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Introduction: International evidence from high-income countries demonstrates that the availability of tobacco tends to be greater in more urban and more deprived neighborhoods. However, little is known about the socio-spatial disparities in other settings, including megacities in China. This study investigated the patterning of tobacco retailers across Shanghai by types of tobacco retailers, including the relationship with levels of urbanity and neighborhood deprivation.Aims and Methods: Tobacco retailer data (n = 19 413) was extracted from a web-scraped Points-of-Interest database. For all communities (n = 5432) across Shanghai, neighborhood tobacco retail availability was calculated using population-weighted kernel density estimation and grouped by quintiles of neighborhood deprivation and a 3-level urban classification. Associations were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis tests and epsilon squared.Results: Across Shanghai, tobacco retail availability decreased from more urbanized areas to less urbanized areas. There was a statistical difference (p < .001) in the availability of tobacco retail across quintiles of deprivation, with the highest availability in the less deprived neighborhoods, and the lowest availability in the most deprived neighborhoods. However, this trend was reversed in the urban center, where retail availability was greatest in the most deprived areas. Convenience stores were the most common type of tobacco retailer across the city, while tobacco-only outlets were most strongly associated with levels of neighborhood deprivation.Conclusions: The results show an association between tobacco retail availability and neighborhood deprivation, which varied with levels of urbanity and types of tobacco retailers. These findings provide supportive evidence for further interventions that target reducing inequalities in exposure to tobacco retail.Implications: This is the first study to examine the relationship between tobacco retail availability and neighborhood deprivation in the context of Chinese megacities. Using data from Shanghai, China, we found a significant non-linear association between tobacco retail availability and neighborhood deprivation across the city. It is plausible that the socio-spatial disparities in tobacco retail availability at the neighborhood level may be a key factor explaining differences in smoking behaviors between sociodemographic groups. The findings emphasize the need for greater efforts in regulating neighborhood-level tobacco retailing in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some evidence from Western high-income countries suggests local tobacco retail availability and neighbourhood deprivation may influence smoking behaviours. However, this assertion has not been considered in China, where 44% of males continue to smoke. Data were analysed from Chinese males (n = 2054) who participated in Waves 3–5 (2009–2015) of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) China Survey by linking information on tobacco retail availability (estimated through population weighted Kernel Density of tobacco retailers in 2019) and neighbourhood deprivation (calculated as a composite score derived from the 2010 Chinese census) across Shanghai. Generalised Estimating Equation models were fitted to examine the impacts of local tobacco availability and neighbourhood deprivation on smoking behaviours (current smoking versus current non-smoking, quitting versus current smoking, longer durations of smoking abstinence versus current smoking) using the longitudinal data. Examining the impacts separately, participants living in neighbourhoods with greater availability and higher levels of deprivation were less likely to maintain longer durations of smoking abstinence in both unadjusted and adjusted models. Neighbourhood deprivation, but not availability, was found to be associated with higher odds of being a current smoker. Examining the impacts jointly, neighbourhood deprivation was still positively associated with current smoking and negatively associated with longer durations of smoking abstinence, but the negative association between availability and longer durations of smoking abstinence disappeared. The findings offer some evidence that greater tobacco retail availability and deprivation are obstacles on prolonged smoking cessation among males in Shanghai, China. Policymakers should consider small-area level place-based restrictions in China, such as reducing the availability of tobacco, as part of a comprehensive tobacco control strategy aimed at addressing the high prevalence of smoking. • This work examines how tobacco retail availability and neighbourhood deprivation affect a series of smoking behaviours in Shanghai, China, using a cohort of male samples. • Neighbourhood deprivation was positively associated with current smoking and negatively associated with smoking cessation. • Examining the impacts of availability and deprivation jointly, the significant association between local tobacco retail availability and smoking cessation was no longer retained. • Regulating tobacco retail availability at the neighbourhood level may have the potential to reduce smoking prevalence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a contagious illness and a matter of public health