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This review article discusses the recent advances in rechargeable metal–CO2 batteries (MCBs), which include the Li, Na, K, Mg, and Al-based rechargeable CO2 batteries, mainly with nonaqueous electrolytes. MCBs capture CO2 during discharge by the CO2 reduction reaction and release it during charging by the CO2 evolution reaction. MCBs are recognized as one of the most sophisticated artificial modes for CO2 fixation by electrical energy generation. However, extensive research and substantial developments are required before MCBs appear as reliable, sustainable, and safe energy storage systems. The rechargeable MCBs suffer from the hindrances like huge charging–discharging overpotential and poor cyclability due to the incomplete decomposition and piling of the insulating and chemically stable compounds, mainly carbonates. Efficient cathode catalysts and a suitable architectural design of the cathode catalysts are essential to address this issue. Besides, electrolytes also play a vital role in safety, ionic transportation, stable solid-electrolyte interphase formation, gas dissolution, leakage, corrosion, operational voltage window, etc. The highly electrochemically active metals like Li, Na, and K anodes severely suffer from parasitic reactions and dendrite formation. Recent research works on the aforementioned secondary MCBs have been categorically reviewed here, portraying the latest findings on the key aspects governing secondary MCB performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Paraventricular hypothalamic CaMKIIα-positive neurons input to ventral of lateral septal CaMKIIα-positive neurons controls chronic visceral pain. Irritable bowel syndrome is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by chronic visceral pain with complex etiology and difficult treatment. Accumulated evidence has confirmed that the sensitization of the central nervous system plays an important role in the development of visceral pain, whereas the exact mechanisms of action of the neural pathways remain largely unknown. In this study, a distinct neural circuit was identified from the paraventricular hypothalamic (PVH) to the ventral of lateral septal (LSV) region. This circuit was responsible for regulating visceral pain. In particular, the data indicated that the PVH CaMKIIα-positive neurons inputs to the LSV CaMKIIα-positive neurons were only activated by colorectal distention rather than somatic stimulations. The PVH-LSV CaMKIIα+ projection pathway was further confirmed by experiments containing a viral tracer. Optogenetic inhibition of PVH CaMKIIα+ inputs to LSV CaMKIIα-positive neurons suppressed visceral pain, whereas selective activation of the PVH-LSV CaMKIIα+ projection evoked visceral pain. These findings suggest the critical role of the PVH-LSV CaMKIIα+ circuit in regulating visceral pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of air cathodes for Li–O2 batteries is extensively studied, but focus on recycling Li–O2 batteries is still limited. Usually, the final death of Li–O2 batteries is caused by the accumulation of discharge products (Li2O2) on air cathodes which cannot be decomposed. Herein, we report an H2O-wash method that could regenerate air cathodes and pretreat them for air-cathode characterization. We successfully regenerated two kinds of air cathodes for at least five rounds without capacity fading. The structural and chemical/electrochemical changes of air cathodes could be easily observed owing to the removal of discharge products. Volume expansion and functionalized carbon were observed after regeneration. Finally, the used air cathodes could be utilized for CO2 capture, thereby reducing the impact of CO2 emission. This study aims to show that Li–O2 batteries can not only serve as a device of high energy density but also as a solution to a greener future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Measurable residual disease (MRD) monitoring is crucial in managing AML to predict the risk of relapse. A better understanding of which MRD technique and molecular target will have an effective clinical impact on AML is still required. Locked nucleic acid quantitative Real-Time PCR assay (LNA-qPCR) is sensitive and specific for quantifying oncogenetic single-nucleotide variation. We assessed the role of LNA-qPCR in the monitoring of IDH1/2 mutations MRD in eighty-eight AML patients from