framework for agricultural green development performance was constructed in this paper using the Super-SBM model, which considers undesirable outputs, to measure the agricultural green development performance of 330 cities at or above the prefecture level in China (excluding Tibet Autonomous Region, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan of China) from 2007 to 2018. Furthermore, the influencing mechanism of agricultural green development performance was then analyzed using a spatial econometric model. The results show that: 1) from 2007 to 2018, China's agricultural green development performance experienced three stages of evolution: 'rise, decline and rise'. 2) The regions with high performance agricultural green development are mainly distributed in eastern China, northeastern China, and southern Qinghai Province. 3) The agricultural economic level, industrialization process, and labor quality play significant roles in promoting local agricultural green development performance, while such performance is obviously inhibited by the openness level and the government's environmental regulations. Local agricultural green development performance is significant inhibited by the agricultural economic level and accelerated industrialization process in neighboring cities, while significantly promoted by the agricultural industrial structure in neighboring cities. Some suggestions for improving agricultural green development performance are proposed based on these research results, which can provide scientific references for promoting sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, China has exerted great efforts to develop agro-industrial agglomerations and optimize the agricultural industry's regional distribution to increase farmers' income. This study posits that agro-industrial agglomeration should be "dual body," provides a theoretical framework for agro-industrial agglomeration's effects on farmer income, and uses a spatial panel model to prove its influence on farmers' income and the spatial spillover effect. The results show that agro-industrial agglomeration in a specific region significantly impacts farmers' income and also has a spillover effect on income in adjacent regions. Further research shows that, contrary to traditional agglomeration theory, agricultural industry agglomeration has little impact on farmers' agricultural production but primarily promotes the establishment and development of agricultural organizations, thus improving farmers' income. Finally, the paper discusses the positive and negative effects of agro-industrial agglomeration on the Global Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs), and proposes some useful suggestions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promoting rural environmental planning is an important measure to optimize the allocation of spatial resources, balance economic development and ecological protection, and realize the green transformation of agriculture and rural areas. It is a specific starting point to address the current problems that are hindering increasing farmers′ income, and agricultural development and rural stability, in order to realize the coordinated development of living, ecological, and agricultural environments. It is also an inevitable requirement for realizing the rural revitalization strategy and promoting the green and sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas. At present, rural development is subject to the drawbacks of the development of China ′ s urban-rural dual structure, in which long-term industrialization and urbanization have given rise to a series of significant problems, including rural aging, pollution, and emptying, and have become key bottlenecks to green sustainable development. Therefore, in order to achieve the necessary planning requirements, this paper deconstructs all elements of the current rural environmental planning process as a systematic overall plan, defines the development orientation and objectives of the current policy system, elucidates the basic connotation of rural environmental planning, and proposes a theoretical system of rural environmental planning, which includes agricultural, human settlement, and ecological environments. In the context of rural environmental planning alongside green development, our analysis identified problems and shortcomings in current practices, including a lack of connection between different types of rural environmental planning, a lack of scientific and technological innovation, and a lack of understanding with regards to new development concepts. To address these issues, problem-oriented corresponding solutions and management approaches are put forward to provide theoretical and policy support for the better construction of rural ecological environments and the realization of rural green development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The supply capacity of water resources, food and meat products is of great importance to the people's livelihood of a country. In recent years, although China has introduced many policies on water resources and grain production, the current situation of China's food self-sufficiency and imbalance between supply and demand of water resources has not been fundamentally changed. Food security and water security are facing a serious situation. This paper takes the water footprint as the connection point, and combines the water food meat system with mutual influence, mutual causation and dynamic feedback into a composite system. At the same time, the simulation model of the composite system is established by using system dynamics, and the dynamic simulation of water grain meat in China from 2000 to 2050 is carried out to explore the current situation and future development trend of China's water, grain and meat supply capacity. It was found that during the simulated period, the agricultural blue-green water footprint on the demand side would continue to dominate, followed by the gray water footprint. The blue water footprint on the supply side remained stable, whereas the green water footprint and the circulating water footprint showed an upward trend. According to the contemporary social and economic development and the model of water resources in China, there will be no meat shortage in the future, but issues have been found in the ability to guarantee water and food supply. The root of China's food support capability problem is excessive grain consumption due to meat production, whereas the cause of the water support capability problem is the slow development of the water conservation. Food support capability issues can be solved by regulating the meat output of livestock farming and fishery operations, reducing excess production capacity, and stabilizing the meat supply and demand. To solve the water support capability issue, China should focus on accelerating the pace of agricultural water-conservation development, improving the sewage treatment system, building rainwater-collection