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As social issues like climate change become increasingly salient, digital traces left by scholarly documents can be used to assess their reach outside of academia. Our research examine who shared climate change research papers on Twitter by looking at the expressions used in profile descriptions. We categorized users in eight categories (academia, communication, political, professional, personal, organization, bots and publishers) associated to specific expressions. Results indicate how diverse publics may be represented in the communication of scholarly documents on Twitter. Supplementing our word detection analysis with qualitative assessments of the results, we highlight how the presence of unique or multiple categorizations in textual Twitter descriptions provides evidence of the publics of research in specific contexts. Our results show a more substantial communication by academics and organizations for papers published in 2016, whereas the general public comparatively participated more in 2015. Overall, there is significant participation of publics outside of academia in the communication of climate change research articles on Twitter, although the extent to which these publics participate varies between individual papers. This means that papers circulate in specific communities which need to be assessed to understand the reach of research on social media. Furthermore, the flexibility of our method provide means for research assessment that consider the contextuality and plurality of publics involved on Twitter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We are indebted to him for his careful editing of the final versions of the papers published in this special issue, for the opportunity to publish this special issue, and for his dedicated support for the entire process, without which this special issue would not exist. The 3 SP rd sp International Conference on Recent Advances in Mechanical Infrastructure (ICRAM-2021) was organized by the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Institute of Infrastructure Technology Research and Management (IITRAM), Ahmedabad, India during August 6-8, 2021. [Extracted from the article]

The Urban Heat Island phenomenon (UHI), characterized by elevated temperatures in urban areas compared to their rural surroundings, is highly exacerbated by urbanization and climate change. Understanding the complex relationship between UHI effect and urban form is crucial for effective urban planning and climate mitigation strategies. This paper examines the multifaceted connection between UHIs and urban forms, exploring various methods used to study this relationship. Through a review of the existing literature, we analyze the influence of various urban characteristics on the intensity and spatial distribution of UHIs. Furthermore, we discuss the key methods and technologies, such as remote sensing and modeling, used in advancing our understanding of UHI–urban form interactions. This study then delves into the literature on UHIs within the specific context of Morocco, identifying research gaps and emphasizing the need for more comprehensive research to address them. By translating study findings into actionable urban solutions, this paper suggests contextual mitigation strategies based on the research outcomes. Finally, by synthesizing current research findings and methodologies, this paper seeks to provide insights into the complexities of UHI dynamics and their implications for climate resilience, highlighting the potential of research for forging sustainable and climate-conscious planning strategies in Morocco and across the broader MENA region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration has been increasing rapidly since the Industrial Revolution, which has led to unequivocal global warming and crucial environmental change. It is extremely important to investigate the interactions among atmospheric CO2, the physical climate system, and the carbon cycle of the underlying surface for a better understanding of the Earth system. Earth system models are widely used to investigate these interactions via coupled carbon-climate simulations. The Chinese Academy of Sciences Earth System Model version 2 (CAS-ESM2.0) has successfully fixed a two-way coupling of atmospheric CO2 with the climate and carbon cycle on land and in the ocean. Using CAS-ESM2.0, we conducted a coupled carbon-climate simulation by following the CMIP6 proposal of a historical emissions-driven experiment. This paper examines the modeled CO2 by comparison with observed CO2 at the sites of Mauna Loa and Barrow, and the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) CO2 product. The results showed that CAS-ESM2.0 agrees very well with observations in reproducing the increasing trend of annual CO2 during the period 1850–2014, and in capturing the seasonal cycle of CO2 at the two baseline sites, as well as over northern high latitudes. These agreements illustrate a good ability of CAS-ESM2.0 in simulating carbon-climate interactions, even though uncertainties remain in the processes involved. This paper reports an important stage of the development of CAS-ESM with the coupling of carbon and climate, which will provide significant scientific support for climate research and China's goal of carbon neutrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on climate anxiety is rapidly growing, with ongoing exploration of population prevalence, contributing factors, and mitigation strategies that transform anxiety into helpful action. What remains unclear is whether and how to delineate climate anxiety from mental ill health. A limited conceptualization of climate anxiety restricts efforts to identify and support those adversely affected. This paper draws on psychological and existential theories to propose a theoretical model of climate anxiety and coping, extending previous conceptualizations. The model theorizes that climate change evokes an existential conflict that manifests affectively as climate anxiety (and other emotional experiences), wherein cognitive and behavioral coping processes are activated. These processes fall on a continuum of adaptivity, depending on functional impact. Responses might range from meaningful engagement with activities that address climate change to maladaptive strategies that negatively impact personal, social, and occupational functioning. Applications of this model in research and practice are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantitative climate mobility research has, so far, focused primarily on climate change impacts on migration outcomes. This focus has led to a separation between quantitative climate migration research and the broader field of migration studies. In this paper ways are proposed for quantitative research to better address the complexity in the relationship between climate change and mobility. First technical suggestions are presented to improve upon migration model setups and designs and highlight promising developments. Then it is argued that quantitative methodologies can broaden the scope of research inquiries by examining how climate mitigation and adaptation efforts influence mobility, as well as assessing how mobility itself impacts vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate cloud quantification is essential in climate change research. In this work, we construct an automated computer vision framework by synergistically incorporating deep neural networks and finite-sector clustering to achieve robust whole-sky image-based cloud classification, adaptive segmentation and recognition under intricate illumination dynamics. A bespoke YOLOv8 (You Only Look Once 8) architecture attains over 95 % categorical precision across four archetypal cloud varieties curated from extensive annual observations (2020) at a Tibetan highland station. Tailor-made segmentation strategies adapted to distinct cloud configurations, allied with illumination-invariant image enhancement algorithms, effectively eliminate solar interference and substantially boost quantitative performance even in illumination-adverse analysis scenarios. Compared with the traditional threshold analysis method, the cloud quantification accuracy calculated within the framework of this paper is significantly improved. Collectively, the methodological innovations provide an advanced solution to markedly escalate cloud quantification