concern globally. It has a widespread impact in China, where it poses a significant risk to the health of young children. Previous research has discovered that the occurrence and spread of HFMD are closely linked to meteorological factors, but the specifics of these intricate nonlinear relationships and how they interact with the incidence of HFMD are still uncertain. In the present study, we filled this gap in knowledge by first obtaining data on hand, foot, and mouth disease from the National Health Commission of China alongside real-time surveillance data from meteorological stations. We then used Spearman's correlation analysis to identify the variables significantly related to HFMD, investigating the existence of co-curvilinearity among the contributing factors by using the independent effects model in the generalized additive model to analyze both the contribution of individual factors and their combined effects on the incidence of HFMD. The interactions between meteorological factors were then modeled to investigate their influence on HFMD. The results showed that, in descending order of effect size, air temperature (AT), sunshine duration (SD), wind speed (WS), and barometric pressure (BP) had a significant nonlinear impact on the incidence of HFMD, which displayed a fluctuating increase in line with rising temperatures. The interactions of (1) high temperature and low air pressure and (2) low wind speed and poor sunshine had the largest influence on HFMD. In descending order, the strengths of the interaction effects between factors were as follows: AT ∼ SD > AT ∼ WS > AT ∼ BP > WS ∼ BP > WS ∼ SD > BP ∼ SD. Our findings will inform policy initiatives contributing to the Healthy China strategy and assist in the prevention and control of HFMD by enabling the prediction and early warning of disease outbreaks. • The GAM employed in our study represents a novel application in the field of health geography. • We examine nonlinear meteorological effects on HFMD, a topic that has received limited research attention in the past. • The nationwide study data are comprehensive and highly detailed, covering most of mainland China at the city level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is tentative evidence suggesting that socioeconomically disadvantaged groups may benefit more from access to neighbourhood greenspace and therefore could be a lever for narrowing socioeconomic inequalities ('equigenesis') in mental health, although studies are equivocal. One potential explanation for this inconsistency is differences in study designs, particularly how greenspace is measured. Most previous studies are from high income countries, and there has been no investigations into equigenic environments in China. Using survey data collected from 26 neighbourhoods in Guangzhou, China, this study examines whether local greenspaces may narrow socioeconomic inequalities in health (i.e. equigenesis) in the Chinese context. The study is the first to explore the contribution of greenspace in reducing socioeconomic inequalities in mental health in the Chinese context. It uses Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Street View Greenness (SVG) and self-reported neighbourhood greenness quality as estimates of residential greenness exposure Results show that SVG-quantity, SVG-quality and self-reported greenspace quality narrow the neighbourhood socioeconomic inequalities in mental health. Our findings demonstrate the importance of improving equity in local green infrastructure for promoting health equity through urban planning and design, including improving access to green spaces, and providing more street trees in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighbourhoods. • Street view images and machine learning were used to measure Street View Greenness (SVG). • SVG and self-reported greenspace quality narrow the neighbourhood socioeconomic inequalities in mental health. • SVG and self-reported greenspace quality narrow the individual socioeconomic inequalities in mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Erguna Block contains a crystalline basement at least in Paleoproterozoic ages. • The Neoproterozoic intrusive rocks define two stages magmatism. • Two stages magmatism corresponds to the assembly and break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. • The Central Mongolia-Erguna Block has a tectonic affinity to the Tarim Craton. The Central Asian Orogenic Belt is sandwiched between the Siberian, East European (Baltica), Tarim, and North China cratons, which contain several Precambrian micro-continental blocks, such as the Kazakhstan-Yili-Central Tianshan blocks, the Junggar Block and the Amuria Block. The tectonic nature and positions of these micro-continental blocks are unclear and disputed in many supercontinent reconstructions. In particular, the position of the Amuria Block in the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt, which is important for the reconstructions of the Precambrian Rodinia supercontinent, remains unknown because of the lack of late Palaeoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic geological and geochronological data. The Erguna Block, a part of the Amuria Block in NE China, has been considered as a constituent block of the Rodinia supercontinent. However, the late Palaeoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the