projects, and promoting the research and development of water recycling technology. This study provides support for optimizing the structures of the meat and grain industries and the policy formulation of the efficient use of water resources in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving agricultural energy efficiency is essential in reducing energy consumption and achieving agricultural sustainable development. This paper aims to measure the agricultural total-factor energy efficiency in China rather than the partial-factor energy efficiency while taking full account of regional heterogeneity and to investigate the driving factors of agricultural total-factor energy efficiency. The empirical results showed that the average value of agricultural total-factor energy efficiency is 0.814 in China, and the technological gap ratio is 0.853. The regional difference in agricultural total-factor energy efficiency was quite obvious. Higher agricultural energy inputs are associated with higher agricultural total-factor productivity. The total value of potential agricultural energy savings in 30 provinces of China reached 1704.41 billion tons of standard coal. In terms of the absolute amount of agricultural energy saving, the amount was largest in the low-energy-input area, which was 113.87 million tons of standard coal, accounting for 66.81% of the total potential saving amount. Furthermore, we used the Tobit model to analyze the influencing factors of agricultural total-factor energy efficiency. We found that the proportion of agriculture to GDP has a positive impact on agricultural total-factor energy efficiency, while the per capita income of farmers, fiscal support for agriculture, the illiteracy rate of farmers, agricultural labor input, and agricultural capital stock have a negative impact on agricultural total-factor energy efficiency. Finally, we proposed policy implications in terms of agricultural technological progress, agricultural infrastructure, technical training, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessing the sustainable development of agriculture is a hot topic in global agricultural research and an important task of rural revitalization and agricultural upgrading in the new era. Reform and opening up promote the rapid development of the agricultural economy, but the conflict between agricultural development and agricultural resources and ecological environment is serious. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the sustainable development of agriculture has been given more prominence. It is of great significance to study the evaluation of agricultural sustainable development. Firstly, this paper studies the relevant literature on agricultural sustainable development evaluation at home and abroad. Based on wavelet transform, support vector machine(SVM), genetic algorithm (GA)and ant colony optimization(ACO) algorithm, a combination evaluation method of wavelet and intelligent optimization support vector machine is proposed. Secondly, by referring to the existing evaluation index system and combining with the actual situation of China's agricultural development, the alternative index set of agricultural sustainable development evaluation is established. Using SPSS software, the significance and correlation of 150 primary indexes are analyzed, and an evaluation index system including 62 indexes is established. Thirdly, using one-dimensional discrete stationary wavelet analysis, data denoising processing, genetic algorithm, ant colony algorithm, optimize the parameters of support vector machine, get better penalty parameters, kernel function, insensitivity coefficient, and then train the support vector machine. Fourth, taking 31 provinces (municipalities) in China as an example, this paper evaluates the agricultural sustainable development by applying the wavelet-GASVM model and the wavelet-ACOSVM model, and using the GA-SVM model and the ACO-SVM model to evaluate the agricultural sustainable development of 31 provinces (municipalities) in China. Fifthly, the reliability of the wavelet intelligent optimization SVM method is verified by changing the number of test sets and conducting multiple tests. The evaluation and simulation results show that: 1) The mean square error of agricultural sustainable development evaluation of Wavelte-GASVM is 9.641×10-5, and the correlation coefficient is 0.980; however, under the same training set and test set, the mean square error and correlation coefficient obtained by GASVM are 0.006 and 0.979, respectively. 2)The mean square error of Wavelet-ACOSVM agricultural sustainable development evaluation was 9.318×10-5, and the correlation coefficient was 0.972; the mean square error MSE and correlation coefficient of ACO-SVM are 0.016 and 0.953, respectively, under the same training set and test set. 3) Change the number of test sets and perform several tests and compare the results of GASVM model and ACO-SVM model before and after wavelet denoising respectively. It can be seen that under the GASVM model, the mean square error of the running results after wavelet denoising is smaller than that before wavelet denoising, and the correlation coefficient is larger than that before wavelet denoising, and the running time is shorter. Under the ACOSVM model, the mean square error of the running result after wavelet denoising is also smaller than that before wavelet denoising, and the correlation coefficient is larger than that before wavelet denoising, and the running time is shorter. Conclusion: The prediction accuracy and convergence speed of agricultural sustainable development evaluation by wavelet-GASVM and wavelet-ACOSVM are better than GA-SVM and ACO-SVM, respectively, and the effect of agricultural sustainable development evaluation by wavelet-GASVM is more ideal. This study provides a method reference for agricultural sustainable development assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of green agricultural development is an important basis for guiding agricultural transformation and upgrades with advances in China. Since its proposal, this concept has received extensive attention from researchers and the number of papers published on it has increased rapidly. We examined research papers related to green agricultural development published since 2016 and used a bibliometric method to comprehensively and systematically analyze research hotspots in green agricultural development. The hot topics for research in this field include：theory, policy mechanisms, evaluation, controlling agricultural non-point pollution sources, and the experience of developed countries. We propose future research directions based on an in-depth analysis of various hot research topics. These results provide a scientific reference for further studies of green agricultural development in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable development of agriculture is the basis for achieving social sustainable development. As the basic industry of national economy, green development of agriculture has become an important support for building an environment-friendly society. Agricultural fiscal expenditure is a direct channel for the government to support agriculture and promote agricultural transformation. It is important to analyze the impact of agricultural fiscal expenditure (AFE) on agricultural green total factor productivity (AGTFP) for sustainable agricultural development. Therefore, this paper employs the random effect model and spatial Durbin model to empirically analyze the direct effect and spatial spillover effect of AFE on AGTFP by using the agricultural panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2008 to 2020. Then, by taking the policy proposal as the time node, this paper also conducts a time heterogeneity analysis to measure the impact of policy enactment on AFE and AGTFP. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) AGTFP exists significant positive spatial spillover effect. The "radiation effect" of agricultural green development is significant. (2) AFE can significantly reduce the AGTFP in the local area, that is, 1% increase of AFE in the local area will reduce AGTFP by 0.037%. At present, agriculture is still yield-oriented. The improvement of AFE in the local area will lead to the expansion of local agricultural production and increase pollution emission. (3) AFE has a significant negative spatial spillover effect on AGTFP, that is, for every 1% increase in AFE, the AGTFP will decrease 0.123% in geographically similar areas, while the AGTFP will decrease by 0.116% in economically and geographically similar areas. It is obvious that AFE will promote the optimization of agricultural production conditions in the province, with the "demonstration effect" on the surrounding areas, the enthusiasm of production in the surrounding areas will increase, thus expanding the pollution emission. (4) According to the analysis of different periods, AFE has a negative impact on AGTFP mainly before the reform innovation is proposed in 2015. It indicates that reform policies have a significant impact on agricultural sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the impact of inclusive finance on agricultural green development, This paper uses both static panel and dynamic panel (system GMM model) estimation methods to make empirical analysis of the impact of inclusive financial development on agricultural green development. The results both find that there is a significant positive correlation between the level of inclusive financial development, real GDP per capita, the proportion of the added value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery in GDP and agricultural green development. This paper puts forward some countermeasures and suggestions to promote agricultural green development, including vigorously developing inclusive finance, promoting economic growth, promoting the development of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, and increasing environmental protection expenditures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of agricultural economy, people are paying more and more attention to how to apply high-efficiency technologies that save resources to improve agricultural production efficiency, so water-saving irrigation technology has gradually developed. China's agricultural irrigation technology is relatively backward. In addition to the inappropriate irrigation methods and irrigation systems, problems such as siltation, seepage, and frost heave damage in irrigation canals have seriously affected the durability and service life of the canals. The backward irrigation technology seriously restricts the development of agricultural water-saving irrigation. Compared with large irrigation channels, the fabricated reinforced concrete small irrigation channels studied in this paper are less prone to frost heave damage and infiltration problems, and have the advantages of standardized production, simple transportation and installation, and convenient maintenance. In order to study the durability issues such as the basic characteristics, frost heave damage, and service life of fabricated irrigation channels, this paper takes the channel concrete and the formed channel as the research objects, and discusses the research on the properties of the channel concrete through theoretical research, numerical analysis, experiments, and other methods. Strength properties, water penetration resistance, cyanide ion penetration resistance and frost resistance; simulate the seasonal frost heave failure process of the channel; finally, on the basis of the test data, the service life aims to explore the safety and applicability of the fabricated reinforced concrete irrigation channel during the design use period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture is particularly essential in the equilibrium between man and nature because of its intimate contact with nature. So the cornerstone for the sustainable development of the human economy and society is the sustainable development of agriculture. When it comes to global trade, agricultural trade has always been in a very special position. The basic situation of agriculture involves food safety, environmental protection, Chinese politics, and many other issues. In order to overcome the problems of overlapping, repetitive, and too many indicators in the evaluation method of agricultural environmental sustainable development and unfavorable for practical operation, this paper proposes an ecological footprint model based on emergy. The model can effectively evaluate the ability of sustainable development of agricultural environment and solve the problem that traditional evaluation methods cannot comprehensively evaluate. This makes agricultural development sustainable and is conducive to the liberalization of international agricultural trade. The experimental results of this paper show that from 2014 to 2018, the degree of damage to the agricultural environment has increased from 21% to 45%, which has led to a decline in the quality of agricultural products, and the output and sales are not as good as before. It can be seen that only by ensuring the sustainable development of the agricultural environment can we ensure the smooth progress of the international agricultural trade liberalization and make China's economy flourish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The intersection of big data and research on ‘three rural’ issues has created a research field with great potential. By combing the research results in this field, this paper has an in-depth understanding of its research focus and future direction, in order to provide some support for related research.【Method】 The paper used the methods of literature analysis and summary and induction to summarize and discussed the application of big data in the research of ‘three rural issues’ from three aspects: Research on agricultural issues, research on rural issues and research on farmers’ issues.