multiple centers. We found that IDH1/2 LNA-qPCR MRD correlates well with NPM1 qPCR MRD, predicts relapse-free survival and cumulative incidence of relapse, and is a potential MRD technique for IDH1/2-mutated AML patients with reduced IDH1/2 mutant levels after complete remission. Locked nucleic acid quantitative Real-Time PCR (LNA-qPCR) for IDH1/2 mutations in AML measurable residual disease (MRD) detection is rarely reported. LNA-qPCR was applied to quantify IDH1/2 mutants MRD kinetics in bone marrow from 88 IDH1/2-mutated AML patients, and correlated with NPM1-MRD, clinical characteristics, and outcomes. The median normalized copy number (NCN) of IDH1/2 mutants decreased significantly from 53,228 (range 87–980,686)/ALB × 106 at diagnosis to 773 (range 1.5–103,600)/ALB × 106 at first complete remission (CR). IDH1/2 LNA-qPCR MRD was concordant with remission status or NPM1-MRD in 79.5% (70/88) of patients. Younger patients and patients with FLT3 mutations had higher concordance. The Spearman correlation coefficient (rs) and concordance rate between the log reduction of IDH1/2 LNA-qPCR and NPM1-MRD were 0.68 and 81% (K = 0.63, 95% CI 0.50–0.74), respectively. IDH1/2-MRD > 2 log reduction at first CR predicted significantly better relapse-free survival (3-year RFS rates 52.9% vs. 31.9%, p = 0.007) and cumulative incidence of relapse (3-year CIR rates 44.5% vs. 64.5%, p = 0.012) compared to IDH1/2-MRD ≤ 2 log reduction. IDH1/2-MRD > 2 log reduction during consolidation is also associated with a significantly lower CIR rate than IDH1/2-MRD ≤ 2 log reduction (3-year CIR rates 42.3% vs. 68.8%, p = 0.019). LNA-qPCR for IDH1/2 mutation is a potential MRD technique to predict relapse in IDH1/2-mutated AML patients, especially for those with IDH1/2 MRD > 2 log reduction at first CR or a concurrent FLT3 mutation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of high‐energy‐density batteries is the future goal of research on Li‐ion batteries. Halide‐type solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs) exceed their counterparts in terms of their stability at high potential. In this minireview, we discuss the developments in the work on halide‐type SSEs for all‐solid‐state Li batteries. In particular, we focus on the Li3InCl6 structure. The effect of synthesis routes on this structure, as well as the convertible products resulting from its phase changes, is discussed. Conductivity can be increased and the electrochemical window can be improved through doping with different materials. Our review aims to provide readers with an overview of the stability and degradation of Li3InCl6 SSE and the structure of halide‐type SSEs (Li–M–X, where M is a metal and X is a halogen). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Na–CO 2 battery is one of the most promising energy storage devices for the exploration of Mar. To fix the evaporation problem of liquid electrolytes in an open system, solid-state electrolyte Na 3 Zr 2 Si 2 PO 12 (NZSP) is used to fabricate a solid-state Na–CO 2 battery. In the battery, the interface between the Na-metal anode and NZSP plays a vital role in improving electrochemical performance. The interfacial parasitic reaction between NZSP and Na-metal results in a Na-rich kinetically stable interphase. (200) and (−111) planes are the preferentially etched crystal planes of NZSP, as SiO 4 and PO 4 tetrahedrons on the planes are easily broken by extra Na-ion injection. Aside from the interfacial reaction, the poor contact between Na-metal and NZSP is a more serious problem, which leads to large interfacial resistance and poor cycling stability. To fix this problem, carbon black is mixed with melted Na-metal to prepare a composite anode (Na@C). The Na@C composite anode easily wets NZSP, thus decreasing the interfacial resistance from 918 to 98 Ω cm2. Symmetrical cells stably cycled 1100 h at 0.1 mA cm−2, when using Na@C as the electrode. Furthermore, Na–CO 2 battery with Na@C composite anode also shows a prolonged cycling life. [Display omitted] ● (200) and (−111) planes are found as preferentially etched crystal planes of NZSP. ● Kinetically stable interphase between Na and NZSP has been found. ● Poor interfacial contact between Na and NZSP results in poor cycling stability. ● Na@C composite anode makes intimate contact with NZSP. ● The solid-state Na–CO 2 battery shows better performance by using Na@C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]