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The Appraisal-Tendency Framework outlines that discrete emotions of similar valence behave differently, based on each emotion's specific appraisal profile. In the domain of pricing decisions, a seminal paper by Lerner and colleagues report incidental, negative emotions of disgust and sadness to show a divergent effect on spending decisions based on the perceived ownership of a commodity. Specifically, disgustreduced spending while sadness increased spending on a new product. However, these researchers theorized, but did not statistically test the effects of emotion-induced motivational goals for sadness ("change circumstances") and disgust ("expel and avoid") as the drivers behind their divergent effects on spending. This study (N =403) sought to replicate these primary findings in close adherence to the original protocol with better measurement properties in a different geographical location. It further extended the examination by empirically testing the distinct mediating processes for sadness and disgust by utilizing measures identified from a pilot study (N = 169) based on the original protocol. We found support for the effect of sadness (vs. disgust and neutral) in inducing higher choice prices through the motivational goal of changing circumstances, but the expected pattern of results for disgust was not replicated. Additionally, we examined the role of arousal in this context as a factor driving the effect of these emotions on spending. Our research offers new insights regarding thewell-known "misery-is not miserly" effect for practitioners while also providing impetus for future research on the endowment effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impacts of this pandemic have not been felt equally. The current pandemic has aggravated preexisting prejudices and shed light on long-standing social, economic, and health inequities that have been and continue to be perpetuated by systems of oppression. Psychologists are in a unique position to collaboratively work with marginalized individuals navigating pandemic threat, discrimination, and oppressive systems. This paper presents best practice recommendations for U.S.-based psychologists working with marginalized populations impacted by COVID-19. Psychologists are encouraged to synchronously develop the following three areas of evidence-based practice, as they relate to the impacts of COVID-19: (a) self-reflection and self-awareness in a COVID-19 context (i.e., reflecting on one's identities and one's knowledge and attitudes toward sociohistorical inequities), (b) knowledge acquisition (i.e., adopting an attitude of cultural humility, identifying "emotional contagion," identifying impacts of systemic injustice that may be compounded by COVID-19, and recognizing racial trauma in clients of color), and (c) collaboration with clients (i.e., identify the mental health toll of oppressive systems, explore COVID-19 relevant and culturally responsive methods of healing, encourage virtual community engagement, and incorporate ethnic and racial identity development in personal and professional work). Engaging with these best practice recommendations should result in the psychologist's improved ability to identify and address the consequences of systemic oppression that have been highlighted and exacerbated by COVID-19 on their own behavior and their clients' mental health. Furthermore, psychologists engaged with these best practice recommendations should find themselves better prepared to utilize culturally responsive interventions despite barriers created by COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Music is often described in anthropomorphic terms. This paper suggests that if we think about music in certain ways, we could think of it as conscious. Motional characteristics give music the impression of being alive, but musical motion is conventionally taken as metaphorical. The first part of this paper argues that metaphor may not be the exclusive means of understanding musical motion--there could also be literal ways. Discussing kinds of consciousness, particularly "access consciousness" (Block, 1995), the second part proposes ways in which music could (hypothetically) be conscious. The conclusion states that a greater understanding of the interactions of "phenomenal consciousness" and "access consciousness" is important in conceptualizing nonhuman consciousnesses, such as music might be conceived to have. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this commentary on the special issue on emotional development, I focus on the papers by Holodynski and Seeger (2019) and by Hoemann, Xu, and Barrett (2019). I suggest that although understanding our emotions is an important part of emotional development; emotional development cannot be reduced to concept development, even when such concepts include understanding of physiological and behavioral responses and feelings. I highlight the importance of emotions as promoters of immediate and urgent responses that cannot and should not be preceded by contemplative thought, and as the core of who we are as individuals, and I discuss the many levels at which emotional development occurs—from gene to behavior. I recommend that interdisciplinary teams work together to enable research that helps the field in better understanding emotional development in its full complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue consists of 20 articles that focus on issues related to Eisenberg and colleagues' (Eisenberg, Cumberland, & Spinrad, 1998; Eisenberg, Spinrad, & Cumberland, 1998) model of emotion socialization processes and its relevance for understanding a range of aspects of children's socioemotional functioning. The various papers have addressed a variety of issues including key mediating pathways, predictions of emotion-related socialization behaviors, moderators of pathways, and various potential outcomes of emotion-related socialization behaviors. Methods used in the articles include experimental interventions and nonexperimental longitudinal studies. The goals for this commentary include organizing the findings in this special issue to better highlight their relevance for the 1998 heuristic model and suggesting issues to consider in future research. Moreover, some gaps in the literature are noted. Finally, several minor changes to the model are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parents' behaviors—particularly their emotion socialization behaviors (ESBs)—drive children's emotion socialization (Eisenberg, Cumberland, & Spinrad, 1998). We propose that a major next step in the effort to promote healthy emotional development is to improve the field's understanding of the most proximal contributor to parent ESBs: parents' own experience and regulation of emotions in the context of caregiving. As an initial step, this paper integrates Eisenberg and colleagues' model of emotion socialization with theoretical and empirical work on parental emotion. We review the literature on the emotionally evocative nature of parenting, which influences parental ESBs, including parents' expressions of emotions and their responses to children's emotions. However, whereas parental emotions influence behavior, they do not necessarily determine it; parents may regulate their emotions to engage in optimal ESBs. Thus, parental regulation contributes to emotion socialization not only by modeling emotion regulation strategies for children, but also by influencing the quality of parents' ESBs. From a clinical perspective, parental emotion regulation is of utmost importance due to the degree of parental involvement in interventions for childhood emotional and behavioral disorders, which are often aimed at promoting child self-regulation. To illustrate practical applications of Eisenberg's model, we discuss evidence-based practices that include enhancement of parent emotion regulation as a primary target, with the ultimate goal of promoting child emotional development. Ultimately, we aim to spur future theoretical, empirical, and translational work in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Special Section showcases cutting-edge, theory-driven research, which elucidates how multiple physiologic stress-response systems and neural networks that support social behavior operate together to affect psychological processes across from infancy to adolescence. The 8 papers included in the Special Section represent cutting-edge efforts to understand how multiple physiological systems jointly influence behavior. They raise new questions, highlight issues that remain unresolved, and suggest additional directions for research. It is our hope that they will stimulate theory building and new, integrative studies that will advance knowledge about the coordinated effects of neural, endocrine, and autonomic systems on social, emotional, and cognitive development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the role of musical expertise, rumination, and the analytical versus experiential music focus (as a stable processing tendency or an induced processing mode) for the granularity of emotional responses to music (ERM granularity). A total of 316 musicians and nonmusicians volunteered for 3 studies. In Study 1, ERM granularity measured in a musical emotion discrimination task showed a strong positive relationship with musical expertise but not with rumination. In Study 2, the mode of music focus the participants used while listening revealed a modest effect of analytical versus experiential music focus induction procedures. In Study 3, ERM granularity was found to be independent of the temporary analytical versus experiential music focus, systemizing-empathizing, music systemizing-music empathizing, and amateur musical experience; but it was strongly positively associated with musical expertise. This paper demonstrates that ERM granularity is best explained by musical expertise and cannot be accounted for by any general information processing or music processing bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this commentary, I delineate several questions raised by the Hammond and Drummond (2019) paper: (a) to why there seems to be an association between state positive emotion and prosocial behavior in young children, and if and how early positively tinged prosocial behavior provides a pathway to (b) later prosocial behavior more generally (normatively) and (c) to individual differences in the development of prosocial behavior and motives. In doing so, several possible mechanisms or processes (e.g., maintenance of a positive mood, enjoyment of social interaction, the effect of positive social interaction on caring) are briefly discussed. Moreover, the potential importance of attachment status