precision levels imperative for climate change research while offering a paradigm for cloud analytics transferable to various meteorological stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When young people engage with climate change education, they are often left feeling disempowered and daunted. But past research has shown that there are ways to design and deliver climate change education that can be empowering and enabling. The delivery of climate change education was further challenged in 2020 by the shift to online learning driven by the COVID‐19 pandemic restrictions. However, the challenges of the pandemic context also offered an opportunity to engage new audiences and establish new collaborations in climate change education. In this paper, we explore how the shift to online research, collaboration and education can also be harnessed to develop interdisciplinary coastal adaptation training for young people interested in better understanding the complexities of our coastal environments. The resulting 'More than Maps' framework draws on qualitative and quantitative data collected over a two‐year programme focused on the design and delivery of an international climate change research capacity building workshop series, across the United Kingdom, Ghana, Jamaica and Australia. Carried out by an interdisciplinary team of early career researchers and established academics, 15 workshops were developed on coastal adaptation research methods, targeting a range of 'young' audiences who are and will continue to be impacted by climate change. Building on reflections from the workshops' design and delivery, we developed a scalable framework to aid researchers in sharing open‐access, replicable methods for studying climate change mitigation and adaptation. This work demonstrates that our workshop participants had increased confidence, sought to apply learned methods to other contexts, and wanted to share this knowledge with others. We conclude that the COVID‐19 online workspace facilitated rather than hindered the international collaboration and delivery of these coastal adaptation research methods workshops, and we provide best practice tips to researchers delivering climate change education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing recognition of the importance of research into the effects of climate change on mental health and wellbeing. This paper provides an overview of the pathways through which climate change can affect mental health and wellbeing, highlighting the valuable contribution that health geography can make in this field of study. Given expertise in spatial processes, human‐environment interactions, and diverse research methods, health geographers are well‐equipped to enhance our understanding of the connection between climate change and mental health and wellbeing. The paper proposes two key areas of future focus: (1) exploring the reciprocal relationships between mental health and place, and (2) integrating knowledge from health geography and environmental sustainability. Health geography can play a critical role in developing knowledge to support mitigation strategies and promote mental health and wellbeing in the face of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interdisciplinarity continues to be a focus and method for complex social and environmental challenges. This paper explores how the School of Environmental Sciences (ENV) at the University of East Anglia (UEA) which was founded through the idea of scientific interdisciplinarity operated in practice to create new knowledge about a new object of concern, the 'environment'. Using the 'trading zone' concept, the social and epistemic processes behind making scientific interdisciplinarity a material and institutional reality are uncovered, and to what extent interdisciplinary knowledge was actually produced. This paper concludes that interdisciplinary processes can be effective in dealing with complex challenges but often rely on the institutional and social dynamics of the researchers involved. Historicising interdisciplinarity in knowledge‐making settings can go some way in supporting new interdisciplinary endeavours associated with environmental and climate research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents an exhaustive assessment of the Sentinel-6A Michael Freilich Radio Occultation (RO) data, focusing on the evaluation of bending angle products derived from the EUMETSAT-provided RO Non-Time Critical (RO-NTC) data collected between September and December 2021. This analysis confirms the satellite's capability to exceed its target of 770 quality checked bending angle profiles per day, with an availability rate of 99.9 %, demonstrating the robustness of the mission's operational performance. A detailed examination of the Signal-To-Noise Ratio (SNR) and phase noise indicates the high-quality nature of the data. The study also analyses the benefits of employing SNR-based signal cutoff strategies and L2 signal extrapolation in the troposphere, where it is more susceptible to SNR reductions. Furthermore, the paper details some processor enhancements, which led to improved bending angle statistics, particularly below 22 km altitude. Additionally, the analysis revealed terrestrial interference signals on the L2 frequency, confirming that they do not significantly compromise the Sentinel-6A RO data quality. The validation of the EUMETSAT processed Sentinel-6A RO-NTC data against the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) short-range forecasts and comparisons with Metop-B/C and EUMETSAT-processed SPIRE occultations, highlights the reduction in random error and modifications in the tropospheric bias structure, a result of the enhancements in data processing techniques. This comprehensive analysis confirms the high quality of the EUMETSAT Sentinel-6A bending angle products and underlines the satellite's contribution to the EUMETSAT legacy of precise and reliable radio occultation data for weather forecasting and climate research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Any scientific career is a mix of planning and stochastic events, often with a fair share of the latter. I illustrate this by the evolution of my own career. Ecosystem studies of food webs under the impact of eutrophication (Master), and carbon cycling in DOC (Dissolved Organic Carbon)-rich lakes (PhD) led me to elemental ratios in organisms and the establishment of ecological stoichiometry. The role of phosphorus (P) in cellular processes again led to research on the evolution and regulation of genome size. As climate came higher on the agenda, it was time to apply the basic research on the C-cycle and climate in a wider context. As natural scientists, we should also engage in even wider contexts, and I have enjoyed discussions and co-operation with philosophers, psychologist, and social scientists. This helps seeing our own work in context. We should also reflect on why we do science. I have always felt that science should also add purpose to life by giving something back to society, and I have devoted much time to outreach, public talks, debates, and writing popular science books. It takes some time, but it is also rewarding and important—perhaps even more so than yet another paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When it comes to climate crisis research, current debates are increasingly thematizing the needs but also the challenges of collaborative, transdisciplinary work. Geophysical characterizations of climate change are increasingly deemed insufficient to respond to the challenges that vulnerable communities face worldwide. In this paper, I describe the work of studying‐while‐caring for an environmental data infrastructure in order to address this issue. I suggest framing "data management" anthropologically as a question of collective stewardship that is better conceived as a "knowledge infrastructure" (Edwards 2010) instead of a formal approach to automated data curation. To examine the sociotechnical blindspots of data management, I elaborate on the anthropological concept of "infrastructural blues" based on the data engineering work I conducted. For the conclusion, I discuss the concept of "common" as a substitute for "open" technologies and address the broader implications of the proposed shift toward community stewardship and self‐determination as guiding practices for socio‐environmental data governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Media reporting and academic research into young climate civil society organisations (CSOs) often focus on organisations using direct, confrontational and often controversial actions, but to what extent is this a true picture of young climate organisations? This paper examines the differences between young and old climate and environmental CSOs in the Netherlands. Drawing on niche theory, it uses set-theoretic typology building to examine the ways in which 39 young and old Dutch CSOs construct configurational organisational niches by narrowing down their membership and issue, using innovative strategies and developing stable financing sources. It finds that although there are significant differences between young and old CSOs in how they narrow down their membership and issues, their strategies are not significantly different: in other words, a focus on civil disobedience alone does not paint the whole picture of young climate groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying sound strategies to manage climate risks requires understanding complex systems, characterised by; a large number of potential factors that interact; multiple stakeholder constituencies with diverse values, deep and dynamic uncertainties. This paper assesses the general understanding and dominant narrative regarding climate change in particular societies in order to track the trends regarding the management of climate risk. In this regard, this paper considers climate risk from a Zimbabwean perspective between 1980 and 2021. The assessment of climate risk in Zimbabwe took cognisance of the fact that climate change is a subject that has received a considerable amount of attention in Zimbabwean focused literature. As such, secondary data were used to understand the dominant narratives regarding climate risk in Zimbabwe. The climate risk discussion in Zimbabwe has significantly grown over past four decades nonetheless, it is evident that the dominant narrative is biased towards climate change adaptation particularly on aspects of agricultural and livelihoods sensitivity from a water scarcity perspective. Other adaptation components such as the exposure to hazards, indigenous knowledge systems, ecological and infrastructure vulnerability, communication and gender dimensions of climate change also form the bulk of issues that dominate the adaptation centred narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the recent progress in our estimation of ocean dynamic topography and the derived surface geostrophic currents, mainly based on multiple nadir radar altimeter missions. These altimetric observations provide the cornerstone of our ocean circulation observing system from space. The largest signal in sea surface topography is from the mean surface dominated by the marine geoid, and we will discuss recent progress in observing the mean ocean circulation from altimetry, once the geoid and other corrections have been estimated and removed. We then address the recent advances in our observations of the large-scale and mesoscale ocean circulation from space, and the particular challenges and opportunities for new observations in the polar regions. The active research in the ocean barotropic tides and internal tidal circulation is also presented. The paper also addresses how our networks of global multi-satellite and in situ observations are being combined and assimilated to characterize the four-dimensional ocean circulation, for climate research and ocean forecasting systems. For the future of ocean circulation from space, the need for continuity of our current observing system is crucial, and we discuss the exciting enhancement to come with global wide-swath altimetry, the extension into the coastal and high-latitude regions, and proposals for direct total surface current satellites in the 2030 period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change continues to exacerbate social and economic development challenges in local communities the world over. This paper advances a human development approach to climate resilience innovations, showing how local innovation initiatives can be conduits for increased equity, agency, efficiency and sustainability vis-à-vis effective responses to climate impacts. Based on a scoping review of literature (journal articles, books, theses, occasional papers etc.), and through a discussion of four case studies focused on technological and institutional innovations in selected rural South African communities, a major finding is that local innovation initiatives vis-à-vis livelihoods are laden with opportunities for improved social, economic and ecological well-being. Appreciating and supporting these local innovations will open up viable and transformative pathways towards effectively responding to the impacts of climate change and variability. The paper contributes to an interdisciplinary integration of innovation and climate change research by exploring climate resilience through a transformative human development lens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The climate-health nexus is well documented in the field of biometeorology. Since its inception, Biometeorology has in many ways become the umbrella under which much of this collaborative research has been conducted. Whilst a range of review papers have considered the development of biometeorological research and its coverage in this journal, and a few have reviewed the literature on specific diseases, none have focused on the sub-field of climate and health as a whole. Since its first issue in 1957, the International Journal of Biometeorology has published a total of 2183 papers that broadly consider human health and its relationship with climate. In this review, we identify a total of 180 (8.3%, n = 2183) of these papers that specifically focus on the intersection between meteorological variables and specific, named diagnosable diseases, and explore the publication trends thereof. The number of publications on climate and health in the journal increases considerably since 2011. The largest number of publications on the topic was in 2017 (18) followed by 2021 (17). Of the 180 studies conducted, respiratory diseases accounted for 37.2% of the publications, cardiovascular disease 17%, and cerebrovascular disease 11.1%. The literature on climate and health in the journal is dominated by studies from the global North, with a particular focus on Asia and Europe. Only 2.2% and 8.3% of these studies explore empirical evidence from the African continent and South America respectively. These findings highlight the importance of continued research on climate and human health, especially in low- and lower-middle-income countries, the populations of which are more vulnerable to climate-sensitive illnesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocean observational gridded products are vital for climate monitoring, ocean and climate research, model evaluation, and supporting climate mitigation and adaptation measures. This paper describes the 4th version of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAPv4) ocean temperature and ocean heat content (OHC) objective analysis product. It accounts for recent developments in quality control (QC) procedures, climatology, bias correction, vertical and horizontal interpolation, and mapping and is available for the upper 6000 m (119 levels) since 1940 (more reliable after ~1957) for monthly and 1° × 1° temporal and spatial resolutions. The IAPv4 is compared with the previous version, IAPv3, and to the other data products, sea surface temperatures (SSTs), and satellite observations. It has a slightly stronger long-term upper 2000 m OHC increase than IAPv3 for 1955-2023, mainly because of newly developed bias corrections. IAPv4 OHC 0-2000 m trend is also higher during 2005-2023 than IAPv3. The first level of IAPv4 is consistent with independent SST datasets. The month-to-month OHC variability for IAPv4 is desirably less than IAPv3 and other OHC products investigated in this study; annual variations are consistent with the net energy imbalance at the top of the atmosphere, and the sea level budget can be closed within uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arctic sea ice detection is very important in global climate research, Arctic ecosystem protection, ship navigation and human activities. In this paper, by combining the co-pol ratio (HH/VV) and two kinds