【Result】With the popularization of communication infrastructure, big data such as internet usage data, communication sensor equipment data, geospatial data, organization management and operation data have been applied to the research of ‘three rural’ issues in China. At present, the application of big data in the research of ‘three rural’ in China has been constantly enriched. In the research of agricultural problems, big data has been applied to all links of agricultural production and operation, such as agricultural production monitoring and output improvement, and agricultural product market trend prediction. In the research on rural issues, the application of big data mainly focused on depicting the current situation of rural development, especially the evaluation of rural spatial environment, which can find a large number of rural spatial structures and systems driven by actual social and economic activities. In the research on farmers’ problems, the problem areas applied by big data mainly include the identification of farmers’ spatio-temporal behavior laws and the wealth and well-being of farmers reflected by them. High coverage data reflecting individual behavior, such as mobile phone use and signaling positioning data, has been the main data sources for such research.【Conclusion】The application of big data in the research of ‘three rural’ issues in China shows great development prospects in the development of agricultural industry, farmers’ lives and spatial planning, but there are also challenges in the aspects of data source and quality, method design, integration of traditional governance experience, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eco-agriculture focuses on the green development of agriculture and it is an essential part of agricultural development in China and worldwide. As part of the first batch of national eco-agriculture construction pilot counties and one of the China Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems（China-NIAHS）sites，Deqing County occupies a vital position in the practice of eco-agriculture in China. Thus, this paper traces the basic history of eco-agricultural practices and summarizes the current typical models of eco-agricultural development in Deqing County. In addition, this paper analyses the core connotations and primary values of the typical models of ecoagriculture in this county. The typical models include the“pearl mussel-fish-grain-mulberry-livestock”complex system, rice field ecological planting and breeding models, aquaponics, and agritourism. Additionally, this paper makes targeted suggestions to promote the sustainable development of eco-agriculture in Deqing County based on current problems and challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building a more resilient response system to climate change for sustainable development and reducing uncertainty in China's food markets, requires access to historical research gaps and mapping future research progress for decision making. However, the lack of quantitative and objective analyses to ensure the stability and development of agroecosystems increases the complexity of agro-climatic mechanisms, which leads to uncertainty and undesirable consequences. In this paper, we review the characteristics of climate change in China (1951–2020), reveal the mechanisms of agroecosystem structure in response to climate, and identify challenges and opportunities for future efforts in the context of research progress. The aim is to improve the scientific validity and relevance of future research by clarifying agro-climatic response mechanisms. The results show that surface temperature, precipitation, and frequency of extreme weather events have increased to varying degrees in major agricultural regions of China in 1951–2020. And they have strong geographic variation, which has resulted in droughts in the north and floods in the south. Moreover, climate change has complicated the mechanisms of soil moisture, Net Primary Productivity (NPP), soil carbon pool, and crop pest structure in agroecosystems. This lends to a reduction in soil water holding capacity, NPP, soil carbon content, and the number of natural enemies of diseases and insects, which in turn affects crop yields. However, human interventions can mitigate the deterioration of these factors. We have also realized that the methodology and theory of historical research poses a great challenge to future agroecosystem. Historical and projected climate trends identified current gaps in interdisciplinary integration and multidisciplinary research required to manage diverse spatio-temporal climate change impacts on agroecosystems. Future efforts should highlight integrated management and decision making, multidisciplinary big data coupling, and numerical simulations to ensure sustainable agricultural development, ecological security, and food security in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of science and technology has also led to the progress of rural digital economy. In China, the construction of new countryside has always been an important part of economic development. The application of big data technology in rural areas can not only promote the development of rural economy, but also improve the results of environmental protection. Using the matching coefficient method of agricultural water and soil environmental characteristics, it match the rural water and soil environmental characteristics and the impact of the water environment in the autonomous region. An indispensable driving force in the process, agricultural digitalization will update the rural economic development model, weaken the barriers to the dual structure of urban and rural areas, stabilize agricultural production, promote sustainable rural development, and promote rural economic development. The current government policy support, the urgent need for new development momentum for rural economic development, and the advancement of changes in the lifestyle of urban and rural residents are promoting high-quality development of the rural economy. At the same time, we are facing challenges such as the lack of local network coverage, the lack of logistics, sales systems, and the lack of talents with digital skills. Expanding rural network coverage, optimizing rural logistics and distribution, promoting the development of agricultural big data, and strengthening the development of digital human resources are important ways for agricultural digitalization to promote rural economic development. The research focus of this paper is the parallel development of rural digital economy and environmental protection under the big data economy, and its application in the current agricultural development can achieve a win–win situation between man and nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of agriculture and tourism heavily depends on agricultural resources, and in turn, it can also contribute to agricultural sustainability. Based on panel data from 30 provinces