Erguna Block with respect to the assembly and break-up of Rodinia remains poorly understood. Here we present zircon U–Pb–Hf–O isotopic data and whole-rock elemental data of the newly discovered late Palaeoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic records in the northern Erguna Block. The gneissic granites have protolith and metamorphic ages of 1839 ± 24 and 497 ± 6 Ma, respectively, and relatively uniform two-stage Hf model ages (T DM1) of 2.67–1.26 Ga, indicating that the Erguna Block has a Palaeoproterozoic crystalline basement. The zircon U–Pb ages for the Neoproterozoic intrusive rocks define two stages of magmatism in early Neoproterozoic (Stage 1; i.e., ca. 946 Ma) and middle Neoproterozoic (Stage 2; i.e., 833–737 Ma), respectively, implying that the Erguna Block had switched to an intra-continental extensional setting (833–737 Ma) after the early Neoproterozoic (ca. 946 Ma) convergence–accretion. A comparison of data from the Erguna Block and its adjacent units reveals that the Erguna and Central Mongolia blocks were likely in a single crustal entity with the Tarim Craton associated with the Rodinia assembly at ca. 900 Ma. This composite block then detached from the Tarim Craton at ca. 800 Ma following the break-up of Rodinia, and drifted southwards to the vicinity of the Siberia Craton during the Cambrian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Existing studies indicate that advanced colorectal neoplasms exhibit distinct clinical and biological traits based on anatomical sites. However, in China, especially for advanced colorectal neoplasms, there's limited information available on these traits. Our primary objective is to comprehensively study the characteristics of advanced colorectal neoplasm patients in different anatomical sites in China. Methods: We selected information from the colorectal cancer screening database in Tianjin, China, since 2010 as the study subject. We chose valid information from 3113 patients with comprehensive data and diagnosed advanced colorectal neoplasms (ANs) from a pool of 19,308 individuals to be included in the study. We then conducted further analysis to examine the correlation between these epidemiological data and tumor location. Results: Among the 3113 patients, neoplasms in the left side of the colon accounted for the largest proportion, while neoplasms in the right side of the colon had the smallest proportion, followed by rectal neoplasms. The highest proportion of advanced colorectal neoplasms was found among men. In the age group of 39–49 years old, the proportion of left late‐stage advanced colon neoplasms was equal to that of right late‐stage advanced colon neoplasms, while late‐stage advanced rectal neoplasms increased with age. Smoking, drinking, and a history of colon cancer in first‐degree relatives showed statistically significant associations with the location distribution of advanced colorectal neoplasms. A history of appendicitis, appendectomy, cholecystitis, or cholecystectomy did not significantly affect the location distribution of advanced colorectal neoplasms. However, among patients with such histories, there was a statistically significant relationship between advanced colon neoplasms on the right and those on the left and in the rectum. Similar results were observed for BMI. Conclusion: Our research findings demonstrate that advanced colorectal neoplasms display unique epidemiological characteristics depending on their anatomical locations, and these distinctions deviate from those observed in Western populations. These insights contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the topic and offer valuable guidance for future research in China. We advocate for further investigations centered on the anatomical location of colorectal neoplasms to enhance the precision of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Typical ophiolitic rock assemblages such as siliciclastic rocks, basalts and gabbros, together with the subduction-related intermediate-acidic intrusive rocks, are newly discovered in the Tongjiang-Fuyuan area of the Heilongjiang Provence, NE China. To determine the formation age and genesis of the mafic rocks (basalts and gabbros) and intermediate-acidic intrusive rocks (granodiorites) in the area, as well as their geodynamic settings, the whole-rock geochemical analysis and zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating were carried out. Zircon U-Pb results suggest that the granodiorites are 93–95 Ma and gabbro is 95 Ma, respectively. Geochemical results show that the gabbros and basalts exhibit characteristics of ocean island basalt (OIB) affinity and are typically related to having originated from mantle plumes. While the granodiorites show the nature of the island-arc magmatic rocks and may originate from the lower crust. Based on the coeval igneous rock associations and regional tectonic evolution, we conclude that the late Cretaceous magmatic rocks in the Tongjiang-Fuyuan area are the product of continuous subduction of the Palaeo-Pacific plate and reflect the subduction rollback process of the Palaeo-Pacific plate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Northeast China occupies the majority of the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt, which mainly consists of continental blocks and accretionary terranes. The Devonian was a