of cross-pol ratio (HV/VV, HV/HH), a novel sea ice detection method is proposed based on RADARSAT-2 quad-polarization synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. Experimental results suggest that the co-pol ratio shows promising capability in sea ice detection at a wide range of incidence angles (25–50°), while the two kinds of cross-pol ratio are more applicable to sea ice detection at small incidence angles (20–35°). When incidence angles exceed 35°, wind conditions have a great effect on the performance of the cross-pol ratio. Our method is validated by comparison with the visual interpretation results. The overall accuracy is 96%, far higher than that of single polarization ratio (PR) parameter-based methods. Our method is suitable for sea ice detection in complex sea ice and wind conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate climate data at fine spatial resolution are essential for scientific research and the development and planning of crucial social systems, such as energy and agriculture. Among them, sea surface temperature plays a critical role as the associated El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is considered a significant signal of the global interannual climate system. In this paper, we propose an implicit neural representation-based interpolation method with temporal information ( T _ I N R I ) to reconstruct climate data of high spatial resolution, with sea surface temperature as the research object. Traditional deep learning models for generating high-resolution climate data are only applicable to fixed-resolution enhancement scales. In contrast, the proposed T _ I N R I method is not limited to the enhancement scale provided during the training process and its results indicate that it can enhance low-resolution input by arbitrary scale. Additionally, we discuss the impact of temporal information on the generation of high-resolution climate data, specifically, the influence of the month from which the low-resolution sea surface temperature data are obtained. Our experimental results indicate that T _ I N R I is advantageous over traditional interpolation methods under different enhancement scales, and the temporal information can improve T _ I N R I performance for a different calendar month. We also examined the potential capability of T _ I N R I in recovering missing grid value. These results demonstrate that the proposed T _ I N R I is a promising method for generating high-resolution climate data and has significant implications for climate research and related applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Future GRACE-like geodesy missions could benefit from adopting accelerometer technology akin to that of the LISA Pathfinder, which employed laser interferometric readout at the sub-picometer level in addition to the conventional capacitive sensing, which is at best at the level of 100 pm. Improving accelerometer performance holds great potential to enhance the scientific output of forthcoming missions, carrying invaluable implications for research in climate, water resource management, and disaster risk reduction. To reach sub-picometer displacement sensing precision in the millihertz range, laser interferometers rely on suppression of laser-frequency noise by several orders of magnitude. Many optical frequency stabilization methods are available with varying levels of complexity, size, and performance. In this paper, we describe the performance of a Mach–Zehnder interferometer based on a compact monolithic optic. The setup consists of a commercial fiber injector, a custom-designed pentaprism used to split and recombine the laser beam, and two photoreceivers placed at the complementary output ports of the interferometer. The structural stability of the prism is transferred to the laser frequency via amplification, integration, and feedback of the balanced-detection signal, achieving a fractional frequency instability better than 6 parts in 10 13 , corresponding to an interferometer pathlength stability better than 1 pm / Hz . The prism was designed to host a second interferometer to interrogate the position of a test mass. This optical scheme has been dubbed "single-element dual-interferometer" or SEDI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the unpredictable nature of the Earth's climate persists, the scholarly attention dedicated to climate research has undergone a notable transition, shifting its emphasis from the conventional notion of global warming to a greater disconcerting occurrence commonly referred to as "global boiling." The present article endeavors to elucidate the scientific evidence that posits a discernible alteration in climate patterns, specifically towards an exacerbation of extreme heat events. Furthermore, this study aims to delve into the various factors that are believed to be instrumental in precipitating this noteworthy phenomenon. Furthermore, we engage in a comprehensive examination of the potential ramifications on ecological systems, human communities, and the imperative necessity for proactive measures aimed at both mitigating and adapting to these challenges. This paper endeavors to elucidate the potential issues presented by the period of global boiling through a thorough examination of existing research and data. Furthermore, it seeks to underscore the significance of concerted efforts to effectively tackle this pressing matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this data paper, the sea level time series at Socoa (Saint-Jean-de-Luz, southwestern France) is extended through a data archaeology exercise. We conducted a comprehensive study of national and local archives to catalogue water level records stored in ledgers (handwritten record books) and charts (marigrams from mechanical float gauges), along with other associated documents (metadata). A dedicated effort was undertaken to preserve more than 2000 documents by archiving them in digital formats. Using this large set of rescued documents, the Socoa time series has been extended back to 1875, with more than 58 station-years of additional data. The final time series has hourly sampling, while the raw dataset has a finer sampling frequency of up to 5 min. By analysing precise levelling information, we assessed the continuity of the vertical datum. We also compared the new century-long time series to nearby tide gauge data to ensure its datum consistency. While the overall quality of the time series is generally good, siltation of the stilling well has occasionally affected certain parts of the record. We have successfully identified these impacted periods and flagged the corresponding data as doubtful. This extended high-resolution sea level time series at Socoa, spanning more than 100 years, will be valuable for advancing climate research, particularly when studying the decadal-scale variations in the North Atlantic and investigating the storminess and extreme events along the French Basque coast. The raw digitized water level, the processed dataset, metadata, and the python notebooks used for processing are available at 10.5281/zenodo.7438469 (Khan et al., 2022). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential for History Matching (HM) to tune a climate system with multi‐scale dynamics. By considering a toy climate model, namely, the two‐scale Lorenz96 model and producing experiments in perfect‐model setting, we explore in detail how several built‐in choices need to be carefully tested. We also demonstrate the importance of introducing physical expertise in the range of parameters, a priori to running HM. Finally we revisit a classical procedure in climate model tuning, that consists of tuning the slow and fast components separately. By doing so in the Lorenz96 model, we illustrate the non‐uniqueness of plausible parameters and highlight the specificity of metrics emerging from the coupling. This paper contributes also to bridging the communities of uncertainty quantification, machine learning and climate modeling, by making connections between the terms used by each community for the same concept and presenting promising collaboration avenues that would benefit climate modeling research. Plain Language Summary: Climate models are computer simulation codes that incorporate centuries of human knowledge of the physics of planet Earth. They are used to understand the past, the present and make projections about the future of our climate. To