in China from 2008 to 2019, the relationship between agriculture and tourism integration and sustainable agricultural development is empirically analysed using the fixed effect model, system GMM model and spatial Durbin model. Results are as following: (1) The level of sustainable agricultural development (SADL) and the level of integration of agriculture and tourism (ATL) increase steadily during the study period, presenting obvious spatial agglomeration characteristics. (2) ATL has a positive impact on SADL. So improving the integration of agriculture and tourism can contribute to promoting sustainable agricultural development. (3) SADL of the previous period has a significant influence on the level of SADL of the current period, showing strong path dependence and inertia effects. Even so, the integration of agriculture and tourism is still effective in promoting the sustainable development of agriculture. (4) The effect of ATL on SADL has a spatial spillover effect. That is, the integration of agriculture and tourism in a region can promote sustainable development of agriculture in its neighbouring provinces. Based on the above findings, this paper proposes policy recommendations for the integral development of agriculture and tourism and promotion of the sustainable development of agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dunhuang is not only one of the important agricultural regions in China, but also has formed a unique food custom through the integration of diverse cultures along the Silk Road, becoming a grain production base in the Western Regions. Ancient Dunhuang people explored the path of agricultural development in the long-term production practices, actively promoting agricultural production in the region, and transforming the agricultural production structure, leading to a shift in the mode of production. This paper aims to correctly understand the agricultural production characteristics and patterns of ancient Dunhuang and explore the impact of Dunhuang’s agricultural development on local culinary customs, providing an insight into the overall picture of ancient Dunhuang’s agricultural production and lifestyle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International environmental law is the basic charter for dealing with international environmental issues, and it plays an important role in international environmental governance. In recent years, China's economy has achieved great development, but environmental problems are also very prominent. International environmental law provides a basic reference for China's environmental governance, but it also brings challenges to the development of China's environmental productivity to a certain extent. At the same time, due to the unique dominant position of international environmental law, it has played a certain restrictive role in the development of China's environmental productivity. Based on this, in order to promote the sustainable development of China's economy, this paper took China's industrial and agricultural development as the research object. This paper has conducted research on China's industrial and agricultural environmental productivity, aiming to explore the role of international environmental law in China's environmental productivity. The article first analyzed the limitation of international environmental law on China's environmental productivity, and then on this basis, the article conducted a numerical simulation of China's industrial and agricultural environmental productivity. Finally, starting from the actual development situation, the paper aimed to find out the numerical deviation of China's environmental productivity changes through quantitative analysis. In the course of the research on environmental productivity development, the article found a strong correlation between environmental productivity and international environmental law in China. The correlation between environmental productivity and international environmental law reaches 59.93% in South China and 61.02% in North China. Also, after a series of comparative analyses, the article finds that changes in climate characteristics can exacerbate the regulation of China by international environmental law and seriously affect China's economic development. In this case, China's economy declined by 2.6% year-on-year, which further pushed China to practice sustainable development strategies. This shows that it is essential to study the relationship between international environmental law and China's environmental productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of the market economy, agricultural trade has become more and more significant for the development of the agricultural economy, which has triggered people's further thinking and exploration on the impact of agricultural trade on agricultural carbon emissions. This paper takes the measurement of trade implied carbon as the carbon dioxide emission index under the impact of agricultural trade and analyzes the impact of trade implied carbon and implied carbon balance on carbon emission. Taking the impact of Sino-US agricultural trade as an empirical background, this paper measures the impact of environmental changes in agricultural trade opening on China's agricultural development and its carbon emissions, so as to predict changes in China's regional agricultural carbon emissions performance. After calculation, it is found that the scale of China's exports has decreased by 0.089%, which is lower than the decline of 0.361% in the United States. The trade conflict has a significant impact on China's import and export structure. Under the scenario of mutual tariffs on agricultural products, China's exports to the United States are expected to decrease by 6.28%, while China's imports from the United States decreased by 13.02%. The Sino-US agricultural trade dispute will reduce China's carbon emissions by 0.013% and the United States' carbon emissions by 0.024%, which is related to the negative impact on the economy. Improving the performance of agricultural carbon emissions is not only the need for the green and sustainable development of the agricultural economy but also conducive to improving the international competitiveness of agricultural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is a large agricultural country. With the development of industrial production, mechanized harvesting has become an inevitable development trend of agricultural material harvesting. In this paper, based on the latest technology of polycrystalline ferroelectric composite materials in the design of the shovel frame of the harvester's vibrating excavating shovel, the relevant theories of the polycrystalline ferroelectric composite material and the shovel frame of the harvester's vibrating excavating shovel are based on the literature. After understanding, the shovel frame structure of the vibrating excavating shovel of the harvester was designed, and the latest technology of polycrystalline ferroelectric