tectonic quiet period in the NE China region due to a lack of tectono-magmatism, but the tectonic background of this period has been unclear, especially for the Hegenshan-Heihe Suture between Xing'an and Songliao accretionary terranes, which represents the Paleozoic Nenjiang Ocean (a branch ocean of the eastern Paleo-Asian Ocean). Here we report granitic rocks from the Woluohe area, Northern Great Xing'an Range, NE China, to constrain the tectonic process of the transition from the Devonian quiet period to the Early Carboniferous active tectonic period. Three granitic rock samples produce zircon U-Pb ages of 389 Ma, 368 Ma, and 351 Ma, belonging to the Middle and Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous, respectively. They have high Si, Al, K, and Na contents, but with low Mg, Fe, and Ti contents, together with positive Hf isotopic features and low molar Al2O3/(MgO+FeOT) ratios, we suggest that they were derived from partial melting of lower crustal igneous rocks. Meanwhile, the narrow major element variation at odd with the fractionation process and their negative Nb and Ta anomalies imply the obvious contribution of crustal. Comprehensive tectonic setting analysis shows all samples are in calc-alkali magmatic series with rightward fractionated REE and trace element patterns that are enriched in LREE and LILE and depleted in HREE and HFS, indicating a subduction-related magmatic arc setting. Considering the regional tectonic setting and the small scale of the Devonian plutons, we suggest a limited subduction tectonic setting during the quiet period of the northern Great Xing'an Range, which might indicate the beginning of an initial northwestward subduction of the Nenjiang Oceanic lithosphere beneath the Xing'an Accretionary Terrane in the Middle Devonian, accelerated subduction in the Late Devonian, and bidirectional subduction in the Early Carboniferous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) is the largest accretionary orogen in the world with considerable Phanerozoic juvenile crustal growth. The eastern segment of the CAOB is occupied by NE China and its adjacent areas, which locates in a triangle area surrounded by Siberian Craton to the northwest, North China Craton (NCC) to the south and Pacific oceanic plate to the east. Therefore, the NE China is a key area to study the geological evolution of multiple tectonic systems and overprinting, which has become a hot research topic. In the past five decades, especially the last two decades, there have been many detailed geological investigations carried out and a lot of new data reported in NE China. A progress has been achieved in tectonic evolution, however, there are still many open questions and arguments dealing with the tectonic models, correlation of tectonic units, amalgamation of different blocks and their tectonic affinity. In this study, we did a detailed review of the tectonic evolution of NE China and regional comparison and correlation of the different tectonic units in the eastern segment of CAOB. We re-subdivided NE China into two old blocks of Erguna block (EB) and Jiamusi block (JB) with Precambrian basement and three accretionary terranes of Xing'an accretionary terrane (XAT), Songliao accretionary terrane (SAT) and Zhangguangcai accretionary terrane (ZGCAT), which are separated from each other by the Xinlin-Xiguitu suture (XXS), Hegenshan-Heihe suture (HHS), Longfengshan suture (LFS) and Mudanjiang-Yilan suture (MYS), respectively. The ZGCAT is dominantly composed of early Paleozoic magmatic arc materials and minor late Paleozoic igneous rocks with an old Yichun mini-block, while the SAT consists dominantly of the late Paleozoic magmatic rocks with two small old blocks of the Xilinhot and Longjiang mini-blocks. According to the tectonic correlation and comparation of different tectonic units, we established a new orocline tectonic model for the eastern CAOB: 1) the XAT and ZGCAT accreted to the southern (present position) margin of Ereendavaa-Erguna-Mamyn block (EEMB) and Bureya-Jiamusi-Khanka block (BJKB) with the closure of Xinlin-Xiguitu-Heilongjiang ocean during the early Paleozoic; 2) Subsequently, the SAT accreted to the southern (present position) margin of integrated XAT-ZGCAT terrane with the closure of Hegenshan-Nenjiang-Longfengshan ocean during the late Paleozoic. These initially W-E linear shaped accretionary orogenic belts were ultimately bent southward through Paleozoic time and constituted a huge Paleozoic orocline, NE China Orocline, which collided with NCC by a scissor-like style closure of Paleo-Asian Ocean (PAO) from west to east along the Solonker-Xar Moron-Changchun-Yanji suture (SXCYS) during the late Permian-middle Triassic. The NE China Orocline, together with Tuva-Mongol Orocline and Kazakhstan Orocline in the western CAOB, constituted a huge multiple orocline tectonic system in the CAOB during the Paleozoic era. Our study will contribute to the understanding on tectonic evolutions of CAOB and the NE Asian, and suggests that the orocline should be a common tectonic model for accretionary orogeny. • NE China consists of two Precambrian blocks and three Paleozoic accreted terranes. • A new orocline tectonic model is established for first time in NE China. • Blocks in NE China had been integrated in later Early Carboniferous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]