in understanding the relation of positive emotion to prosocial behavior is highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the growing research on character strengths and positive interventions, appreciation of beauty (AB) interventions are virtually nonexistent. This paper assesses the effects of a 3-week randomizedcontrolled trial (RCT) web-based intervention of AB on AB and well-being. Participants (N = 150) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: AB, placebo, and waitlist. First week exercises aimed at increasing the awareness of the presence of beauty and of how beauty affects our emotions, thoughts, and behaviors. Second-week exercises focused on cultivating an aesthetic attitude in front of beauty. Finally, third-week exercises aimed at increasing the exposure to beauty. AB and well-being were assessed in the pretest, posttest, and 1-month follow-up. Only participants in the AB condition increased some aspects of AB and well-being. Results suggest that AB might be developed and that focusing on different aspects of AB increases well-being. Limitations and implications for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the human ability to recognize emotions in vocal speech utterances with reasonable accuracy has been well documented in numerous studies, little research has been reported on emotion recognition from emotional expression in the singing voice. This paper is the first to examine this issue by asking internationally known professional opera singers to portray 9 major emotions by singing sequences of nonsense syllables on the standard musical scale. We then asked more than 500 hundred listener/judges from different cultures with a wide range of musical preferences and degree of musical knowledge to recognize the intended emotions from the voice recordings. The data show that listeners are indeed able to recognize emotions expressed in singing with better-than-chance accuracy. In addition, we find some evidence that there seem to be only minor effects of culture or language on the ability to recognize the emotional interpretations. Some emotions are more easily recognized than others are. Overall, recognition ability from the singing voice compares well to accuracy rates in studies using speaking. Judges clearly use the differential acoustic patterns of sound generated by the singers in their performance to infer the emotion expressed, as demonstrated by comparing the recognition rates for different emotions to results of statistical classification based on acoustic parameters. We also attempt to explore the nature of the inference process by examining, using path models, the major acoustic variables involved and the inference from subjectively perceived configurations of voice quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is an introduction to the special section on neurobiological and neurocognitive factors in parenting. The collection of 11 papers are published in 2 serial subsections of consecutive issues of the journal. The science they present captures the leading edge of work examining the interface of cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and physiological self-regulation in parenting and how these operate to protect or increment risk for poorer parenting among families who face chronic stressors (e.g., poverty, single parenthood, homelessness, mood disorders). Samples span the poor to the affluent, many ethnicities, several nationalities, and a wide variety of geographic locations. The studies also are diverse in the methods employed, spanning behavioral and questionnaire indicators of executive function and effortful control, attentional and social-cognitive biases, and psychophysiology. Taken together, the papers present clear and compelling evidence for the crucial role of parental neurobiological and neurocognitive deficits and strengths in the etiology of distressed and resilient parenting. (PsycINFO Database Record [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Editor's Note: This paper was presented by one of America's foremost existential psychologists, Ernest Keen, at the 2000 APA Convention in Washington DC. It was presented in a two-man symposium (chaired by Louise Sundararajan) that also featured the late Theodore Sarbin, one of the great narrative psychologists of our time. The simplicity with which Keen reframes both depression and anxiety, utilizing a Heideggerian (and Husserlian) appreciation of temporality within which to situate experiences of sadness and fear, is truly illuminating. We are presenting here for the first time the full and unedited transcript of the reading draft of Ernie's final paper presentation at APA. He would make one more appearance at APA, a year later in San Francisco, to accept the Rollo May Award 'given to an individual for independent and outstanding pursuit of new frontiers in humanistic psychology.' Those of us who knew Ernie can almost hear him speaking to us in the simple rhetoric of his address in this symposium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is broad consensus in the literature that affect diffuses through social networks (such that a person may "acquire" or "catch" an affective state from his or her social contacts). It is further assumed that affect diffusion primarily occurs as the result of people's tendencies to synchronize their affective actions (such as smiles