composite material was introduced in the design of the shovel frame of the vibrating excavating shovel of the harvester to make the vibration system have better performance. The designed shovel frame structure is tested, and the test results show that the horizontal output force received by the shovel designed in this paper increases with the increase of speed and is minimized at 0.26 m/s. The vertical output force decreases first and then increases with the increase of speed. It is the smallest when the running speed is 0.39 m/s. The horizontal working resistance is always greater than the vertical working resistance, and it can be seen that the design of the shovel frame structure can be realized in actual work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China agricultural development has been facing the problem of resource constraints because its resources per capita such as land and energy are relatively lower than the global average. By applying the provincial agricultural panel data from 2000 to 2015 and fixed effect model based on the translog production function, this paper estimates both output elasticities and substitution elasticities of agricultural inputs, which may provide insights into sustainable agricultural development. The results show that, except for capital, the output elasticities of other production factors are all positive. Energy has always played an important role in agricultural production, whose elasticity in agriculture increased from 0.0203 in 2000 to 0.1694 in 2015. We also find a severe scarcity of land, and the high intensity of energy in the field of agriculture. Moreover, there exists a substitute relationship between all factors, which means that in the short term, one production factor can be employed to replace another to maintain agricultural development. From the empirical results of this paper, some policy suggestions are proposed as follows: it is crucial that more attention should be placed on land and to plan energy use wisely. In addition, on account of the current situation in China, the input of labor force should be stepped up and energy should be used more efficiently to make up for the shortage of land resources. The empirical results and policy suggestions in this paper may benefit the sustainable development of China's agricultural economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The key trend for future agricultural growth is efficient, green and sustainable high-quality development, and it is crucial to sort out the factors influencing high-quality agricultural development. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to dissect whether environmental regulation has a catalytic effect on quality rural development, through which paths it is driven and whether there is a threshold effect to be further clarified. Method: In this study, the panel data of 34 provinces in China from 2012 to 2018 are used, and 17 variables are used to construct an evaluation index system, covering four dimensions: agricultural endowment, agricultural output level, agricultural green degree and social sustainability. The high-quality development of agriculture is measured by entropy method. And further, using a baseline regression model and a mediating effects model, we empirically investigated the impact of environmental regulation on high-quality agricultural development and its mechanism of action, and empirically assessed the nonlinear effects of environmental regulation using a threshold regression model. Results: Environmental control, as noted in the study, considerably assists in the establishment of high-quality agriculture; at the same time, large-scale land management plays a role in mitigating the influence of both. There is a single income threshold impact on rural households between high-quality agricultural growth and environmental regulation, and once that threshold is reached, the influence of high-quality agricultural growth grows. Contribution: According to the research findings, recommendations are made for the design of scientific environmental regulation policies, the establishment of a sound service system for large-scale rural land management, and the establishment of a stable mechanism for rural residents to sustain their income, in order to strengthen the effect of environmental regulation and realize high-quality agricultural growth in China. The marginal contribution of this paper is to enrich the study of the relationship between environmental regulation and high-quality agricultural development, which has theoretical and practical implications for promoting sustainable agricultural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food regime theory identifies three distinct food regimes on a world scale: the British (1870–1930s), American (1945–1970s), and corporate food regimes (since the 1980s). In the first two regimes, political economic orders were dominated by two separate nation states, whereas the current third regime is dominated by a few mega-corporations. Consequently, traditional super nation states are finding it challenging to use food trade measures to ensure favourable world orders. However, China's state-owned agribusiness enterprises are quickly joining hands with the corporate food regime. This study aims to answer the following questions: Where is the state in the contemporary corporate food regime? How are these rising Chinese state-owned agribusiness enterprises changing the current food regime context? Applying the food regime theory, this paper aims to analyse the expansion of China's influence in the global soybean commodity chain, which is driven by four forces from the corporate food regime: liberalisation, technologicalisation, securitisation, and accumulation. These forces lead the Chinese state apparatus to address China's domestic food needs and then to establish agricultural free trade projects, biotechnology projects, soybean commodity-chain nationalisation projects, and transnational land-grabbing investments. Furthermore, such a dynamic Chinese food security context is gradually moving towards a "state-owned enterprise corporate food regime." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the impact of high-standard farmland construction policy on green and low-carbon agricultural development, such policy has been ignored in literature from the perspective of policy evaluation and it is a promising cure for global warming. The effectiveness and impact mechanism of policy implementation are analyzed, it concludes that the policy significantly reduces agricultural carbon emissions by 12.3%, which benefits from the improvement of agricultural production efficiency. This paper opens a new window for policy-making for modern agriculture and the momentous challenge of the global warming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digital economy is integral in driving economic growth, particularly of high-quality standards. Against the backdrop of the ''Double Carbon'' project, exploring the impact of the digital economy on green agricultural development bears tremendous practical significance. Thus, this study aims to investigate how the digital economy affects agricultural green total factor productivity (GTFP). The entropy-TOPSIS method and SBM-GML index are used to measure core variables quantitatively. In addition, two-way fixed effects panel data models, Tobit, and intermediary effect models are implemented. Three research findings emerge. First, China's agricultural GTFP level generally experiences an upward trend, and the development of the digital economy has a significant positive effect on increasing agricultural GTFP. Second, the digital economy mainly promotes agricultural technology innovation that boosts agricultural GTFP. Third, Western China experiences a more significant positive effect of the digital economy on agricultural GTFP than Central and Eastern China. Finally, based on the findings, this paper proposes relevant policy recommendations to promote green and sustainable agriculture development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of society and the times, the socialist modernization cause in China is constantly developing, and the improvement of the economy has also driven the development of rural ecotourism industry in China. The unique natural terrain and cultural customs in rural areas have promoted the continuous development of local ecotourism industry, which has had a positive impact on the economic development of rural areas and not only solved the employment problem of the majority of the population in rural areas. It can also bring a continuous stream of economic benefits and continuously improve the living standards of local residents. Rural ecotourism refers to a rural tourism activity that takes place in rural areas, supported by the agricultural industry, and attracted by the rural environment and typical rural ecotourism resources, with the concept of ecotourism. Rural ecotourism mainly takes the form of rural scenery, agricultural participation, and folk experience, integrating sightseeing experience, cognition, and tourism activities. The main principles of rural tourism development are agricultural support, people-oriented, ecological protection, community participation, income feedback, and ecological home construction. The sustainable development evaluation of rural ecotourism is a classical multiple-attribute decision-making (MADM) issue. In such paper, the generalized weighted Bonferroni mean (GWBM) operator and power average (PA) is constructed for MADM with single-valued neutrosophic sets (SVNSs). Then, the single-valued neutrosophic number power generalized BM (SVNNPGBM) operator is built and then the MADM decision methods are proposed based on the SVNNPGBM operator. Finally, an example for sustainable development evaluation of rural ecotourism and some comparative analysis were given to demonstrate the SVNNPGBM method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural carbon productivity has the dual attributes of 'guaranteeing growth' and 'promoting emission reduction.' It is the core content of green agriculture development in the new era, and also an important aspect of achieving China' s goals of reaching peak carbon emissions and carbon neutrality. Based on new geographic economics, this paper established a spatial panel model and used panel data from 31 provinces (excluding Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macao) and municipalities in China from 2005 to 2019 to empiri⁃ cally study the agglomeration effects of agricultural industries on agricultural carbon productivity and investigated the moderating effect of fiscal decentralization on the above effects. The main findings were as follows: ① The agricultural carbon productivity of China as a whole and that of the four major regions were increasing year by year, and there was a certain spatial correlation. ② When the control variables were not considered, the agglomeration of agricultural industries had a significant U-shaped effect on the carbon productivity of local agriculture, but it was not conducive to the agricultural carbon productivity of surrounding areas. When the control variables were considered, the agglomeration of agricultural industries had no significant effect on the carbon productivity of local agriculture. However, it had a significant inverted U-shaped effect on agricultural carbon productivity in surrounding areas. ③ The effects of agricul⁃ tural industry agglomeration on agricultural carbon productivity were significant in the four major regions, regions of different agricultur⁃ al development levels, and regions with different agricultural industry agglomeration levels, and heterogeneity existed in these places. ④ Fiscal decentralization would weaken the impact of agricultural industrial agglomeration on agricultural carbon productivity at the national level and would have a heterogeneous moderating effect in low agricultural industrial agglomeration regions (eastern and cen⁃ tral regions) and high agricultural industrial agglomeration regions (western and northeastern regions). Therefore, it is necessary to pro⁃ mote the transformation of agricultural industrial agglomeration from 'quantity increase' to 'quality improvement,' and to give full play to the role of agricultural industrial agglomeration in promoting agricultural carbon productivity. At the same time, we should: establish a dynamic adjustment mechanism for central and local fiscal revenues and expenditures; appropriately increase the proportion of fiscal support to agriculture; use financial resources and means to promote the rational agglomeration of the agricultural industry; and improve agricultural carbon productivity to achieve high-quality agricultural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The balance between agricultural development and maintenance of agro-ecological environment becomes a huge challenge because of global climate changes. Existing literature on the low-carbon pilot policy proposed by the government of China and whether the problems of agricultural development and agricultural environmental protection can be solved or not have not been reviewed. This paper analyzes the impact of low-carbon pilot policies on agricultural eco-efficiency by using SARAR model based on the data of 281 cities in China. Results show the spatial spillover effects between low-carbon pilot policies and agricultural eco-efficiency. The implementation of low-carbon pilot policy can improve agricultural eco-efficiency. Although restrained by agricultural economic development, this policy has disequilibrium effect on agricultural eco-efficiency, has a relatively large impact on agricultural eco-efficiency in western China and other poor areas, and promotes the reduction of agricultural carbon emission. The effect of the implementation of low-carbon pilot policy is affected by the initial agricultural economic development and urban economic conditions. This research