validate a climate model, scientists tune a number of its parameters so that it yields a simulated climate resembling real‐life observations as much as possible. The main challenge in this tuning task is the extreme cost of climate models which limits a lot the number of tuning experiments scientists can run. In this paper we are interested in a technique that uses artificial intelligence in order to replace the expensive climate model with a cheaper surrogate. We experiment on a simplified model to assess the strengths and weaknesses of this semi‐automatic technique, and show that it can be more efficient when combined with human expertise. Key Points: The History Matching method is explained in detail then used for tuning a toy coupled model: the Lorenz 96 modelThe importance of several design choices is demonstrated, especially when considering forced experiments such as Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Protocol and Ocean Model Intercomparison ProjectWe argue that this tuning method is semi‐automatic & highlight the importance of human expertise when considering it for real coupled models [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)-based tool Geo-Temporal eXplorer (GTX), integrating a set of highly interactive techniques for visual analytics of large geo-referenced complex networks from the climate research domain. The visual exploration of these networks faces a multitude of challenges related to the geo-reference and the size of these networks with up to several million edges and the manifold types of such networks. In this paper, solutions for the interactive visual analysis for several distinct types of large complex networks will be discussed, in particular, time-dependent, multi-scale, and multi-layered ensemble networks. Custom-tailored for climate researchers, the GTX tool supports heterogeneous tasks based on interactive, GPU-based solutions for on-the-fly large network data processing, analysis, and visualization. These solutions are illustrated for two use cases: multi-scale climatic process and climate infection risk networks. This tool helps one to reduce the complexity of the highly interrelated climate information and unveils hidden and temporal links in the climate system, not available using standard and linear tools (such as empirical orthogonal function analysis). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the evolution of the Global Tropical Moored Buoy Array (GTMBA) over the past decade since the last comprehensive and coordinated overview of the Pacific-Atlantic-Indian Ocean system in 2010. GTMBA provides sustained and systematic observations in real time for weather and climate research, forecasting, and assessments. It is maintained through multi-national consortia that support the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) Array and the Triangle Trans-Ocean Buoy Network (TRITON) in the Pacific, the Prediction and Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic (PIRATA), and the Research Moored Array for African-Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction (RAMA) in the Indian Ocean. Phenomena of interest span a wide range of weather and climate timescales, including tropical cyclones, the intraseasonal Madden-Julian Oscillation, the seasonal cycle, monsoon circulations, El Niño-Southern Oscillation, climate variations on decadal timescales, and trends related to climate change. We review recent scientific advances enabled by GTMBA, along with array design changes in response to new scientific imperatives and operational exigencies, and conclude with a discussion of future directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past 15 years, research activities focusing on the interlinkages between climate change and human mobility have intensified. At the same time, an increasing number of actors and processes have sought to address human mobility in the context of climate change from a policy perspective. Hitherto, research has been limited in terms of geographical preferences as well as conceptual and methodological focus areas. This paper argues that to address the evolving policy space, future research on climate change in the context of human mobility needs to become more differentiated, integrated and generalized. This includes concerted efforts to better integrate researchers from the global South, improved cross‐linkages between different datasets, approaches and disciplines, more longitudinal and comparative studies and development of innovative qualitative and quantitative methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this position paper, we use the example of The University of Texas at Austin's Planet Texas 2050 (PT2050) to argue that the Grand Challenge (GC) framework for ambitious research initiatives must create meeting grounds for transdisciplinary integration of science, technology, engineering, mathematics (STEM), arts, and humanities, along with community perspectives. We trace the historical trajectory of GCs, and reframe GC initiatives within the literature of inter- and transdisciplinarity. We present PT2050 as a case study of the infrastructural supports and imaginative process for creating level meeting grounds for transdisciplinarity. We demonstrate the benefits of these meeting grounds through projects, products, and funding generated. We contend that engaging arts, humanities, and community in co-design from the beginning is critical because complex, urgent challenges such as the climate crisis are embedded in human societies and demand solutions based in understanding of social, cultural, and historical contexts as well as STEM applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land cover segmentation has been a significant research area because of its multiple applications including the infrastructure development, forestry, agriculture, urban planning, and climate change research. In this paper, we propose a novel segmentation method, called Frequency-guided Position-based Attention Network (FPA-Net), for land cover image segmentation. Our method is based on encoder–decoder improved U-Net architecture with position-based attention mechanism and frequency-guided component. The position-based attention block is used to capture the spatial dependency among different feature maps and obtain the relationship among relevant patterns across the image. The frequency-guided component provides additional support with high-frequency features. Our model is simple and efficient in terms of time and space complexities. Experimental results on the Deep Globe, GID-15, and Land Cover AI datasets show that the proposed FPA-Net can achieve the best performance in both quantitative and qualitative measures as compared against other existing approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arctic warming is occurring at a much faster rate than in other parts of the globe, with potentially devastating consequences for the diverse array of species within ecologically and biologically sensitive areas in the Arctic marine region. However, climate change research in this region is sparse compared to other biomes, hindering conservation efforts. In this article, we review and synthesize the available literature to understand the observed and potential impacts of climate change on different species and ecosystems in the Arctic marine region. We reviewed 253 articles reporting changes in species and ecosystems in the Arctic marine region in response to climate change (225 studies documenting observed impacts and 28 reporting predicted impacts). The review revealed that most research effort has been concentrated in only a subset of Arctic Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs) (5/18 LMEs), with the majority of Arctic LMEs being poorly studied. The majority of the reviewed papers focused on marine mammals (19%) followed by microalgae (17%). A number of studies documented variability in planktonic communities (microalgae, macroalgae, zooplankton), resulting in alteration in ecosystem structure and function. Reproductive failure, decline in populations, and changes in diet composition, behavior, and breeding biology were reported for sea birds and mammals. Further, shifts in spatial distribution of fishes were observed by several studies. This review provides persuasive evidence that multiple climate change indices in the Arctic region are changing, with impacts on almost all components of marine