and frowns). However, as we show, there is a lack of clarity in the literature about the substrate and scope of affect diffusion. One consequence of this is a difficulty in distinguishing between affect diffusion and several other affective influence phenomena that look similar but have very different consequences. There is also a growing body of evidence that action synchrony is unlikely to be the only, or indeed the most important, pathway for affect diffusion. This paper has 2 key aims: (a) to craft a formal definition of affect diffusion that does justice to the core of the phenomenon while distinguishing it from other phenomena with which it is frequently confounded and (b) to advance a theory of the mechanisms of affect diffusion. This theory, which we call the multimodal theory of affect diffusion, identifies 3 parallel multimodal mechanisms that may act as routes for affect diffusion. It also provides a basis for novel predictions about the conditions under which affect is most likely to diffuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though research on behavioral processes involved in obesity surgery is needed, few papers have been published from a contextual behavioral perspective. The purpose of this article is to present theoretical frameworks and a tightly-conceptualized analysis, which may be a guide for the researcher and clinician. In a contextual approach behavior is interpreted as inseparable from its current and historical context. Candidates for bariatric surgery often have a history of self-stigma, body dissatisfaction and eating for emotional relief. Despite losing a large amount of weight post surgery, psychological problems may still be present. Though a multidisciplinary team is recommended for post-surgical care, studies evaluating the psychological treatment of patients undergoing bariatric surgery are missing. Efforts to increase knowledge about psychological post surgery issues as well as designing effective behavioral treatment interventions post surgery seem to be needed. This is a conceptual piece of the literature summing up a contextual behavioral approach for obesity surgery patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As behavior therapy expands to address problems related to private events, appropriate methods of supervision must be developed to train individuals to work with the full range of human experience, using a behavioral model. The authors suggest that therapists' in-session emotions are an important source of information about the impact of clients' behavior on others. Contextual behavior therapists may enhance their effectiveness in meeting clients' needs by attending to the therapist's own emotional responses. This paper provides a contextual behavioral rationale for including a focus on emotion in supervision, with a four-phase model for shaping early trainees' ability to use their emotional reactions to facilitate therapy in a coherent manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study of the links among the memory sources of dreams can be carried out by means of an automatic analysis of text files including dream reports and associations. Heuristic criteria can provide plausible explanations for the existence of these links, which generally present a logical and at the same time emotional significance. The aim of this paper is to support the idea that the study of the link patterns among dream sources, in addition to being interesting from the cognitive viewpoint can be also useful for the therapeutic process. An interaction schema is described including four operators: the dreamer (patient), the therapist, the detector of possible links, and the proposer of plausible explanations. Two examples are given of application of this schema. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional Analytic Psychotherapy (FAP), based on the principles of radical behaviorism, emphasizes the impact of eventualities that occur during therapeutic sessions, the therapist-client interaction context, functional equivalence between environments, natural reinforcement and shaping by the therapist. This paper reviews recent studies of FAP from the published literature and classifies them into different categories, i.e., 1) integration with other therapies, 2) supervision and improvement of therapeutic skills, 3) methods for evaluation and data recording in therapy, 4) effectiveness and efficacy, 5) the relationship between thoughts and emotions, and 6) application to clinical problems and new types of application [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I discuss the use of the concept of private events in behavior-analytic interpretations for phenomena such as feelings and cognitions. I contrast the idea of an "inner world" with the relational character of the subject matter of a science of behavior, and argue that defining feelings and cognitions as inner events, mental or physiological, is incompatible with a behavior-analytic view. I consider some circumstances in which bodily conditions may acquire stimulus functions, and contend that they do not equal bodily conditions to private stimuli. Finally, I discuss covert responses as responses of the organism as a whole, whose distinctive features lie in the restricted participation of the motor apparatus and on relational dimensions of the response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]