aims to improve the agricultural eco-efficiency and enforce the green development of the agricultural economy via the perspective of the low-carbon pilot policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To realize the great goal of attaining peak carbon in 2030 and carbon neutrality in 2060, agricultural carbon mitigation must be an essential activity in China. Policy-oriented agricultural insurance is accepted as an effective income guarantee and risk transfer tool, which can not only disperse the risk of agricultural operation but also guide green agricultural production. In this study, based on panel data from 2012 to 2018 in China, a multistage dynamic DID model is constructed to systematically explore the effect of policy-oriented agricultural insurance on green agricultural development, primarily to clarify the specific mechanism of the effect. The results show that agricultural carbon emission is increasing year by year and the implementation of policy-oriented agricultural insurance has a significant positive impact on reducing agricultural carbon emissions. We further find that the promotion effect of agricultural insurance on carbon emission reduction increases with the expansion of agricultural technicians and the decrease of agricultural chemical utilization. In terms of spatial heterogeneity, the impact of the policy-oriented agricultural insurance on reducing agricultural carbon emissions is stronger in central and western regions than in eastern regions. At the same time, this paper provides operational suggestions for low-carbon agricultural development and the formulation of relevant macroeconomic agricultural policies. Our findings support the positive effect of policy-oriented agricultural insurance and provide significant policy implications for agricultural carbon emission reduction and control actions in China and other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effective use of nutrient-rich crop straw is an important way to use resources efficiently and to sustain agricultural development. This meta-analysis study collected and analyzed the data of 6788 observations published in 238 peer-reviewed papers to investigate differences in soil C-N fractions and yields of paddy soils under different straw-return amounts. This large dataset was also used to quantify the degree of influence of factors such as climate characteristics, soil properties, N fertilizer application rates, straw-rotting agent addition, rice varieties, and straw return methods. The results showed that straw return amounts improved soil alkaline-hydrolysable N (7%), total N (10%), organic C (11%), the C:N ratio (8%), rice N accumulation (12%), and overall yield (18%). The most significant effect was in northeast China fields for total soil nitrogen (TN) content and yield with increases of 13% and 22%, respectively. We also found more effective N utilization and a greater rice yield when 220–260 kg ha−1 N fertilizer was applied with 20–30 kg ha−1 straw-rotting agent with the total amount of straw return. These findings have important implications for choosing appropriate conditions and field management practices and to improve rice yield in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecological livability is one of the important tasks and objectives of the rural revitalization strategy proposed at the 19A National Congress of the CPC. The most precious wealth of the countryside is the excellent ecological environment, and China must unswervingly follow the route of green agricultural development. Based on current research on the relationship between ecological livable and agricultural green development, comprehensive policy documents, journal literature and related reports, this paper explored the background and connotation of ecological livable, the current situation of agricultural green development and existing problems, and profoundly analyzed ecological livable and the internal connection between agricultural green development, aiming to provide theoretical reference and scientific reference for the final realization of ecological livable goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The present paper aimed to analyze the spatio-temporal evolution and trend of arable land utilization transformation in China, and to provide a theoretical reference for the transformation and protection of arable land utilization. 【Method】The transformation of arable land utilization, mutation point and spatio-temporal evolution were explored by entropy value method, temporal mutation point test and coupling coordination degree model. 【Result】From the perspective of time, the transformation index of cultivated land utilization transformation space, function and model in various provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities in China was generally low but continued to grow, and the transformation and development of arable land utilization was slow and low. Before 2010, in addition to Tianjin, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, Shaanxi and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the comprehensive transformation of arable land utilization in various provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities in China was initially realized, but the transformation index was low, and there was still much room for improvement. From a spatial point of view, the transformation of arable land utilization in China has basically formed a spatial pattern in which the high-value areas mainly in the eastern region and the low-value areas in the western region as the core coexist, and the spatial migration of arable land utilization transformation showed a northeast-southwest transfer pattern, and the regional differences were obvious. The three subsystems of arable land utilization transformation space, function and mode were well coupled, but the imbalance phenomenon was becoming increasingly prominent. Overall, the transformation and development potential of arable land utilization was large, the three promoted each other, and the coupling coordination degree had a trend of ‘westward’ transfer in space, and there was a certain unbalanced trend. 【Conclusion】The transformation of arable land use showed a trend of ‘westward shift’ in space and time, and the three major subsystems of the transformation of arable land use were well coupled, but the phenomenon of dysfunction was increasingly prominent, and there was a certain degree of unevenness. Therefore, the development strategy of diversity, differentiation and regulation from the developed areas in the east to the traditional agricultural areas in the west should be implemented, to strengthen the linkage and coordination role between the 3 subsystems of spatial, functional and modal transformation of arable land use, activate factors related to agricultural development, promote the modernization of agriculture, and then achieve high-quality utilization of arable land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]