biotic ecosystems (from plankton to top predators). We identify a number of gaps (such as limited inventory of biota, robustness of data supporting climate change indices on an Arctic Ocean scale, and climate suitability assessment for all species) in climate change research in Arctic marine ecosystems where future studies can help to quantify the impacts of climate change on species and ecosystems and advance understanding for their adaptive management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes that archives can play an important role in historical climatological research. Major projects in Europe, such as CLIWOC, examine ship logbooks from the era of sail. These sources provide critical weather-related data from the era before scientific climatological measurements and surveys after World War I. Ship logbooks have proved to be crucial sources that have been identified and digitised in major projects such as the CLIWOC project. While CLIWOC has concentrated on the ships concerned of the European maritime powers, their information is of worldwide relevance. This paper then looks at the research that has been undertaken in South Africa and at the sources that have been uncovered by local scientists. The paper also suggests further potential sources within South Africa. Thereafter, the potential sources within the ESARBICA region are suggested with a focus on the African Great Lakes. Finally, an ESARBICA-wide project similar to the CLIWOC and TANAP projects is suggested, and it is proposed that ESARBICA approach IORA for endorsement and funding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses researcher positionality in the studies of indigenous communities in the context of the Transforming Universities for a Changing Climate project. The paper is specifically associated with the project's participatory action research strand, which aims to design and implement interventions relating to mitigation and adaptation to climate change, involving local communities and universities in the countries. Despite an increase in the number of social scientists engaging in climate-changerelated research, discussion on researcher positionality is still limited. The paper intends to fill this gap by analysing the empirical data collected from partner researchers who were asked about their own positionalities. Utilising the 'four hyphen-spaces' framework proposed by Cunliffe and Karunanayake, the paper identifies commonalities and variations in terms of the researchers' reflections on their positionalities. The paper concludes by addressing the complex aspects of 'insiderness' that have implications for participatory action research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing awareness of the importance of food security and human concerns about the changes that have occurred in ecosystems has led to an increase in research on the impacts of climate change on agriculture. Climate change, a topic addressed worldwide, generates imbalances in the agricultural sector on multiple levels, such as: productivity, profitability and labour requirements. The aim of the present paper is to highlight the importance of approaching the subject related to the impact of climate change on the agricultural sector, at the same time emphasizing the existing connections on different fields of study: strategic management, agronomy, ecology, agricultural practices, agricultural policies. The method used in the research used is bibliographic analysis, with the help of which the process of evaluating the relevant sources of information on the subject of "adaptation of agriculture to climate change" is carried out. The results demonstrate the fact that this theme is increasingly addressed by researchers since 1986, the key words being represented on the one hand by the elements of ecosystems, natural phenomena, but also by the effects felt both at the level of producers and at the level of the whole populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade, there has been a growing trend towards the use of 'big qualitative data' in applied health research, particularly when used as part of mixed methods evaluations of health policy in England. These 'big qualitative' studies tend to be longitudinal, complex (multi-site and multi-stakeholder) and involve the use of multiple methods (interviews, observations, documents) and large numbers of participants (n = 100+). Despite their growing popularity, there is no methodological guidance or methodological reflection on how to undertake such studies. Qualitative researchers are therefore faced with a series of unknowns when designing large qualitative studies, particularly in terms of knowing whether existing qualitative sampling and analysis methods are appropriate in this context. In this paper, we use our experience of undertaking a big qualitative study, as part of a national mixed methods evaluation of a health policy in England to reflect on some of the key challenges that we faced in our qualitative study, which broadly related to: sample size, data analysis and the role of patient and public engagement. Underpinning these difficulties was the challenge of being flexible and innovative within the largely positivist research climate of applied health research and being comfortable with uncertainty relating to the three issues outlined. The reflections we present are not to be viewed as a method 'how to' guide, but rather as a platform to raise key issues relating to the qualitative methods that we found challenging, in order to stimulate discussion and debate amongst the qualitative community. Through this paper, we therefore hope to demystify what it is like to undertake such a study and hope to spark much needed discussion and innovation to support the future design and conduct of qualitative research at scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is an ongoing topic in nearly all areas of society since many years. A discussion of climate change without referring to scientific results is not imaginable. This is especially the case for policies since action on the macro scale is required to avoid costly consequences for society. In this study, we deal with the question of how research on climate change and policy are connected. In 2019, the new Overton database of policy documents was released including links to research papers that are cited by policy documents. The use of results and recommendations from research on climate change might be reflected in citations of scientific papers in policy documents. Although we suspect a lot of uncertainty related to the coverage of policy documents in Overton, there seems to be an impact of international climate policy cycles on policy document publication. We observe local peaks in climate policy documents around major decisions in international climate diplomacy. Our results point out that IGOs and think tanks–with a focus on climate change–have published more climate change policy documents than expected. We found that climate change papers that are cited in climate change policy documents received significantly more citations on average than climate change papers that are not cited in these documents. Both areas of society (science and policy) focus on similar climate change research fields: biology, earth sciences, engineering, and disease sciences. Based on these and other empirical results in this study, we propose a simple model of policy impact considering a chain of different document types: The chain starts with scientific assessment reports (systematic reviews) that lead via science communication documents (policy briefs, policy reports or plain language summaries) and government reports to legislative documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores how the Fridays for Future movement (FfF) attempts to reframe climate change as a climate crisis. Adding to the research on the role of climate change communication for inducing behavioural change, we analyse the way in which this reframing is conducted and locally negotiated by FfF groups in Germany and Estonia. The paper thus focuses on the question of how FfF's global blueprint for a climate strike, which builds on the notion of crisis, is transferred into different societal contexts. Aided by multisite ethnographies, similarities and differences in reframing and protest strategies and the negotiation of the local reception of this message are elaborated by referencing the example of FfF groups in Berlin and Frankfurt (Germany), as well as Tallinn, Tartu and Pärnu (Estonia). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) and related ecosystem is an icon of the southeastern United States (US). Once covering an estimated 37 million ha from Texas to Florida to Virginia, the near-extirpation of, and subsequent restoration efforts for, the species has been well-documented over the past ca. 100 years. Although longleaf pine is one of the longest-lived tree species in the southeastern US—with documented ages of over 400 years—its use has not been reviewed in the field of dendrochronology. In this paper, we review the utility of longleaf pine tree-ring data within the applications of four primary, topical research areas: climatology and paleoclimate reconstruction, fire history, ecology, and archeology/cultural studies. Further, we highlight knowledge gaps in these topical areas, for which we introduce the Longleaf Tree-Ring Network (LTRN). The overarching purpose of the LTRN is to coalesce partners and data to expand the scientific use of longleaf pine tree-ring data across the southeastern US. As a first example of LTRN analytics, we show that the development of seasonwood chronologies (earlywood width, latewood width, and total width) enhances the utility of longleaf pine tree-ring data, indicating the value of these seasonwood metrics for future studies. We find that at 21 sites distributed across the species' range, latewood width chronologies outperform both their earlywood and total width counterparts in mean correlation coefficient (RBAR = 0.55, 0.46, 0.52, respectively). Strategic plans for increasing the utility of longleaf pine dendrochronology in the southeastern US include [1] saving remnant material (e.g., stumps, logs, and building construction timbers) from decay, extraction, and fire consumption to help extend tree-ring records, and [2] developing new chronologies in LTRN spatial gaps to facilitate broad-scale analyses of longleaf pine ecosystems within the context of the topical groups presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To combat climate change and safeguard a liveable future, humanity needs fundamental and rapid social change. The purpose of this paper is to show, why and how climate communication can play an important role to nurture the public engagement needed for this change, and to explore, what higher education for sustainability can learn from climate communication. Design/methodology/approach: The scientific evidence base on climate communication for effective public engagement is summarised into 10 key principles, including "basing communication on people's values", "conscious use of framing" and "turning concern into action". Based on the author's perspective and experience in the university context, implications are explored for sustainability in higher education. Findings: The study provides suggestions for teaching (e.g. complement information with consistent behaviour by the lecturer, integrate local stories and provide students with basic skills to communicate climate effectively), for research (e.g. make teaching for effective engagement the subject of applied research), for universities' third mission to contribute to sustainable development in the society (e.g. provide climate communication trainings to empower local stakeholders) and greening the campus (develop a proper engagement infrastructure, e.g. by a university storytelling exchange on climate action). Originality/value: The study provides an up-to-date overview of climate communication research, which is in itself original. This evidence base holds interesting learnings for institutions of higher education, and the link between climate communication and universities has so far not been explored comprehensively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scenarios are central to fisheries and aquatic conservation research on climate change. Scenarios project future greenhouse-gas emissions, which climate models translate into warming projections. Recent climate research and global development trends have significantly changed our understanding of plausible emissions pathways to 2100 and climate sensitivities to emissions. Here, we review these developments and make recommendations for scenario use in fisheries and aquatic conservation research. Although emissions pathways are uncertain, recent research suggests that scenarios producing ∼3.4–4.5 W/m2 radiative forcing by 2100 (e.g. scenarios SSP2-3.4 and SSP2-4.5/RCP4.5) might be most plausible. This corresponds to ∼2–3 degrees C global warming by 2100 with median climate sensitivities, or 1.5–4 degrees C considering climate-system uncertainties. Higher- and lower-emissions scenarios (e.g. RCP2.6 and RCP6.0) might be plausible and should be explored in research. However, high-emission scenarios (RCP8.5/SSP5-8.5, SSP3-7.0) seem implausible and should be used with clear rationales and caveats to ensure results are not misinterpreted by scholars, policymakers, and media. We analyse fisheries and aquatic conservation papers published from 2015 to 2022 in major journals, and find that RCP8.5/SSP5-8.5 are the most commonly used scenarios, though RCP4.5/SSP2-4.5 use has increased since 2020. Studies predominantly project quantitative rather than qualitative differences between these scenarios' impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Philosophy of social science (PoS) typologies can help practitioners in the social sciences to reflect upon the often‐tacit assumptions embedded in research. Existing PoS typologies however suffer from various shortcomings, one of them being a tendency to present extreme versions of the assumptions underpinning research. Having considered this and other shortcomings, the present paper advances a flexible PoS typology. Operating with strong and moderated versions of three PoS perspectives – positivism, constructionism and (critical) realism – the typology captures key assumptions underpinning a broad range of contemporary social research. Moreover, it opens up the possibility of contemplating the assumptions embedded in research in a more fruitful way. To render tangible how the typology constitutes an improvement over existing typologies, it is used in reflections on sustainability research on climate negotiations, green growth and housing development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides new evidence on the validity of using expert ratings of wine as a measure of wine quality for predicting the effects of climate change on the wine industry. We used Bob Campbell's ratings of New Zealand wines to look for a relationship between the ratings and climatic variables that predicts a plausible optimal growing-season temperature for the main wine varieties and wine regions in New Zealand. Such a relationship can be used to forecast the effects of climate change on wine quality to better understand when wineries need to adapt to a warming climate. We used both individual wine ratings and overall vintage ratings, averaged by region and variety from the individual ratings, to compare in a controlled setting their success in predicting plausible optimal temperatures. We find that using the vintage ratings produces substantially more precise and plausible findings than using the individual ratings. We conclude that there is great potential in using vintage data constructed from expert ratings for individual wines for climate change research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remote sensing plays an increasingly important role in climate research, and as remote sensing observation files span longer periods of time, we are receiving more and more data on climate parameters such as clouds. Four decades ago, it was proposed that the area of planar shapes change with their perimeter following the power law. The exponent of this relation for the areas of clouds (typical and noctilucent) and rain determined by satellites and radar is 1.35 close to 4/3 of the classical turbulence theory of 1941. In this paper, we propose a new relationship between the area and the perimeter of rain and clouds using remote sensing observations. This relationship leads to the development of a new model for the detection of extreme natural phenomena related to rain and clouds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents prominent Nordic contributions to stochastic methods in hydrology and water resources during the previous 50 years. The development in methods from analysis of stationary and independent hydrological events to include non-stationarity, risk analysis, big data, operational research and climate change impacts is hereby demonstrated. The paper is divided into four main sections covering flood frequency and drought analyses, assessment of rainfall extremes, stochastic approaches to water resources management and approaches to climate change and adaptation efforts. It is intended as a review paper referring to a rich selection of internationally published papers authored by Nordic hydrologists or hydrologists from abroad working in a Nordic country or in cooperation with Nordic hydrologists. Emerging trends in needs and methodologies are highlighted in the conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to challenge and address the limitations of the traditional system of knowledge production that is embedded in disaster and climate change research studies, and research studies in general. It argues that knowledge production in research processes conforms to colonialist thinking or west-inspired approaches. Such a system often results in the omission of crucial information due to a lack of participation, inclusion and diversity in knowledge production. Design/methodology/approach: The paper proposes practices and recommendations to decolonise knowledge production in disaster and climate change research studies, and research studies in general. It provides a brief literature review on the concepts of decolonisation of knowledge and epistemological freedom, and its origins; assesses the need for knowledge decolonisation, emphasising on the integration of local knowledge from grassroots women-led initiatives in instances where disasters and crises are being investigated in vulnerable communities, especially in the Global South; and finally the paper proposes to decolonise knowledge production through activating co-learning and co-production. The practices have been developed from the work of relevant authors in the field and case studies. Findings: Through a brief literature review on previous discourses on the topic of knowledge decolonisation and analysis of recent case studies on disaster and crisis management and community resilience, the paper finds that there exists a lack of pluralism and inclusion in epistemology which limits the pursuit to obtain the whole truth in the production of knowledge in research studies. Originality/value: This paper adds to the discussion of decolonisation of knowledge in the field of disaster and climate change research studies, and research processes in general. It provides in-depth analyses of recent case studies of emerging community resilience and local practices that were crucial in the face of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper suggests that the dominance of one debate on climate related conflict – establishing whether climate change leads to conflict, or not ‐ is the product of Imperial knowledge produced in the Global North Orientalising the Global South. This debate is also one in which the subdiscipline of political geography has been inadvertently complicit by accepting positivist approaches, that erase the subject and their subjectivities from this discussion, and frame them as science. The argument in this paper problematises the fundamental understanding of 'climate conflict', as defined and universalised by Western science in the Western academy. Instead, it argues that the subaltern's lived experience and interpretation of hazards and their relationship with conflicts needs to be located and centred in this conversation – not just as that of a hapless victim but as knowledge producers able to set the agendas and re‐orient the focus of this field. Research examining conflicts around floods and evictions begins to map a new future for how that might be possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ten years, 16 fully coupled global models, and hundreds of research papers later, the North American Multimodel Ensemble (NMME) monthly-to-seasonal prediction system is looking ahead to its second decade. The NMME comprises both real-time, initialized predictions and a substantial research database; both retrospective and real-time forecasts are archived and freely available for research and development. Many U.S.-based and international entities, both private and public, use NMME data for regional or otherwise tailored forecasts. The system's built-in evolution, with new models gradually replacing older ones, has been demonstrated to gradually improve the skill of 2-m temperature and sea surface temperature, although precipitation prediction remains a difficult problem. This paper reviews some of the NMME-based contributions to seasonal climate prediction research and applications, progress on scientific understanding of seasonal prediction and multimodel ensembles, and new techniques. Several prediction-oriented aspects are explored, including model representation of observed trends and the underprediction of below-average temperature. We discuss potential new directions, such as higher-resolution models, hybrid statistical–dynamical techniques, or prediction of environmental hazards such as coastal flooding and the risk of mosquito-borne diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes an implementation of the combined hybrid‐parallel prediction (CHyPP) approach of Wikner et al. (2020), https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0005541 on a low‐resolution atmospheric global circulation model (AGCM). The CHyPP approach combines a physics‐based numerical model of a dynamical system (e.g., the atmosphere) with a computationally efficient type of machine learning (ML) called reservoir computing to construct a hybrid model. This hybrid atmospheric model produces more accurate forecasts of most atmospheric state variables than the host AGCM for the first 7–8 forecast days, and for even longer times for the temperature and humidity near the earth's surface. It also produces more accurate forecasts than a model based only on ML, or a model that combines linear regression, rather than ML, with the AGCM. The potential of the CHyPP approach for climate research is demonstrated by a 10‐year long hybrid model simulation of the atmospheric general circulation, which shows that the hybrid model can simulate the general circulation with substantially smaller systematic errors and more realistic variability than the host AGCM. Plain Language Summary: This paper presents a computationally efficient novel approach to construct a hybrid model of the atmosphere by combining a physics‐based model of the global atmospheric circulation with a machine learning component. The primary purpose of the hybrid model is to produce quantitative weather forecasts on the same grid as the physics‐based model. It is found that the hybrid model produces more accurate forecasts than the host physics‐based model for the first 7–8 forecast days for most forecast variables, and for even longer times for the temperature and humidity near the Earth's surface. Furthermore, the hybrid model is found to simulate the climate with substantially smaller systematic errors and more realistic temporal variability than the host model. Key Points: A hybrid model incorporating machine learning produces more accurate forecasts and more realistic climate than the host physics‐based modelThe hybrid model states are more realistically balanced and have substantially lower biases than the host modelThe hybrid model produces more realistic atmospheric variability than the host model at time scales shorter than about a week [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper concerns defect deferred correction method used to resolve interactions between the atmosphere and ocean for applications like climate research, hurricane modelling and regional weather forecasting. The defect deferred correction method is obtained by combining the defect correction method and the deferred correction method. There are two advantages of using the defect deferred correction method to solve a two domain natural convection problem, namely, reaching the second-order time accuracy and solving small viscosity or diffusion coefficient problems. Finally, we will verify the conclusion from both theoretical analysis and numerical experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]